PHILOSOPHY MIDSUMMER COVERAGE

TERMS:

philia love
sophia wisdom
Philosophy love of wisdom or knowledge
o
Thinking that aims at maximum connected truth about all available experience
(Aristotle)
o
The science of beings in their ultimate reasons, causes, and principles acquired by
the aid of human reason alone (Bittle)
Science a body of systematized knowledge as well as a method of obtaining it
Cause something from which other things come from
Society an enduring and cooperating group whose members have developed organized
patterns of relationships through interaction with one another.
THINGS TO REMEMBER ABOUT PHILOSOPHY:
Philosophy is not to explain life but to help constitute it.
Philosophy seeks for the final cause.
3 Functions of Philosophy (CHEC)
o
Compare the assumptions
o
Harmonize the sciences together
o
Examine and Criticize the premises and conclusion of all sciences
4 Attitudes towards Philosophy (HIND)
o
Harmful to individual and Society
o
Impractical
o
No progress
o
Difficult to understand
5 Views of Philosophy (Titus and Smith) (GLAMP)
o
Group of problems and their solutions
o
Logical analysis of language
o
Attempt to gain a view of the whole
o
Method of reflective thinking
o
Personal attitude towards life and the universe
SUMMARY OF PHILOSOPHERS
ERA

PRESOCRATIC

ANCIENT
GREEK

PHILOSOPHERS

KEY IDEA

DESCRIPTION

Thales

Water Origin

The world was sustained by water

and the earth floated on water.

Anaximander

Theory of Evolution of
Animals

Man was born from animals and other

species.

Anaximenes

Determinate Primary
Element

Air is the primary substance.

Pythagoras

Mathematics as Best
Purifier

All things are numbers.

Parmenides

Self-evident Truth

It is: It is a truth of reason.

Diogenes

Monism

All things are modifications of a

single basic element: air.

Socrates

Questioning Habit

Debates and two-sided arguments

ANCIENT
ROMAN

Plato

Philosopher Kings

Those trusted with the government

should be specially educated with
philosophy.

Aristotle

Golden Mean

Avoid all extremes.

Epicurus

Atomistic Materialism

All physical bodies are the result of

combinations of atoms.

Epictetus

Stoicism

Man can be enslaved externally and

be free internally.

Plotinus

The One

God is the source of all creation.

St. Augustine

Credo ut Intelligam

Believe in order to understand.

Thomas Aquinas

Proof of Gods
Existence

There are 5 arguments to prove that

God exists.

MEDIEVAL

THINGS TO REMEMBER PER PHILOSOPHERS:

1. Thales of Melitus

founder of Ionian School of Philosophy

2. Anaximander

The primary element is indeterminate.

3. Anaximenes

Pupil of Anaximander
4. Pythagoras

Discovered the square of the hypotenuse as equal to the squares of the other
5. Parmenides

It cannot be denied that when you say it is not then you have proved that it is
6. Diogenes

Pupil of Anaximenes

Air is intelligent.

Some things come to be and others pass away.

7. Socrates

Father of political and moral philosophy

His lectures were recorded by Plato in the book Euthypro

The unexamined life is not worth living.

8. Plato

Real name: Aristocles

Allegory of the Cave

Three Souls (CAR HGB)

Courage: Heart
Appetite: Gut
Reason: Brain

Three Levels of Pleasure (SIS)

Sensual
Ideal
Sensuous

2 realities: (realit-IP)
Idea
Phenomena

Wrote the Socratic Dialogues

The Apology

9.

10.

11.

12.
13.

14.

The Crito
Aristotle

Founded the school called Lyceum

Peripatetic philosopher loves to walk around

Exitus et Reditus
All things come from God and will return to God.

4 Causes (MEFF - MPSP)

Material Cause - Matter
Efficient Cause - Process
Formal Cause - Structure
Final Cause - Purpose
Epicurus

Concept of Good Life: avoidance of pain

2 types of Hedonism/ Pleasure (EA - PS)

Ethical Hedonism pleasure for ALL
Psychological Hedonism pleasure for SELF
Epictetus

Slave child

His teachings are found in the Encheiridion

Dualism of Soul and Body (IF - OD)

Inner Freedom
Outer Determinism

Opposite to Epicureanism: Self-denial

Mind over desires

Plotinus

Emanation development of the hierarchy of being

St. Augustine

Greatest of all Christian philosophers and theologians

Author:
113 books
218 letters
500 sermons

3 Heresies he combated: (PeG DoT MaS)

Pelagianism denying Grace
Donatism Christian Traitors
Manichaeism Eternal Struggle of Good and Evil

Theodicy: God is the source of (TAG)

Truth
All things
Goodness

Evil is not a being but a limitation.

Thomas Aquinas

Wrote 2 important books:

Summa Contra Gentiles
Summa Theologica

Mans happiness does not consist in wealth, worldly power, and goods of the
body.

5 Proofs of Gods Existence: (CMEND)

Argument of Causality
Argument of Motion
Argument of Exemplarity
Argument of Necessity
Argument of Design

Appetite a tendency towards a known good or away from a known object

3 Vegetative Appetites (Veg - GAN)

Generative
Argumentative
Nutritive
4 Internal Sense (Sen - CIES)
Common sense
Imagination
Estimative sense
Sense memory
Passion state of affection or being affected
Concupscible can be acquired or avoided with ease (Con - LJSHAD)
Love
Joy
Sorrow
Hatred
Aversion
Desire
Irascible can be acquired or avoided with difficulty (Ira - CHAFD)
Courage
Hope
Anger
Fear
Despair
HEIRARCHY OF BEINGS

NAME

SCIENCE

MATTER & FORM

POTENCY & ACT

KIND OF
KNOWLEDGE

God

Theology

Pure Form

pure act

Intuitive
Knowledge

Men

Angelology

Rational Soul

Animals

Zoology

Sensitive Soul

Plants

Botany

Vegetative Soul

Things

Physics

No Soul

Chemical
Elements

Chemistry

1st Rudimentary
Forms

Prime Matter

None

Formless Matter

Potency and
existence Act
Matter, Essence,
Existence, Form
(MEEF)
Matter, Essence,
Existence, Form
(MEEF)
Matter, Essence,
Existence, Form
(MEEF)
Matter, Essence,
Existence, Form
(MEEF)
Pure potency

Rational
Sensory
None
None
None
None