ECOLOGY

Conservation of Lakes:
Issues & Applications
Rajshekhar Rao
Studying the impact of
urbanisation on Bangalore
wetland region and examining
measures to be undertaken
for its management.
etlands are fragile ecosystems
that are susceptible to changes
owing to changes in the composition of their biotic and abiotic factors.
In recent years, there has been increasing
concern over the continuing degradation
of worlds wetlands, particularly rivers
and lakes. Wetlands sustain all life and
perform useful functions in the maintenance of ecological balance. Interfacing
between land and water systems, they
are highly productive and biologically
rich ecosystems, and are also the most
endangered.
The paper focuses on the Bangalore
wetland region as a case study and analyzes the current situation and scope of
the conservation in the catchments area.
The major threats to the Bangalore lake
originate from human activity in the
catchments, resulting in alterations in the
water balance and water quality.
This paper identifies the issues
and threats related to sustainability of
wetlands. It develops a methodology
for the development of an
Environmental Management plan in
the form of a broad land use Plan for
optimal utilization of the resources of
the lake and surrounding wetlands.
The key to the conservation of
Bangalore wetland hinges on the
management of human activity with-

34 ARCHITECTURE - Time Space & People April 2009

Figure 1: Study Area Greater Bangalore Region

in the watershed. Thus a balance must

be struck between conservation and
meeting the needs and aspiration of
the resident human population.

WETLANDS AND THEIR

IMPORTANCE
Wetland is the collective term for
marshes, swamps, bogs, and similar

areas. Wetlands filter sediments and

nutrients from surface water and support all life forms through extensive
food webs and biodiversity. These natural wetlands are ecosystems that cannot be easily replaced with artificial
ones. Wetlands have the capacity to
retain excess floodwater during heavy
rainfall that would otherwise cause
flooding. By retaining flood flows, they
maintain a constant flow regime
downstream, preserving water quality
and increasing biological productivity
for both aquatic life as well as human
communities of the region. Apart from
this, the socio-economic values,
through water supply, fisheries, fuel
wood, medicinal plants, livestock grazing, agriculture, energy resource,
wildlife resource, transport, recreation
and tourism, and so forth, are significant. The functional properties of a
wetland ecosystem clearly demonstrate its role in maintaining the ecological balance.
Ramsar Convention has defined wetlands as areas of marsh, fen , peatland or
water, whether natural or artifical, permanent or temporary with water that is
static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt,
including areas of marine water the
depth of which at low tide does not
exceed six meters.
In recent years, there has been
increasing concern over the continuing
degradation of worlds wetlands, particularly rivers and lakes. Wetlands sustain all life and perform useful functions in the maintenance of ecological
balance. Interfacing between land and
water systems, they are highly productive and biologically rich ecosystems,
and are also the most endangered. It is
part of Indias national policy to conserve the existing natural wetlands
and devise Environment Management
Plans. Efforts to conserve these fragile
areas and develop them to promote

Eco-tourism should be undertaken to

raise awareness towards sustainable
environment and protection of our
natural resources.

INTRODUCTION TO THE
STUDY AREA GREATER
BANGALORE

ability of land favored by salubrious climate all round the year, sprawl has been
prevalent in and around Bangalore.
Recently, the city administrative jurisdiction was expanded to 716 square kilometres agglomerating neighbouring
outgrowth. With the expansion of
Bangalore in recent times with concentrated development of industries and
commercial establishments, the growth
appears to have reached the threshold.

Bangalore, the capital of Karnataka, has a

history of over 400 years. The origin of
Bangalore city can be traced back to 1537
when it was founded by Late Magadi
Kempegowda. Bangalore is the principal STUDY AREA:
administrative, cultural, commercial and BANGALORE LAKES
industrial centre of the state of Karnataka. Wetlands of Bangalore occupy about
The city of Bangalore is situated at an alti- 4.8% of the geographical area (640 sq km)
tude of 920 meters above mean sea level. covering both urban and non-urban
Geographically it is located on 12.95 N areas. Bangalore has many man-made
latitude and 77.57 E longitude. The city wetlands but no natural wetlands. They
enjoys a pleasant and equable climate were built for various hydrological purposes and mainly to serve the needs of
throughout the year.
Early 90s boom in the software sec- irrigated agriculture. There were 262 lakes
tor with consequent infrastructure initia- (in 1960) within the green belt area of the
tives, has contributed to rise in popula- city, which has fallen to 81 at present
tion, mainly due to migration. It is now (Refer Figure 2).
home to hightech companies
apart from
numerous
establishments
in manufacturing and processing industries. The
population of
Bangalore as
per the 2001
census was
5,686,844 while
it was 163,091
in the beginning of the last
century (1901).
With a booming
economic activity, migration in
search of livelihood, and avail- Figure 2: Map showing lakes in Bangalore
April 2009 ARCHITECTURE - Time Space & People 35

Wetlands in Bangalore (water bodies, lakes, tanks), are threatened due to

the pressure from unplanned urbanisation and land use activities. In order to
accommodate the phenomenal growth
of Bangalore, many of the citys lakes
are being used for the development of
housing layout and for other purposes
thus depriving the city of strategically
located open spaces. This has also
contributed to the deteriorating
water quality and significant change in
local climate.
The result has been to show that
about 80% of local residents are dependent on lakes, either directly or indirectly,
for irrigation, domestic water needs
(ground water), fuel and fodder. The
socio-economic survey in the vicinity of
Lake Ecosystem revealed that about 65%
of the residents were willing to pay for its
restoration, conservation, and efficient
management. In this direction, a suitable
management program has been developed that addresses these concerns.

home to a wide variety of fauna and

attracted many migratory birds from different parts of the country. The lake also
provided drinking water to half the citys
population, besides being a major fish
trading center in the past. Thus Bellandur
Lake formed an extremely important ecological zone of the Bangalore city.

EXISTING CONDITION OF
BELLANDUR LAKE
Bellandur Lake, the largest in Bangalore
city, has an catchment area of 110.94
sq.miles or 287.33 sqm as per the Minor
Irrigation Department. The water storing
capacity of Bellandur lake is 17.66 million
cubic feet.With years of indiscriminate
disposal of various wastes into the lake. it
has become an environmental nightmare. Discharge of sewage and other
wastewater and dumping of solid wastes

into the storm water drains pollute the

lake. The lake contains raw sewage,
industrial effluents and domestic
garbage. As a result of contamination the
tank is converted into a swamp having
six feet of slush and covered with heavy
deposits of grease and oil. The field study
revealed that the unplanned areas does
not have proper sewerage systems and
thus, discharge the sewage into the
drains.
There are 339 slums within corporation limits containing totally 93,348 hutments having a total population of
5,03,559. Besides, there are many revenue
land converted into housing layouts that
are yet to be provided with sanitary sewers. The effect of industrialisation, urbanisation, and unplanned growth has clearly
made its mark in polluting the Bellandur
Lake. (Refer Figure 3)

CRITERIA FOR SELECTION

OF BELLANDUR LAKE
Bellandur Lake is the largest in Bangalore
city, being 3km in length and 2.75km in
Width. It is one of the largest man-made
lakes in Southeast Asia, located about 20
km from the city towards the south-east
of Bangalore city which is extremely
important ecological zone.
Historically, Bellandur Lake was constructed by the Irrigation Department to
provide irrigation to the downstream
25,000 acres of agricultural fields. It represents what was once a beautiful and
wholesome source of water for the city of
Bangalore. Storm water used to get
stored in the lake, aquatic plants and animals functioned as live treatment plant.
PH and Dissolved Oxygenlevel was maintained. Bellandur Lake functioned as the
kidney of the city. There was no bioaccumulation of organic waste. The lake was
36 ARCHITECTURE - Time Space & People April 2009

Figure 3: Existing land use map of Bellandur lake region

Major problems and issues confronting Bellandur lake region: The

threats to the Bellandur lake region ecosystem are partly due to biotic pressure
from the environment and mainly due to
human induced or natural changes in the
zone of influence. The issues/threats can
be broadly summarized as below:

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The survival of a wetland depends more
on management than on protection.
While preparing an action plan it has to
be noted that wetland ecosystems are
treated in their whole environment context. In order to manage a wetland we
have to review management of the whole

Figure 4: Issues and Causes of Bellandur lake region

Table 1: Major issues & Causes of Bellandur Lake

Sl. Causal Factors
No.

Impacts

Resultant effect

Cutting of vegetation

Increase in soil erosion,

Decrease in transpiration,
Increase in storm
water flow

Lakes becomes
shallow & increase
in water spread,
Increase in sedimentation

Industries situated
around the lake
release their effluent
into the lake

It adds to the Organic

load B.O.D decreases

Eutrophication

Intensive agriculture
around the lake using
fertilizers & pesticides.

It increase the nutrients

& pollutants inside
the lake

Profuse growth of
the weeds &
water hyacinth

watershed upon which wetland depends.

The ecological characteristics of a wetland have its problems and hence remedial measures are essential to retain its
natural beauty.
Various components of Bellandur lake
such as soil,water,wildlife,fisheries,vegetation and local environs have their own
problems and require effective remedies
so as to improve the resource position
and also generate better environment. If
these resources are to be replenished
both qualititatively and quantitatively
then a better scientific approach may
have to be devised for each component.
Soil erosion and siltation from adjoining
land, ejection of gases from factories and
pollution from industrial waste, use of
chemicals in the fields are the most serious threats and require immediate attention. Vegetation pattern will have to be
re-planned so as to attract more migratory birds and also more fish collection in
the wetland area.
The Environmental Management
plan incorporates in the land-use plan of
the region, the identification, preservation and protection of the environmentally fragile areas, resource areas, ecological areas, cultural, historical and religious
sites, sources of pollution, and the environmental afected spots. Proposals are
given for environment quality improvement by restoration, relocation and rehabilitation of certain activities. Provision of
adequate green areas, recreational areas
and open areas ensure that environmentally sustainable tourism is established.
Lastly, various strategies and guidelines
and policies have been formulated for
sectors responsible for environmental
protection such as Industries, transportation, waste treatment, and tourism.

BENEFITS FROM
THE PROJECT
The proposed Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) will try to
April 2009 ARCHITECTURE - Time Space & People 37

achieve certain benefits like augmentation of vegetation, wild life and fisheries.
The measures will also help in controlling
floods occurring in the surrounding areas.
The water body will generate conducive
and cleaner climate and promote better
environment with the mitigation of the
pollution problems. Underground water
will become safe for human consumption. There will be optimum utilization of
land resources on the adoption of soil
conservation programs. Also the diversification of the economic activities will lead
to better living standards for the local
people and the wetlands will present a
picturesque view and promote tourism.

STUDY PROCEDURE
The methodologies that have been
used primarily include several primary, secondary and public opinion
surveys along with personal observations, site visits which were conducted in order to get data related to various aspects and understand the
existing conditions.
Studies were basically done at two
levels- The Catchments Level and The
Lake Level- To identify the impact of different natural and human activities on
the lake eco-system. Aspects at the
Catchment Level are physiograpy, climate, land use, drainage, demography,
socio-economic status, transportation
network, infrastructure, and location of
industries. Aspects at the lake level are
biodiversity, water quality, land use, settlement pattern, socio-economic status,
activities around lake, facilities and
amenities, and commercial activities. In
addition to this, tourism related data has
also been analyzed to understand the
eco-tourism prospects.

METHODOLOGY
The methodology and various tools are
applied to analyze the current situation
and identify the problems, needs of the
38 ARCHITECTURE - Time Space & People April 2009

Figure 5: Hydrologically sensitive area of Bellandur lake catchment

people to formulate the Environmental

Management Plan.

ANALYSIS
The analysis is done to understand
the various environmental, social
and economic problems. Also the
positive and negative impacts of all
the different activities undertaken in
the lake are analyzed.
The land use in the catchment area is
critically important. The development
activities in the catchment area like vegetation cutting, housing, development
activities, construction of road etc, should
be considered as they increase the erosion rate. Any man made factors affect
directly or indirectly the quantity and
quality of lake water. So it is essential to
stop any such activities in the catchment
area of the lake.
To maintain the existing water quality the identification of hydrological
sensitive area is important. So hydrological analysis is carried out. It is

observed that the water quality has

been reduced reaching the bellandur
lake basin due to various development
activities in the catchment area of the
lake. (Refer Figure 5)
Economic valuation tools have been
used to determine the comparative
advantages of various ecological benefits
from the wetland. This estimation helps
to calculate user and non-user benefits
and provide rationale for conservation
and sustainable use. The various ecological functions considered are water
recharge, nutrient retention, fishery, fodder and habitat to wild life and migratory
birds and recreational benefits.
Multi-criteria analysis is done to
ascertain the different wetland zones
(Refer Figure 6) such as the core areas,
buffer strips, fringe areas, ecensitive
zones and other critical areas. Since various factors are considered to determine
the potential of each zone, it helps to give
an objective assessment of the worth and
shortcomings of a zone. Accordingly the

site which provides the necessary potential, infrastructure and services for the
development chosen for the proposed
development. Physical panning is derived
based on the overlay of environmentally
sensitive zone, agricultural potential
zones, tourism potential zones and habitation potential zones.
Carrying capacity analysis of the
lake is done to determine the threshold
limits with respect to tourism development and ascertain the maximum number of visitors allowed daily and annually. The various factors considered are:
The size of the area and the actual
usable space, Topography and flora &
fauna resources.

to a width equal to at least the width of

the stream. Finally the Zone 4 consist of
the body of water and its associated vegetation ,which are to be left intact as habitat for wild life, particularly waterfowl and
migratory birds.

ECO SENSITIVE ZONES OF

BELLANDUR LAKE
CATCHMENT AREA
The lake catchment has been assessed for

the three basic resources which are Land

i.e. slope, Vegetation, and Hydrology.
These factors have assigned value
depending upon their criticality, by the
superimposition of these parameters; its
able to demarcate zones within the
catchment as ecologically sensitive
zones. The entire catchment has been
subdivided into four ecologically sensitive zones and the treatment of each
zone hence varies accordingly.

LAKE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Recommendations deals with Zoning and
delineation of areas on the broader scale
in which various zones are identified on
the plan according to their ecological
character and existing land use pattern.
The outer zone (Zone 1) is the Buffer
zone of undisturbed vegetation buffered
with trees & thick shrubs, next zone
would be agriculture zone, (Zone 2)
where farmers have been and would continue growing crops based on appropriate and sustainable farming principles,
there would be the interface zone (Zone
3) the limits of which are determined
based on the existence of marshes, ponds
etc on the simple rule that restricts farming on areas adjacent to water courses up

Figure 6: Map showing Ecosensitive zones of Bellandur Lake at Catchment level

Table 2: Proposal for Bellandur lake

Ecological Critical factors
Zone
Zone 1
Erosion susceptible
Hydrological Zone

Proposals

Environmental benefits
Improvement in the quality of water
controls sediment entry. Quality of
water entering into tank ensured.

Zone 2

Vegetation Zone, Erosion

susceptible, and hydrological zone

Afforestation done using recycled water

can be treated as buffer either with forest, fruit
orchards & declared as green zone. Provide 200mts.
Of undisturbed vegetation buffer with high grass
percentage than of shrubs & trees.
Preservation of agriculture field. No development
zone around the lake No industrial activity.

Zone 3

Erosion susceptible, vegetation

zone hydrological zone
Erosion susceptible, vegetation
zone hydrological zone

No development zone around the lake.

No industrial activity.
No construction zone allowed
up to100 - 150mts.

Zone 4

Dependency on lake ensures its maintenance. It

forms continuous green space, checks the speed
of runoff. Natural edge supports natural vegetation.
Forms green space. Checks the speed of run
off, forms green belt around the lake.
Potential wetland habitat area

April 2009 ARCHITECTURE - Time Space & People 39

In order to facilitate diversification

of economic activities and reduce agricultural risks, integrated development
of Religion-eco-tourism circuits taking
important destinations in and around
Bellandur lake region is recommended. Proposals have been formulated
for Eco-tourism with the details and
types of amenities as part of the action
plan. The focus is for developing
the suitable Access, Accommodation,
Attraction and Amenities.

GUIDELINES & PROPOSAL

FOR BELLANDUR LAKE
The recommendations deal with framing
regional policies, guidelines and management tools for the various stake holders.
The government should undertake integrated planning and conservation measures in consultation with landscape architects, planners and local people while the
developers, operators and suppliers
should respect and follow planning
guidelines, standards and codes.
A Comprehensive Plan should be prepared to study with regard to their present status, sustainable use, management
and conservation and to formulate strategies for their short term & long term management. The proposed land use map
(Refer Figure 7) of Bellandur lake deals
with guidelines at regional level which
includes Riparian Zone Management,
Management of Surface Water Bodies &
Management of Recreational Area

Surrounding the lake. Guidelines at Lake

Catchment level are as follows :
Afforestation : To protect and
enhance the existing forest cover and
establish new forest cover on suitable
areas so that the rainfall pattern is not
altered and the region receives the maximum precipitation which can be stored
as ground water and is made available
throughout the year for various uses
within the region.
Riparian Zone Management: To
establish and protect the riparian zone
along the banks of the water bodies and
the hydrological channels to act as a
buffer between the agricultural land and
the lake.

Figure 8: Section through the lake and Riparian zone

Management of Agricultural Zone:

To promote an ecologically viable cropping pattern and irrigation methods
wherein the area under the cultivation of
a particular crop should be based on ecological parameters and in the long run
should not degrade the land and the
quality of water.

Figure 7: Proposed Land use Map of Bellandur lake

40 ARCHITECTURE - Time Space & People April 2009

Management of Urban areas and

Industrial Zone: No new Industry should
be allowed to come up in ecologically
sensitive areas and in fertile land. The
sewage and sullage from the catchment
should be stopped at a point, treated up
to acceptable standards and only then be
allowed to enter the lake. No new construction to be allowed unless a proper
sewage treatment plant is installed.Land
use which should be allowed should be of
low density development with large
open spaces. For each settlement coming
under the catchment area percentage
allocation for different landuses to support the basic requirements and conserve
the ecology of the region should be done.

Rain Water Harvesting System:

Revive the traditional water harvesting
system and augment with modern irrigation system.
Guide lines for Management of
Recreational Lakes: New recreational
developments should be allowed only if
the development takes care of the bird
habitat and the fish breeding farm near
the lake.
Guidelines for Management of
Surface Water Bodies: Sewage, sullage
and toxic wastes shall not be allowed to
flow in the tank or percolate in the
ground. Natural edge conditions of the
lake to be preserved. No biotic interference inside the as washing, boating etc.
should be allowed inside the lake. Depth
of the lake should be increased by desilting every 3 years.

Table 3: Lake Restoration Methods

Sl. No

Method

Advantage

Drawbacks

Dilution :Flush with low

nutrient Water

Reduces Nutrient levels,

washes out surface algae

Require large volumes of water. Does

not eliminate sources of phosphorous
from, sediments

Alum Treatment

Lowers lake Phosphorous Content,

inhibits release of phosphorous from
sediments. Increase water transparency

Reduces the no of beneficial insects

in the lake bottom.

Artificial Circulation

Prevents stratification, provide

aeration and oxygenation
increase aerobic habitat

Does not decrease algal biomass.

May decrease water clarity.
Adverse impact on cold water fish.
No effect on macrophytes.

Dredging

Controls aquatic vegetation, deepens

lake increases lake volume. May
improve water quality.

Temporary resuspension of sediments.

Temporory destruction of habitats.
Disposal concern high cost.

Water level draw down

Control Macrophytes. Consolidate

sediments ,facilitate dredging
or excavation

Poor effects in wet, mild climates.

Short term benefits; intensify algal booms.
Temporary adverse impact on fish
and invertebrates.

Biomanipulation

Encourage growth of Zooplankton

Considered experimental. Not effective

Where blue green algae dominate.

CONCLUSION
Wastes and effluents from the power
plant and other industries pollute the
water of Bellundar Lake. Thus it is necessary to have strict regulations for industrial discharge into the lake. Suitable methods and means should be devised along
with community involvement to use the
fly ash, sewage and water hyacinth in
beneficial manners which are greatest
threats to the wet land. Since all the lakes
in Bangalore are interconnected and
interactive its not enough to restore only
Bellandur lake & its surrounding catchments area but also overlook into other
interconnected wetlands and their catchments areas.
The ecological benefits like water and
nutrient retention, fishery, fodder and
recreation in addition to the most important function being a habitat for a large
number of avian fauna and other wild life
eminently justifies the need to wisely use
and maintain the lake.
The preliminary socio-economic survey carried out in this region of the lake

through the Contingency Valuation

Method, showed high level of dependency on wetlands for groundwater,
food, fodder, fish, fuel, and so forth. The
high level of dependency on these lake
calls for immediate restoration of
degraded lakes and appropriate measures for their conservation and management in order to maintain ecological
balance in the region.
The project attempts to benefit both
biodiversity and people. Strategic
approaches like intervening at the
catchments level, using a holistic
approach to freshwater management,
and involving local communities-have
been applied in this project to finally
achieve logistic scenario for the people
as well as the biodiversity.
The conservation measures undertaken in Bellandur lake region are
designed to reduce chemicals runoff
from farms and deposition in the wetlands. Since the migratory population
has suffered from vegetation changes
due to nutrient enrichment from

runoff, it is hoped that these soil conservation measures, in addition to benefiting the farmers, will also help to
reverse the trends of declining numbers of bird population.
The Bellandur Lake holds scope for
development of eco-tourism but within
certain limits. The optimality of the present resource appropriation in light of its
sustainability needs to be worked out
through further ecological assessments
and definite regulatory frame work
should be in place.
These restoration goals require
intensive landscape planning, and funding, with active involvement from all
levels of organizations (Governmental,
NGOs, corporate sectors, citizen groups,
research organizations, media, and so
forth) through interagency and intergovernmental processes being instrumental in initiating and implementing
the restoration programs.

REFERENCES
Deepa, R. S., Ramachandra, T. V., & Kiran,
April 2009 ARCHITECTURE - Time Space & People 41

R. (1998). Anthropogenic stress on wetlands of Bangalore. In H. Maheshappa &

M. N. Ragavendra Rao (Eds.), Proceedings
of the National Seminar on Environmental
Pollution: Causes and remedies (pp. 166182). Bangalore, India: PES Institute of
Technology.
Indian Standards: 2490. (1982). New
Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian Standards.
Kiran, R., & Ramachandra, T. V. (1999
March). Status of wetlands in Bangalore
and its conservation aspects. ENVIS
Journal of Human Settlements, 16-24.
A Directory of Wetlands of international importance. http://www.wetlands.org/RDB/
Ramsar_Dir/India/In008D02.htm.Acc
essed on 28th August, 2003.
Davis, T.j., 1994, Ramsar conventional Manual-A guide to the convention on wetlands of International
importance especially as waterfowl
habitat.Ramsar convention Bureau,
Gland, Switzeraland.

Anonymous, 1990.Wetlands of
India-A Directory, Ministry of
Environment and Forests, Government
of India, New Delhi.
Ramachandra, T.V., Kiran, R., & Ahalya,
N. (2002). Status, conservation and management of Wetlands. New Delhi:
Allied Publishers.
Sreekantha and K.P. Narayana, Indian
Institute of Sciences An Overview of
Human, Activities Polluting Bellandur
Tank in Bangalore http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/
energy/water/proceed/proceedings_
text/section6/paper9/section6paper9.
htm#INT
Abbassi, S.A, 1997, Wetlands of India
Status of Wetlands in India, Ecology
and Threats, Volume I, Discovery
Publishing House, New Delhi. pp.84-86.
Chatrath, K.J.S, 1992, Wetlands Of India
Major threats faced by wetlands
of India and their Conservative measures, Ashish Publication House,
New Delhi.pp.22-32.

An Overview Of Human Activities

Polluting Bellandur Tank In Bangalore Sreekantha And K.P. Narayana, Indian
Institute of Sciences http://ces.iisc.ernet.
in/energy/water/proceed/proceedings_
text/section6/paper9/section6paper9.
htm#INT
Impact of urbanization on Bellandur
Lake, Bangalorea case study Chandrashekar JS, Babu KL, Somashekar
RK, Department of Environmental
Sciences, Bangalore, University http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/152595
97?dopt=Abstract.

Rajshekhar Rao is an Asst.

Professor of M.S. Ramaiah
Institute of Technology
(Autonomous Institute affiliated
to Visvesvaraya Technological
University), Bangalore.
Photographs: Courtesy the
Author.

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