LECTURE

EXERCISES

Vector Space
IG. Pramudya Ananta1
1 Senior Lecturer in Department of Industrial Computing
Faculty of Information and Communication Technology
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka with LaTEX

October 6, 2013

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Outline
1

LECTURE
Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

EXERCISES

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Outline
1

LECTURE
Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

EXERCISES

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Introduction

Engineers and physicists distinguish between two types of physical

quantities-scalars, which are quantities that can be described by a
numerical value alone, and vectors, which are quantities that require
both a number and a direction for them to complete physical
description. For examples, temperature, length and speed are scalars.
Velocity and force are vector because they require a number that tells
"how much" and a direction that tells "which way".

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Outline
1

LECTURE
Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

EXERCISES

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Definition: 2-space and 3-space

Representation. Vectors in 2-space (2-dimension) or in 3-space
(3-dimension) are represented by arrows. The direction of the
arrowhead specifies the direction of the vector and the length of
the arrow specifies the magnitude (geometric vectors). The tail
of the vector is called the initial point and the tip is called the
terminal point.
Notation. Vectors are denoted by bared-lower cases, such as
a , b , u , v , and scalars are denoted by italic-lower cases, such as
k, l, m, n. Since a vector is determined solely by its length and
direction, vectors with the same length and direction are defined
to be equal, v = w.

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Definition: 2-space and 3-space

Representation. Vectors in 2-space (2-dimension) or in 3-space
(3-dimension) are represented by arrows. The direction of the
arrowhead specifies the direction of the vector and the length of
the arrow specifies the magnitude (geometric vectors). The tail
of the vector is called the initial point and the tip is called the
terminal point.
Notation. Vectors are denoted by bared-lower cases, such as
a , b , u , v , and scalars are denoted by italic-lower cases, such as
k, l, m, n. Since a vector is determined solely by its length and
direction, vectors with the same length and direction are defined
to be equal, v = w.

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Operations on Vectors: Addition

Parallelogram Rule. If v and w

are vectors in 2-space or 3-space
that are positioned so their initial points coincide, then the two
vectors form adjacent sides of a parallelogram, and the sum v + w
is the vector represented by the arrow from the common initial
point of v and w to the opposite vertex of the parallelogram.
Triangle Rule. If v and w are vectors in 2-space or 3-space that
are positioned so the initial point of w is at the terminal point of
v , then the sum v + w
is represented by the arrow form the initial
point of v to the terminal point of w.

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Operations on Vectors: Addition

Parallelogram Rule. If v and w

are vectors in 2-space or 3-space
that are positioned so their initial points coincide, then the two
vectors form adjacent sides of a parallelogram, and the sum v + w
is the vector represented by the arrow from the common initial
point of v and w to the opposite vertex of the parallelogram.
Triangle Rule. If v and w are vectors in 2-space or 3-space that
are positioned so the initial point of w is at the terminal point of
v , then the sum v + w
is represented by the arrow form the initial
point of v to the terminal point of w.

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Operations on Vectors: Subtraction and Scalar

Multiplication
Subtraction. The negative of a vector v , denoted by v, is the
vector that has the same length as v but is oppositely directed,
and the difference of v from w,
denoted by w v , is taken to be
the sum w
v = w + (v).
Scalar Multiplication. If v is a nonzero vector in 2-space or
3-space, in if k is a nonzero scalar, then we define the scalar
product of v by k to be the vector whose length is |k| times the
length of v and whose direction is the same as that of v if k is
positive and opposite to that of v if k is negative. If k = 0 or
v = 0 then we define kv to be zero

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Operations on Vectors: Subtraction and Scalar

Multiplication
Subtraction. The negative of a vector v , denoted by v, is the
vector that has the same length as v but is oppositely directed,
and the difference of v from w,
denoted by w v , is taken to be
the sum w
v = w + (v).
Scalar Multiplication. If v is a nonzero vector in 2-space or
3-space, in if k is a nonzero scalar, then we define the scalar
product of v by k to be the vector whose length is |k| times the
length of v and whose direction is the same as that of v if k is
positive and opposite to that of v if k is negative. If k = 0 or
v = 0 then we define kv to be zero

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Vectors in Coordinate System

If a vector in 2-space or 3-space is positioned with its initial point at

the origin of the rectangular coordinate system, then the vector is
completely determined by the coordinates of its terminal point. We
call this coordinates as the component of v relative to the system. We
write v = (v1 , v2 ) to denote a vector v in 2-space with component
(v1 , v2 ), and v = (v1 , v2 , v3 ) to denote a vector in 3-space with
component (v1 , v2 , v3 ).

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Contd.
It is sometimes necessary to consider vectors whose initial points

are not at the origin. If P1 P2 denotes the vector with initial point
P1 (x1 , y1 ) and terminal point P2 (x2 , y2 ), then the components of
this vector are given as

P1 P2 = (x2 x1 , y2 y1 )

As you expect, in 3-space, if P1 P2 denotes the vector with initial

point P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and terminal point P2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ), then the
components of this vector are given as

P1 P2 = (x2 x1 , y2 y1 , z2 z1 )
Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Contd.
It is sometimes necessary to consider vectors whose initial points

are not at the origin. If P1 P2 denotes the vector with initial point
P1 (x1 , y1 ) and terminal point P2 (x2 , y2 ), then the components of
this vector are given as

P1 P2 = (x2 x1 , y2 y1 )

As you expect, in 3-space, if P1 P2 denotes the vector with initial

point P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and terminal point P2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ), then the
components of this vector are given as

P1 P2 = (x2 x1 , y2 y1 , z2 z1 )
Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Outline
1

LECTURE
Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

EXERCISES

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Definition

By the dawn of 20th century, mathematician and physicists were

exploring the use of "higher dimensional" spaces. Even today,
physicists working in the field of "string theory" commonly use
11-dimensional space in their quest for a unified theory that will
explain how the fundamental forces of nature work.
Definition. If n is a positive integer, then an ordered n-tuple is a
sequence of n real numbers (v1 , v2 , , vn ). The set of all
ordered n-tuples is called n-space and is denoted by Rn .

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Definition

By the dawn of 20th century, mathematician and physicists were

exploring the use of "higher dimensional" spaces. Even today,
physicists working in the field of "string theory" commonly use
11-dimensional space in their quest for a unified theory that will
explain how the fundamental forces of nature work.
Definition. If n is a positive integer, then an ordered n-tuple is a
sequence of n real numbers (v1 , v2 , , vn ). The set of all
ordered n-tuples is called n-space and is denoted by Rn .

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Examples
Example 01: In experimental data, a scientist performs an
experiment an makes n numerical measurement each time the
experiment performed. The result of each experiment can be
regarded as a vector y = (y1 , y2 , , yn ) in Rn in which
y1 , y2 , , yn are the measured values.
Example 02 : Graphical image, one way in which color images
are created on computer screens by assigning each pixel three
number that describe the hue, saturation, and brightness of the
pixel. Thus, a complete color image can be viewed a set of
5-tuples of the form v = (x, y, h, s, b) in which x and y are screen
coordinates of the pixel and h, s and b are its hue, saturation, and
brightness.
Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Examples
Example 01: In experimental data, a scientist performs an
experiment an makes n numerical measurement each time the
experiment performed. The result of each experiment can be
regarded as a vector y = (y1 , y2 , , yn ) in Rn in which
y1 , y2 , , yn are the measured values.
Example 02 : Graphical image, one way in which color images
are created on computer screens by assigning each pixel three
number that describe the hue, saturation, and brightness of the
pixel. Thus, a complete color image can be viewed a set of
5-tuples of the form v = (x, y, h, s, b) in which x and y are screen
coordinates of the pixel and h, s and b are its hue, saturation, and
brightness.
Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Operations
Notation. We will denote a vector in Rn using the notation
v = (v1 , v2 , , vn ) and we will call 0 = (0, 0, , 0) the zero
vector.
Definition. Vector v = (v1 , v2 , , vn ) and w = (w1 , w2 , , wn )
in Rn are equal if
v1 = w1 ,

v2 = w2

...

vn = wn

We indicate it by v = w.

Definition. If v = (v1 , v2 , , vn ) and w = (w1 , w2 , , wn ) are

vectors in Rn and if k is any scalar, then we define
v + w = (v1 +w1 , v2 +w2 , , vn +wn )
kv = (kv1 , kv2 , , kvn )
v = (v1 , v2 , , vn )
v w = v + (w)

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Operations
Notation. We will denote a vector in Rn using the notation
v = (v1 , v2 , , vn ) and we will call 0 = (0, 0, , 0) the zero
vector.
Definition. Vector v = (v1 , v2 , , vn ) and w = (w1 , w2 , , wn )
in Rn are equal if
v1 = w1 ,

v2 = w2

...

vn = wn

We indicate it by v = w.

Definition. If v = (v1 , v2 , , vn ) and w = (w1 , w2 , , wn ) are

vectors in Rn and if k is any scalar, then we define
v + w = (v1 +w1 , v2 +w2 , , vn +wn )
kv = (kv1 , kv2 , , kvn )
v = (v1 , v2 , , vn )
v w = v + (w)

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Operations
Notation. We will denote a vector in Rn using the notation
v = (v1 , v2 , , vn ) and we will call 0 = (0, 0, , 0) the zero
vector.
Definition. Vector v = (v1 , v2 , , vn ) and w = (w1 , w2 , , wn )
in Rn are equal if
v1 = w1 ,

v2 = w2

...

vn = wn

We indicate it by v = w.

Definition. If v = (v1 , v2 , , vn ) and w = (w1 , w2 , , wn ) are

vectors in Rn and if k is any scalar, then we define
v + w = (v1 +w1 , v2 +w2 , , vn +wn )
kv = (kv1 , kv2 , , kvn )
v = (v1 , v2 , , vn )
v w = v + (w)

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Linear Combination & Alternative Notation

Linear Combination. If w
is a vector in Rn , then w
is said to be
a linear combination of the vectors v1 , v2 , , vr in Rn if it can be
expressed in the form of
w = k1 v1 + k2 v2 + + kr vr
, where k1 , k2 , , kr are scalars and called the coefficients.
Alternative Notation. Vector v = (v1 , v2 , , vn ) in Rn is called
in the form of comma-delimited or row-matrix form. Since a
vector in Rn is just a list of its n components in a specific order,
the vector can also presented as column-matrix form as

v1
v
2
v = .
..

Gede
Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Linear Combination & Alternative Notation

Linear Combination. If w
is a vector in Rn , then w
is said to be
a linear combination of the vectors v1 , v2 , , vr in Rn if it can be
expressed in the form of
w = k1 v1 + k2 v2 + + kr vr
, where k1 , k2 , , kr are scalars and called the coefficients.
Alternative Notation. Vector v = (v1 , v2 , , vn ) in Rn is called
in the form of comma-delimited or row-matrix form. Since a
vector in Rn is just a list of its n components in a specific order,
the vector can also presented as column-matrix form as

v1
v
2
v = .
..

Gede
Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Outline
1

LECTURE
Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

EXERCISES

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Addition, +
Let V , with operation "addition,+" and "scalar multiplication,"
and let u , v , w V and scalars k, m R. We call V as a vector space
and u , v , andw are vectors in V iff:
1

u + v V,

u + v = v + u ,

3
4

u + (v + w)
= (u + v ) + w,

0 V called zero vector, such that 0 + v = v + 0 = v for all

v V,
For each u V , u V, called negative of u , such that

u + (u) = (u) + u = 0,
Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Multiplication,

.
1

If k is any scalar and u V then k u V,

k (u + v) = k u + k v,

(k + m) u = k u + m u ,

k (m u) = (k m) u ,

1 such that 1 u = u .

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Example Set 03
with operations defined 0 + 0 = 0 and k0 = 0 is a vector
O = {0}
space, known! as zero vector space.
c
Let Mc = { |c R} and usual operations of matrix addition
0
and scalar multiplication. We can show that Mc with the
operations is a !vector space.
a b
|a, b, c, d R} with matrix addition and scalar
M22 = {
c d
multiplication operations forms a vector space
V = R2 with addition and scalar multiplication operations
defined as follows
u + v = (u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 )

and

ku = (ku1 , 0), for k R, u , v V

is not a vector space.

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Example Set 03
with operations defined 0 + 0 = 0 and k0 = 0 is a vector
O = {0}
space, known! as zero vector space.
c
Let Mc = { |c R} and usual operations of matrix addition
0
and scalar multiplication. We can show that Mc with the
operations is a !vector space.
a b
|a, b, c, d R} with matrix addition and scalar
M22 = {
c d
multiplication operations forms a vector space
V = R2 with addition and scalar multiplication operations
defined as follows
u + v = (u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 )

and

ku = (ku1 , 0), for k R, u , v V

is not a vector space.

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Example Set 03
with operations defined 0 + 0 = 0 and k0 = 0 is a vector
O = {0}
space, known! as zero vector space.
c
Let Mc = { |c R} and usual operations of matrix addition
0
and scalar multiplication. We can show that Mc with the
operations is a !vector space.
a b
|a, b, c, d R} with matrix addition and scalar
M22 = {
c d
multiplication operations forms a vector space
V = R2 with addition and scalar multiplication operations
defined as follows
u + v = (u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 )

and

ku = (ku1 , 0), for k R, u , v V

is not a vector space.

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Example Set 03
with operations defined 0 + 0 = 0 and k0 = 0 is a vector
O = {0}
space, known! as zero vector space.
c
Let Mc = { |c R} and usual operations of matrix addition
0
and scalar multiplication. We can show that Mc with the
operations is a !vector space.
a b
|a, b, c, d R} with matrix addition and scalar
M22 = {
c d
multiplication operations forms a vector space
V = R2 with addition and scalar multiplication operations
defined as follows
u + v = (u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 )

and

ku = (ku1 , 0), for k R, u , v V

is not a vector space.

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Outline
1

LECTURE
Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

EXERCISES

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Definition and Theorem

A non-empty subset W of a vector space V is called a subspace
of V iff W is itself a vector space under the addition and scalar
multiplication defined on V.
In general, to show that W with the operations is a vector space
one must verify the 10-vector space axioms. But the there exists
a short cut for that.
Theorem. If W is a set of one or more vectors in a vector space
V, then W is a subspace of V iff the following condition hold.
1
2

If u and v are in W, then u + v is in W.

If k is any scalar and u is any vector in W, the ku is in W.

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Definition and Theorem

A non-empty subset W of a vector space V is called a subspace
of V iff W is itself a vector space under the addition and scalar
multiplication defined on V.
In general, to show that W with the operations is a vector space
one must verify the 10-vector space axioms. But the there exists
a short cut for that.
Theorem. If W is a set of one or more vectors in a vector space
V, then W is a subspace of V iff the following condition hold.
1
2

If u and v are in W, then u + v is in W.

If k is any scalar and u is any vector in W, the ku is in W.

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Definition and Theorem

A non-empty subset W of a vector space V is called a subspace
of V iff W is itself a vector space under the addition and scalar
multiplication defined on V.
In general, to show that W with the operations is a vector space
one must verify the 10-vector space axioms. But the there exists
a short cut for that.
Theorem. If W is a set of one or more vectors in a vector space
V, then W is a subspace of V iff the following condition hold.
1
2

If u and v are in W, then u + v is in W.

If k is any scalar and u is any vector in W, the ku is in W.

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Example Set 04
then O is
The Zero Subspace. If V is a vector space and O = {0},

a subspace of V. For an example, see Mc and {0}.

!
x 0
Let Md =
for any real numbers x and y. M1 is a subspace
0 y
of M22 .
Not a Subspace. Let Q2 is set of all points (x, y) in R2 for which
x 0 and y 0, that is the area in the second quadrant of the
coordinate system. Q2 is not a subspace of R2 since it is not
closed under scalar multiplication.

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Example Set 04
then O is
The Zero Subspace. If V is a vector space and O = {0},

a subspace of V. For an example, see Mc and {0}.

!
x 0
Let Md =
for any real numbers x and y. M1 is a subspace
0 y
of M22 .
Not a Subspace. Let Q2 is set of all points (x, y) in R2 for which
x 0 and y 0, that is the area in the second quadrant of the
coordinate system. Q2 is not a subspace of R2 since it is not
closed under scalar multiplication.

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Example Set 04
then O is
The Zero Subspace. If V is a vector space and O = {0},

a subspace of V. For an example, see Mc and {0}.

!
x 0
Let Md =
for any real numbers x and y. M1 is a subspace
0 y
of M22 .
Not a Subspace. Let Q2 is set of all points (x, y) in R2 for which
x 0 and y 0, that is the area in the second quadrant of the
coordinate system. Q2 is not a subspace of R2 since it is not
closed under scalar multiplication.

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Span

Definition. The subspace W of a vector space V that is formed

from all possible linear combinations of the vectors in a non
empty set S is called the span of S, and we say the vectors in S
span subspace W. If S = {s1 , s2 , , sr }, then we denote the span
of S by W = span(s1 , s2 , , sr ) or W = span(S).
Example. The set {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)} span R3 .
Example. Let P3 = {a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 |a0 , a1 , a2 , a3 R}, a
set polynomial of degree 3 or below, then P3 = span(1, x, x2 , x3 )

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Span

Definition. The subspace W of a vector space V that is formed

from all possible linear combinations of the vectors in a non
empty set S is called the span of S, and we say the vectors in S
span subspace W. If S = {s1 , s2 , , sr }, then we denote the span
of S by W = span(s1 , s2 , , sr ) or W = span(S).
Example. The set {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)} span R3 .
Example. Let P3 = {a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 |a0 , a1 , a2 , a3 R}, a
set polynomial of degree 3 or below, then P3 = span(1, x, x2 , x3 )

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Span

Definition. The subspace W of a vector space V that is formed

from all possible linear combinations of the vectors in a non
empty set S is called the span of S, and we say the vectors in S
span subspace W. If S = {s1 , s2 , , sr }, then we denote the span
of S by W = span(s1 , s2 , , sr ) or W = span(S).
Example. The set {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)} span R3 .
Example. Let P3 = {a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 |a0 , a1 , a2 , a3 R}, a
set polynomial of degree 3 or below, then P3 = span(1, x, x2 , x3 )

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Outline
1

LECTURE
Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

EXERCISES

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Definition
If S = {s1 , s2 , , sr } is a non-empty set in a vector space V such that
the equation
k1 s1 + k2 s2 + + kr sr = 0
has the only trivial solution
k1 = 0,

k2 = 0, , kr = 0

then S is said to be a linearly independent set. If there are solutions in

addition to the trivial solution, then S is said to be a linearly
dependent set.

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Example Set 05

I3 = {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)} is a linearly independent set in

R3 since the only solution for
k1 (1, 0, 0) + k2 (0, 1, 0) + k3 (0, 0, 1) = (0, 0, 0)
is the trivial solution: k1 = 0,

k2 = 0,

k3 = 0. Prove it!

Can you prove that a set of {(1, 2, 3), (6, 6, 1), (3, 2, 1)} is also
a linearly independent set?

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Example Set 05

I3 = {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)} is a linearly independent set in

R3 since the only solution for
k1 (1, 0, 0) + k2 (0, 1, 0) + k3 (0, 0, 1) = (0, 0, 0)
is the trivial solution: k1 = 0,

k2 = 0,

k3 = 0. Prove it!

Can you prove that a set of {(1, 2, 3), (6, 6, 1), (3, 2, 1)} is also
a linearly independent set?

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Outline
1

LECTURE
Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

EXERCISES

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Definition

If V is any vector space and S = {s1 , s2 , , sn } is any a finite set of

vectors in V, then S is called a basis for V if the following two
conditions hold.
1

S is linearly independent.

S span V.

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Example Set 06
|
I3 = {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)} is linearly independent (in
previous example) and I3 span R3 . Then I3 is a basis for R3 , and
particularly is called standard basis for R3 .
P = {1, x, x2 , xn } is a standard basis for the vector space Pn of
polynomial of degree n or less.
The set of matrices
!
!
1 0
0 1
M1 =
M2 =
0 0
0 0

0 0
M3 =
1 0

is a standard basis for the vector space M22

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

0 0
M4 =
0 1

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Example Set 06
|
I3 = {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)} is linearly independent (in
previous example) and I3 span R3 . Then I3 is a basis for R3 , and
particularly is called standard basis for R3 .
P = {1, x, x2 , xn } is a standard basis for the vector space Pn of
polynomial of degree n or less.
The set of matrices
!
!
1 0
0 1
M1 =
M2 =
0 0
0 0

0 0
M3 =
1 0

is a standard basis for the vector space M22

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

0 0
M4 =
0 1

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Motivation of use
Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space
Vectors in n-Space
Real Vector Space
Subspace
Linear Independence
Basis for a Vector Space

Example Set 06
|
I3 = {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)} is linearly independent (in
previous example) and I3 span R3 . Then I3 is a basis for R3 , and
particularly is called standard basis for R3 .
P = {1, x, x2 , xn } is a standard basis for the vector space Pn of
polynomial of degree n or less.
The set of matrices
!
!
1 0
0 1
M1 =
M2 =
0 0
0 0

0 0
M3 =
1 0

is a standard basis for the vector space M22

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space

0 0
M4 =
0 1

LECTURE
EXERCISES

Exercise

Exercises for the lesson will be determined soon.

Gede

Vectors and Real Vector Space