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Chapter 2: RESISTIVE CIRCUITS

Here we introduce the basic concepts and laws that are


f d
fundamental
l to circuit
i
i analysis
l i

LEARNING GOALS
OHMS LAW - DEFINES THE SIMPLEST PASSIVE ELEMENT: THE

RESISTOR, ITS RELATIOSHIP WITH V & I


KIRCHHOFF
KIRCHHOFFS
S LAWS - THE FUNDAMENTAL CIRCUIT CONSERVATION

LAWS- KIRCHHOFF CURRENT (KCL) AND KIRCHHOFF VOLTAGE (KVL)


LEARN TO ANALYZE THE SIMPLEST CIRCUITS

o SINGLE LOOP - THE VOLTAGE DIVIDER


o SINGLE NODE-PAIR - THE CURRENT DIVIDER
SERIES/PARALLEL RESISTOR COMBINATIONS - A TECHNIQUE

TO REDUCE THE COMPLEXITY OF SOME CIRCUITS

WYE - DELTA TRANSFORMATION - A TECHNIQUE TO REDUCE


COMMON RESISTOR CONNECTIONS THAT ARE NEITHER SERIES NOR
PARALLEL
CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES - (NOTHING VERY

SPECIAL)

2.1 RESISTORS AND OHMS LAW


+ v(t )
i (t )

George Simon
G
Si
OHM: German
Physicist

A resistor is a passive element


characterized by an algebraic
relation between the voltage across
its terminals and the current
through it

v(t ) = F (i (t )) General Model for a Resistor


A linear resistor obeys OHMs
OHM s Law

v(t ) = Ri (t )
The constant, R, is called the
resistance of the component and
is measured in units of Ohm ()
From a dimensional point of view
Ohms is a derived unit of Volt/Amp

Since the equation is algebraic


the time dependence can be omitted

Standard Multiples of Ohm


M

Mega Ohm(106 )

Kilo Ohm(103 )

A common occurrence is

Volt
mA

resulting in resistance in k
Conductance
If instead
a function
current in
law can be

of expressing voltage as
of current one expresses
p
terms of voltage, OHMs
written

i=

1
v
R

1
as Conductance
R
and write
of the component
p
i = Gv
We define G =

The unit of conductance is 2


Siemens

Some practical resistors

Symbol

RESISTORS AND SOME IMPORTANT CONCEPTS


Notice passive sign
Convention-Absorbing energy

i
+
v

Two special resistor values

Circuit Represent
p
ation
i

A touch of
reality

+
v=0

Short

Circuit
R=0
G=

i=0

Open
Circuit
R=
G=0

Linear approximation

Linear range
Actual v-I relationship

v
Ohm s Law is an approximation valid
Ohms
while voltages and currents remain
4
in the Linear Range

OHMS LAW PROBLEM SOLVING TIP

v = Ri

i = Gv OHM
OHM' s Law
Given Voltage and Resistance
Compute Current
V

One equation and three variables.


Given ANY two the third can be found

Given current and resistance


Find the voltage

I = 2A
R = 5

V = RI
+

R = 3

12[V ]

Notice use of
passive sign
convention

V = 10[V ]

I=

I = 4[ A]

Determine direction of the current


using passive sign convention
Table 1 Keeping Units Straight

Voltage

Current

Resistance

Volts

Amps
p

Ohms

Volts

mA

R = 5

mV

V
I

mV

mA

Given Current and Voltage


Find Resistance

+
20[V ]

I = 4[ A]
R=

GIVEN VOLTAGE AND CONDUCTANCE


REFERENCE DIRECTIONS SATISFY
PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION

i ( t ) = Gv ( t ) OHMS LAW
UNITS?
CONDUCTANCE IN SIEMENS, VOLTAGE
IN VOLTS. HENCE CURRENT IN AMPERES

i ( t ) = 8[ A]

OHMS LAW

v (t ) = Ri ( t )

UNITS?

4[V ] = (2) i ( t ) i ( t ) = 2[ A]

4V
+

v (t ) = Ri (t )

OHMS LAW
THE EXAMPLE COULD BE
6
GIVEN LIKE THIS

RESISTORS AND ELECTRIC POWER


Resistors are passive components that can only absorb
energy. Combining Ohms law and the expressions for
power we can derive several useful expressions

P = vi
(Power)
v = Ri , or i = Gv (Ohm' s Law)
Problem solving tip: There are four
variables (P,v,i,R) and two equations.
Given any two variables one can find
the other two.
A MATTER OF UNITS
Given P
P,, i
P
v
v = ,R =
i
i

Given i,
i R
v = Ri , P = vi = Ri 2

Given v,
v R
v
v2
i = , P = vi =
R
R
Given P, R

i=

Working with SI units Volt


Volt, Ampere
Ampere, Watt,
Watt
Ohm, there is never a problem. One must
be careful when using multiples or sub
multiples.

P
, v = Ri = PR
R

If not given, the reference


direction for voltage or current
can be chosen and the other is
given by the passive sign convention

EXAMPLE : R = 40 k, i = 2mA
The basic strategy is to express
all given variables in SI units

v = (40 *103 ) * (2 *10 3 A) = 80[V ]


P = Ri 2 = (40 *103 ) * (2 *10 3 A) 2 =

160 *10 3 [W ]

DETERMINE CURRENT AND POWER ABSORBED


BY RESISTOR

P =?

3
I
0
.
5

10
[ A]
VS = IR VS =
VS =
= 10[V ]
G
50 106 [ S ]

= 6mA
V 2 P = (12[V ])(6[mA ])
P = VI = I R =
= 72[ mW ]
R
2

0.6[mA ]

I=

I2
0.5 103[ A]
2
2
P=I R=
0
.
5

10
[W ]
P=
=
6
G
50 10 [ S ]
5[ mW ]

V 6[V ]
=
R 10k

VS2
P=
R
VS2 = (10 103 )(3.6 10 3W ) VS = 6[V ]

P = VS I
80[ mW
W]
VS =
= 20[V ]
4[mA]

P = I 2R
80 103[W ]
R=
2
3
4 10 A
R = 5k

Homework
E: 2.1,
, 2.2
P:2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9

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