2000-CE

BIO

HONG KONG EXAMINATIONS AUTHORITY

PAPER 1

HONG KONG CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION EXAMINATION 2000

BIOLOGY PAPER 1
8.30 am 10.00 am (1 hours)
This paper must be answered in English

1.

Attempt THREE questions only.

2.

Each question consists of three parts.

3.

All questions carry equal marks.

4.

In each question, 2 additional marks will be awarded for effective

communication.

5.

The diagrams in this paper are NOT necessarily drawn to scale.

Hong Kong Examinations Authority
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1. (a)

The diagram below outlines a clinical test used to examine whether a human
foetus has any abnormality in its chromosomes :

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(i)

The cells of A and the cells of the foetus have the same genetic
composition. How would you explain this ?
(2 marks)

(ii)

(1)

With reference to the chromosomes in the diagram, state the sex

of the foetus.
(1 mark)

(2)

Describe how the sex of this foetus is determined at the time of

fertilization.
(3 marks)

(iii) What abnormality is found in the chromosomes of the foetus ?

(1 mark)
(iv) As the uterine wall may be stimulated to contract when removing cells
from A, what would be the risk associated with this test ?
(1 mark)
(v)

State two differences between the blood entering the foetus and that
leaving the foetus.
(2 marks)

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1. (b)

The diagram below shows part of a section of a leaf :

(i)

Name tissues A and B.

(2 marks)

(ii)

Regions 1 and 2 have the same area. Work out the ratio of the density
of chloroplasts in region 1 to that in region 2.
(2 marks)

(iii) With reference to your answer to (ii), what would be the significance
of this pattern of chloroplast distribution in the leaf ? Explain your
answer.
(4 marks)
(iv) It is suggested that cell type C is responsible for the transport of water
from the stem to the leaf. Design an investigation to test this idea
using a leafy shoot.
(4 marks)

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1. (c)

The diagram below shows the structure of an air sac of the human lung. The
tidal air refers to the air that can be breathed in and out of the body in each
breath. The residual air refers to the air that cannot be exchanged with the
atmosphere during breathing.

(i)

Describe how oxygen in the tidal air reaches the blood.

(3 marks)

(ii)

(1)

If a person breathes deeply, how will the volume of tidal air

inhaled be affected ?
(1 mark)

(2)

Based on your answer to (1), explain the effect of deep breathing

on the rate of oxygen uptake in the blood.
(2 marks)

(iii) Explain one effect of smoking on the process described in (i).

(2 marks)

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2. (a)

In order to lose weight, an 18-year-old girl, Jane, had a diet as shown in the
table below :
Vitamin Vitamin
CarboCalcium Iron
Energy Protein Fat
D
C
hydrate
(mg) (mg)
(kJ)
(g)
(g)
(
g)
(mg)
(g)
900

44

80

2.3

Jam

300

20

0.4

Coffee

400

20

90

Ham
sandwich

1050

16

13

15

12

2.5

Coffee

400

20

90

Fish

540

20

300

2.7

8.0

Rice

3000

12

174

1.0

Lettuce

30

23

1.0

15

Total intake per day

63

25

294

608

9.9

18

8.0

Average daily requirement

58

600

15

30

2.5

Dinner

Lunch

Breakfast

Bread

* Amount variable
(i)

If the average daily energy requirement for Jane is about 9200 kJ,
explain why this diet will be effective in helping her to lose weight.
(3 marks)

(ii)

Protein in the diet can be absorbed into the body as amino acids.
Explain how amino acids can provide energy for Janes daily activity.
(3 marks)

(iii) If Jane continues this diet for several months, what disease will she
probably develop as a result of mineral deficiency ?
(1 mark)
(iv) Describe a food test to show that fat is present in ham.

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(3 marks)

2. (b)

An investigation was carried out to study the effect of light on the pupil of
the eye. A person sat in a room in which the light intensity could be varied.
The size of the pupil of the person was measured at different light
intensities. The graph below shows the results of the investigation :

(i)

Referring to the graph, describe the effect of light intensity on the size
of the pupil.
(2 marks)

(ii)

Explain the significance of the change in pupil size in response to an

increase in light intensity.
(2 marks)

(iii) The pupil response to light intensity is a reflex action coordinated by

the brain. By means of a flowchart, show the nervous pathway
involved.
(Hint : This nervous pathway is similar to that of a spinal reflex arc.)
(3 marks)
(iv) People have different eye colours, such as brown, blue or green, but
their pupils always appear to be black. Explain why the pupil always
appears to be black.
(2 marks)

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2. (c)

The diagram below shows a section of a pea flower :

(i)

Under natural conditions, pea flowers are self-pollinated, i.e. the

stigma receives pollen grains from the same flower.
Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of this method of
pollination.
(2 marks)

(ii)

In a genetic experiment, a scientist wanted to ensure that the stigma of

a pea flower only received the pollen grains of another pea flower.
Suggest how the scientist could achieve this by making use of a plastic
bag and a brush.
(3 marks)

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(iii) The colour of the pea pod (fruit) is controlled by a pair of alleles. The
scientist first crossed a pea plant homozygous for green pods with
another pea plant homozygous for yellow pods to produce the first
filial generation (F1). She then allowed the F1 plants to self-pollinate
to produce the second filial generation (F2). The results of the crosses
are summarized in the table below :

All F1 plants produced green pods

Result of the first cross

Result of the second cross

(1)

428 F2 plants produced green pods

152 F2 plants produced yellow pods

What can you conclude from the result of the first cross ?
(1 mark)

(2)

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Use a genetic diagram to show how the pod colours of the F2

plants were inherited from the F1 plants.
(5 marks)

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3. (a)

The photomicrograph below shows some muscle cells of the human small
intestine and their associated blood vessels :

(i)

(ii)

(1)

What type of blood vessel is A ?

(1 mark)

(2)

Based on the photomicrograph, state one feature of A to support

your answer to (1).
(1 mark)

The muscle cells in the photomicrograph are surrounded by a fluid.

Explain how this fluid is formed from the blood in blood vessel A.
(2 marks)

(iii) Draw a labelled diagram to show what you would see in the cross
section made along line BC.
(3 marks)
(iv) By means of a flowchart, show the route by which a red blood cell
from the small intestine reaches the lung. Indicate the major blood
vessels and organs involved.
(3 marks)

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3. (b)

Diabetes mellitus is a disease found in humans and other mammals. The

main symptom of this disease is the presence of glucose in the urine. In the
early twentieth century, the cause of diabetes mellitus was still unknown. In
order to study this disease, a scientist performed the following experiments
on dogs :

Experiment

Experimental
subject

Treatment

Result

Healthy dogs

Removing the pancreas

Symptoms of
diabetes appeared

Diabetic dogs
Injecting extracts of
from experiment 1 pancreas

(a) Injecting extracts

of pancreas which
had been treated
with protease

Symptoms of
diabetes
disappeared
Symptoms of
diabetes remained

Diabetic dogs
from experiment 1 (b) Injecting extracts
of pancreas which
Symptoms of
had been treated diabetes disappeared
with lipase

(i)

Comparing the results of experiments 1 and 2, what conclusion can be

drawn ?
(2 marks)

(ii)

What is the aim of performing experiment 3 ?

(2 marks)

(iii) Based on the results of experiments 2 and 3 (a), explain whether the
diabetic dogs would show symptoms of the disease if they were
treated with the extracts of pancreas by feeding instead of by injection.
(3 marks)
(iv) Based on your biological knowledge, explain why the urine of a
diabetic person usually contains glucose.
(5 marks)

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3. (c)

To study the effect of sucrose solution on plant cells, a student used the
lower epidermis of a Rhoeo discolor leaf, the cells of which contain a red
pigment. He mounted a piece of the lower epidermis in a sucrose solution.
He then observed the epidermis under the microscope immediately and after
10 minutes.
The photomicrographs below show the conditions of the same epidermal
cells under the low power of the microscope :

(i)

Describe and explain the change in the appearance of cell A

10 minutes after mounting.
(4 marks)

(ii)

Suggest a reason why cell B did not show the same change as cell A.
(1 mark)

(iii) The student wanted to examine cell A under the high power of the
microscope.
(1)

State one action that he might need to take before turning to the
high power objective.
(1 mark)

(2)

State two actions that he might need to take after turning to the
high power objective.
(2 marks)

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4. (a)

In the production of beer, the raw material used is barley grains, which
contain a large amount of starch. When barley grains germinate, amylase is
produced. The grains are then crushed and mixed with warm water. After
several hours, yeast is added to the mixture for fermentation.
(i)

What is the action of amylase on the starch in the barley grains ?

(1 mark)

(ii)

After the crushed grains are mixed with warm water, why is it
necessary to wait for several hours before adding the yeast ? (1 mark)

An investigation was carried out to study the effect of temperature on the

activity of barley amylase. For each temperature, the same amount of
crushed grains and water were used. The amylase activity was estimated by
the rate of disappearance of starch using the iodine test. The results
obtained are shown in the graph below :

Amylase activity
(arbitrary unit)

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Temperature (C)
(iii) What conclusions can be drawn from the graph about the effect of
temperature on amylase activity ?
(3 marks)
(iv) If you want to store the mixture of crushed grains and water with
minimal reaction so that it can be used several days later, what
temperature would you choose ? Why ?
(3 marks)
(v)

Suggest another method to estimate the amylase activity for this

investigation.
(2 marks)

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4. (b)

To monitor the quality of seawater in Hong Kong, water samples were taken
for analysis from four different sites A, B, C and D as shown in the map
below :

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The quantities of suspended solids and bacteria in each water sample are as
follows :

(i)

(ii)

Site

Suspended solids
(mg L1)

Bacteria
(number per 100 mL)

8.3

105

6.0

1986

5.5

23 140

2.5

15

(1)

Explain how the concentration of suspended solids may affect

the population of producers in seawater.
(3 marks)

(2)

Hence, predict which site has the largest population of producers.

(1 mark)

In Hong Kong, domestic sewage is the main source of organic

pollutants in seawater.
(1)

Explain how the bacterial population in seawater may be affected

by the amount of organic pollutants present.
(3 marks)

(2)

Deduce which site would contain the greatest amount of organic

pollutants.
(1 mark)

(3)

Suggest one reason for the presence of a large amount of organic

pollutants at this site.
(1 mark)

(iii) Certain regions of Hong Kong waters have been designated as marine
parks. What is the significance of this for conservation ?
(1 mark)

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4. (c)

The table below shows the rates of water loss in different ways from a
persons body under two conditions :

Rate of water loss (mL h1)

Condition

Sweat

Urine

Exhaled air

At rest

58

15

During heavy exercise

208

21

27

(i)

Compare the rate of sweat production of the person under the two
conditions. Explain why there was such a difference.
(3 marks)

(ii)

Account for the decrease in the rate of urine production of the person
during heavy exercise.
(3 marks)

(iii) (1)

Explain how exhalation may lead to water loss from the body.
(2 marks)

(2)

Why did the rate of water loss through exhalation increase during
heavy exercise ?
(2 marks)

END OF PAPER

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