Study of Electrical Power Generation, Transmission & Distribution in Bangladesh

This Thesis is submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the
Requirement of the Degree of Bachelor of Science in

Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Course Code: EEE-499
STUDY OF ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION,TRANSMISSION &
DISTRIBUTION IN BANGLADESH
Prepared By:
1. Jagadish Chandra Sutradhar
ID # 112-0070-511
2. Md. Sharif Hossain
ID # 112-0164-511
3. Syed Shawkat Aziz
ID # 112-0011-511
4. Mohammad Ali Hasan
ID # 112-0135-511
5. Md. Jakir Hossain
ID # 122-0197-511
STUDY OF ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION &

DISTRIBUTION IN BANGLADESH
A Project / internship / thesis report submitted to the department of EEE, Atish

Dipankar Biggayan O Projokti Bishawbiddaloy for partial fulfillment of the Degree
of B.Sc in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.
Submitted By:
ID # 112-0070-511
ID # 112-0164-511
ID # 112-0011-511
ID # 112-0135-511
ID # 122-0197-511
Supervised By:
Marzia Hoque
Signature :
Date:
Declaration
It is here by declared that no part of this thesis bearers the copyright violation and no plagiarism
opted during the course of material preparation. The entire works has been planned and carried
out under the thesis supervisor of the honorable faculty member Marzia Haque department of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Atish Dipankar Biggayan O Projokti Bishawbiddaloy,
Dhaka, Bangladesh.
The content of this thesis is submitted by the group Name : Jagadish Chandra Sutradhar, ID #
112-0070-511, Name : Md. Sharif Hossain ID # 112-0164-511, Name : Syed Shawkat Aziz ID
# 112-0011-511, Name : Mohammad Ali Hasan ID # 112-0135-511, Name : Md. Jakir
Hossain ID # 122-0197-511.
Only for the fulfillment of the course of STUDY OF ELECTRICAL POWER
GENERATION, TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION IN BANGLADESH . And no part
of this is used anywhere for the achievement of any academic Degree or Certificate.
Jagadish Chandra Sutradhar

ID # 112-0070-511
Department of EEE
Syed Shawkat Aziz

ID # 112-0011-511
Department of EEE
Md. Sharif Hossain

ID # 112-0164-511
Department of EEE
Mohammad Ali Hasan

ID # 112-0135-511
Department of EEE
Md. Jakir Hossain

ID # 122-0197-511
Department of EEE
Certificate
This is to certify that the B.Sc. thesis entitled STUDY OF ELECTRICAL POWER
GENERATION, TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION IN BANGLADESH . submitted by
following group:
This is to certify that the B.Sc thesis entitled STUDY OF ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION,
TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION IN BANGLADESH
submitted by following group Name
: Jagadish Chandra Sutradhar, ID # 112-0070-511, Name : Md. Sharif Hossain ID # 1120164-511, Name : Syed Shawkat Aziz ID # 112-0011-511, Name : Mohammad Ali Hasan ID
# 112-0135-511, Name : Md. Jakir Hossain ID # 122-0197-511.
The thesis represents an independent and original work on the part of the
candidates. The research work has not been previously formed the basis for the
award of any Degree, Diploma, Fellowship or any other discipline.
The whole work of this thesis has been planned and carried out by this group
under the supervision and guidance of the faculty members of Atish Dipankar
Biggayan O Projokti Bishawbiddaloy, Bangladesh.
Marzia Hoque
Lecturer
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Atish Dipankar Biggayan O Projokti Bishawbiddaloy
Transmittal
Date: 26/05/2014
Faculty of Engineering
Department of EEE
Atish Dipankar Biggayan O Projokti Bishawbiddaloy
Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Subject: letter of transmittal.
Dear Sir,
With due respect, we should like to inform you that is a great pleasure for us to submit the final
project on STUDY OF ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION &
DISTRIBUTION IN BANGLADESH for Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
as requirement bachelor degree/ program. This project provided us with a practical exposure to
the overall working environment and very good experience which is prevailing in to professional
life. We came to know about many things regarding the current world on the concept of
Electronic Development. We have tried to our best to put through effort for the preparation of this
report. Any short coming or fault may arise as our unintentional mistake we will whole heartily
welcome for any clarification and suggestion about any view and conception disseminated
through this project.
We hope and strongly believe that this project will meet the requirement as well as satisfying your
purpose. We will available for any further classification in this regard.
Sincerely Yours,
ID # 112-0070-511
ID # 112-0164-511
ID # 112-0011-511
ID # 112-0135-511
ID # 122-0197-511
APPORAVAL SHEET
This project title is STUDY OF ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION &

DISTRIBUTION IN BANGLADESH has been submitted to the following respected members of
the Board of Examiners of the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering in partial
fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering by the following students.
ID # 112-0070-511
ID # 112-0164-511
ID # 112-0011-511
ID # 112-0135-511
ID # 122-0197-511
As the supervisor I have approved this paper for submission.

..
..
Marzia Hoque
Md.Imam Hossain
Project Supervisor &

Lecturer
Department Of EEE
Dipankar Biggayan O
Projokti Bishawbiddaloy
Senior Lecturer & Coordinator

Department of EEE
Atish Dipankar Biggayan O Atish
Projokti Bishawbiddaloy
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At
first
we
would
like
to
thank
our
Supervisor
Marzia
Haque
(Lecturer) for giving us the opportunity to work to under his supervision, the endless hours of
help, Suggestions, Advice and Support to keep us on track during the development of this thesis.
We also want to express gratitude to Mr. Md. Imam Hossain for his support during our work on
this thesis.
Last, but not the least, we would like to thank our parents and family for making it possible for us
to study and for their constant help and support.
May, 2014
ID # 112-0070-511
ID # 112-0164-511
ID # 112-0011-511
ID # 112-0135-511
ID # 122-0197-511
ABSTRACT
In this modern world, the dependence on electricity is so much that it has become a part and
parcel of our life. The development of any country of the world is based on electricity and its
proper generation, transmission and distribution. For the proper utilization, it is required to
transmit and distribute the generating electrical power through the proper way.
For proper power generation, we have to consider the selection of power station according to the
site selection of the different power station and their advantage and disadvantage.
In this thesis work, we have discussed about different types of power station, their merits &
demerits, power generation in Bangladesh, power demand, installed capacity deficiency of power,
power plant under construction.
We have also discussed about the transmission and distribution system. Where has been included
mechanical design of transmission system, electrical design of transmission system, different
types of transmission loss, remedy of loss. For distribution system, we have included the bhurulia
distribution sub-station.
We think that, this study will be very helpful for better understanding about generation and
transmission system of Bangladesh.
ABBREVIATIONS & NOTATIONS
BPDB : Bangladesh Power Development Board

PGCB : Power Grid Company of Bangladesh Ltd
DESA : Dhaka Electric Supply Authority
DESCO : Dhaka Electric Supply Company
REB
: Rural Electrification Board
LDC
: Load dispatch Centre
A.C
: Alternating Current
D.C
: Direct Current
KVA
: Kilo Volt Ampere
Km
: Kilometer
KV
: Kilo Volt
KW
: Kilo Watt
KWH
: Kilo Watt Hour
HVDC : High Voltage Direct Current

CB
: Circuit Breaker
GS
: Generation Station
HEPS : Hydro Electric Power Station

DPS
: Diesel Power Station
NPS
: Nuclear Power Station
IPP
: Independent Power Producer
EHV
: Extra High Voltage
CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
Cover Page
Initial Page
Declaration
Certificate
Transmittal
Approval Sheet
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Abbreviation & Notations
Table of Contents
List of Table
List of Figure
Page No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
CHAPTER-1: Introduction
1.1
Background
19
1.2
Objective of thesis
19
CHAPTER-2: Study of power generation system

2.1
Generation Station
20
2.2
Types of Generating Station
20
2.3
Steam power plant
20
2.3.1 Choice of site for Steam power plant
20
10
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.3.2 Advantages of Steam power plant
21
2.3.3 Disadvantages of Steam power plant
21
2.3.4 Schematic arrangement of Steam power plant
21
2.3.5 Description of various section of Steam power plant
22
2.3.6 Typical Steam power plant
24
2.3.7 Efficiency of Steam power plant
34
Hydro-Electric power Station
34
2.4.1 Choice of site for Hydro-Electric power Station
35
2.4.2 Advantages of Hydro-Electric power Station
35
2.4.3 Disadvantages of Hydro-Electric power Station
36
2.4.4 Constituents of Hydro-Electric power Station
36
Nuclear power station
37
2.5.1 Choice of site for nuclear power station
37
2.5.2 Advantages of Nuclear power station
38
2.5.3 Disadvantages of Nuclear power station
38
2.5.4 Schematic arrangement of nuclear power station
38
Diesel power station
40
2.6.1 Choice of site for Diesel power station
40
2.6.2 Advantages of Diesel power station
40
2.6.3 Disadvantages of Diesel power station
40
2.6.4 Schematic arrangement of Diesel power station
41
Gas turbine power station
41
2.7.1 Advantages of Gas turbine power station
41
2.7.2 Disadvantages of Gas turbine power station
41
2.7.3 Schematic arrangement of Gas turbine power station
42
2.7.4 The main components of the plant
42
11
CHAPTER-3: Power generation in Bangladesh

3.1
Generating voltage of different power station
44
3.2
Power demand
44
3.3
Load factor and Load management
44
3.4
Installed capacity
44
3.5
Owner Wise Daily Generation
45
3.5.1 Installed Capacity of BPDB Power Plants as on April 2014.
46
12
CHAPTER-4: Transmission System of Bangladesh

4.1
Transmission System
52
4.2
Primary Transmission
52
4.2.1 Grid System
52
4.2.2 Grid substation
52
4.3
Secondary Transmission
53
4.4
Classification of overhead transmission line
53
4.5
Definition of important terms
53
4.6
Advantages of high voltage transmission system
54
4.7
Advantages and disadvantages of high voltage direct current system
55
4.8
Transmission system of different countries
55
4.8.1 Transmission system of India
55
4.8.2 Transmission system of Srilanka
56
4.8.3 Transmission system of Nepal
56
4.8.4 Transmission system of Pakistan
57
CHAPTER-5: Mechanical design of overhead transmission line

5.1
Properties of conductor materials
58
5.2
Conductors materials
58
5.3
Types of conductor
59
5.4
Line support
61
5.5
Types of line support
61
5.6
Insulators
62
5.7
Types of Insulators
62
13
CHAPTER-6: Electrical design of overhead transmission line

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.9
6.9.1
6.9.2
6.9.3
6.9.4
6.9.5
6.9.6
6.9.7
6.9.8
6.9.9
6.9.10
6.9.11
6.9.12
6.9.13
6.9.14
6.9.15
6.9.16
6.9.17
6.9.18
6.10
Electrical design aspects

Constant of transmission line
Characteristics of different transmission line
Transmission voltage level
Standardization of transmission voltage
Extra high voltage transmission
Protection system of transmission line
Protection components
LIST OF TRANSMISSION LINES IN BANGLADESH
6.9.1 Recent Completed Project for Transmission

132 KV Transmission Lines
Recent Completed Project for Transmission
Hasnabad & Tongi 230 kV and Kalyanpur 132 kV S/s Construction (HasnabadAminbazar-Tongi & Haripur-Me
Joydevpur-Kabirpur-Tangail 78 km 132 kV T/L & 3 S/s Extn. Project (JoydebpurKabirpur-Tangail 132 kV
Ishurdi-Baghabari 54 km 230 kV T/L Construction (Ishurdi Baghabari-SerajgonjBogra 230 kV T/L Project)
On Going Project for Transmission
400/230/132 Network Developmemt project (Trance-2)
Goalpara-Bagerhat 132 kV Double Circuit Transmission Line
Meghnaghat-Aminbazar 400 kV Transmission Line (NG1)
Construction & Extension of Grid Substations including transmission line facilities
(Phase-1)
Aminbazar-Old Airport 230 kV Transmission Line and Associated Substations
Transmission Efficiency Improvement through Reactive Power Compensation at
Grid Substations and Reinforcement of Goalpara Substation
Siddhirganj-Maniknagar 230 kV Transmission Line
132 kV Grid Network Development Project in Eastern Region.
National Power Transmission Network Development Project
Barisal-Bhola-Burhanuddin 230 kV Transmission Line Project
Grid Interconnction between Bangladesh(Bheramara) and India(Baharampur)
Two new 132/33 kV substations at Kulaura & Sherpur with interconnecting line
Bibiyana-Kaliakoir 400 KV and Fenchuganj-Bibiyana 230KV Transmission Line
(NG2)
Haripur 360 MW Combined Cycle Power Plant and Associated Substation (PGCB
Part)
65
65
71
76
77
77
78
78
79
80
81
82
83
83
84
84
84
85
85
85
86
86
86
87
87
87
88
88
Transmission line losses
88
6.10.1 Types of losses
88
6.10.2 Skin effect
89
6.11
90
Minimization of Transmission line losses
CHAPTER-7: Distribution System

7.1
Definition of Substation
91
7.2
Importance of Substation
91
14
7.3
Equipment of electrical Substation
91
7.4
Classification of Substation
91
7.5
Definition of different equipments
92
7.5.1 Transformer
93
7.5.2 Power Transformer
93
7.5.3 Instrument Transformer
93
7.5.4 Isolator
94
7.5.5 Lighting arrester
95
7.5.6 Insulator
95
7.5.7 Bus-Bar
97
7.5.8 Circuit-Breaker
99
7.5.9 Basic principles of operation of circuit breaker
100
Different types of Circuit Breaker
100
7.6.1 Plain Breaker Oil circuit Breaker (POCB)
100
7.6.2Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB)
101
7.6.3 Sulphur Hexa Fluoride Circuit Breaker (SF6)
102
7.7
List of equipments of bhurulia sub-station
104
7.8
Rating of different equipments
104
7.9
Single line diagram of bhurulia sub-station
106
7.9
Calculation of power factor for different feeder
107
7.6
CHAPTER-8: Future plan of Bangladesh

8.1
Power generation plan up to 2016
108
8.2
India Bangladesh transmission link
108
8.3
400 KV transmission line
108
CHAPTER-9: Discussion And Conclusion Reference

LIST OF FIGURE
Figure : 2.1
Schematic arrangement of a steam power station.
22
Figure : 2.2
Steam power plant
24
Figure : 2.3
Steam Generator
25
15
Figure : 2.4
Turbo Generator
29
Figure : 2.5
Diagram of a typical water cooled surface condenser.
30
Figure : 2.6
A Ranking cycle with a two stage steam turbine and a single feed
31
water heater.
Figure : 2.7
Boiler feed water desecrator
32
Figure : 2.8
Schematic arrangement of a hydro-electric power station.
35
Figure : 2.9
Schematic Arrangement of a Nuclear power Station.
39
Figure : 2.10
Schematic Arrangement of a Diesel Power Plant
41
Figure : 2.11
Schematic arrangement of a gas turbine power plant.
42
Figure : 5.1
Conductor Section of AAC.
59
Figure : 5.2
(a): 37 Bobbin Stranding Machine
(b) : 61 Bobbin Stranding Machine
60
(c) : Conductor Section of AAAC
(d) : Conductor Section of ACSR
61
Figure : 5.3
Steel Tower
62
Figure : 5.4
Pin type Insulator
63
Figure : 5.5
Outside and inside constructional diagram of long rod insulators
64
Figure : 6.1
Equilateral Spacing (inductance).
67
Figure : 6.2
(a) Unsymmetrical Spacing (inductance).
68
(b) Unsymmetrical Lines (inductance).

Figure : 6.3
Equilateral Spacing (capacitance).
69
Figure : 6.4
Unsymmetrical Spacing (capacitance).
70
Figure : 6.5
Two port network.
72
Figure : 6.6
Short Transmission line.
72
Figure : 6.7
Medium Transmission Line.
73
Figure : 6.8
Nominal T representation.
74
Figure : 6.9
Nominal representation.
74
Figure : 6.10
Long Transmission Line.
74
Figure : 7.1
Transformer.
93
Figure : 7.2
Three Phase Power Transformer
93
Figure : 7.3
Isolator
94
Figure : 7.4
Lightning arrestor
95
Figure : 7.5
Pin type insulator
96
Figure : 7.6
Suspension type insulator
96
Figure : 7.7
Strain insulator
97
Figure : 7.8
Single Bus bar
98
16
Figure : 7.9
Single Bus bar system with Sectionalisation
99
Figure : 7.10
Basic operation of circuit breaker
100
Figure : 7.11
Oil Circuit Breaker
101
Figure : 7.12
Vacuum circuit break
102
Figure : 7.13
Sulphur Hexa Fluoride Circuit Breaker
103
Figure : 7.15
Single Line diagram of Bhurulia Sub-Station
106
Figure : 7.16
Power triangle
107
LIST OF TABLE
Table List
Description
Page No
3.5
Owner wise monthly Generation
45
3.5.1
Installed Capacity of BPDB Power Plants as on April 2014.
46
3.5.2
th
Power supply situation on 18 March 2014 (Monday)
47
3.5.3
Daily Generation Report
48
4.8.2
Transmission System Of Srilanka
56
6.9
79
6.10
80
6.10.1
Recent Completed Project for Transmission
81
6.10.2
Hasnabad & Tongi 230 kV and Kalyanpur 132 kV S/s
82
Construction (Hasnabad-Aminbazar-Tongi & Haripur-Me

6.10.3
Joydevpur-Kabirpur-Tangail 78 km 132 kV T/L & 3 S/s Extn.
83
Project (Joydebpur-Kabirpur-Tangail 132 kV

6.10.4
Ishurdi-Baghabari 54 km 230 kV T/L Construction (Ishurdi
83
Baghabari-Serajgonj-Bogra 230 kV T/L Project)

6.10.5
On Going Project for Transmission
84
400/230/132 Network Development project (Trance-2)

6.10.6
Goalpara-Bagerhat 132 kV Double Circuit Transmission Line
84
6.10.7
Meghnaghat-Aminbazar 400 kV Transmission Line (NG1)
84
6.10.8
Construction & Extension of Grid Substations including
85
transmission line facilities (Phase-1)

6.10.9
Aminbazar-Old Airport 230 kV Transmission Line and Associated
85
Substations
17
6.10.10
Transmission Efficiency Improvement through Reactive Power Compensation at
85
Grid Substations and Reinforcement of Goalpara Substation
6.10.11
Siddhirganj-Maniknagar 230 kV Transmission Line
86
6.10.12
132 kV Grid Network Development Project in Eastern Region.
86
6.10.13
National Power Transmission Network Development Project
86
6.10.14
Barisal-Bhola-Burhanuddin 230 kV Transmission Line Project
87
6.10.15
Grid Interconnction between Bangladesh(Bheramara) and
87
India(Baharampur)
6.10.16
Two new 132/33 kV substations at Kulaura & Sherpur with
87
interconnecting line
6.10.17
Bibiyana-Kaliakoir 400 KV and Fenchuganj-Bibiyana 230KV
88
Transmission Line (NG2)

6.10.18
Haripur 360 MW Combined Cycle Power Plant and Associated
88
Substation (PGCB Part)
7.7
List of equipment of Bhurulia substation
104
7.8
Rating of different equipment used in bhurulia sub-station
104
Rating of Oil circuit breaker
7.9
Rating of SF6 circuit breaker
105
7.10
Rating of Vacuum circuit breaker
105
7.11
Rating of Transformer (T1)
105
7.12
105
7.13
106
7.18
Voltage Regulator(For each phase)
106
REFERENCES
109
18
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
For growing development of a country, electricity has a vital role in all sectors. For the proper
utilization, is required to transmit and distribute the electrical power through proper way. During
the early years small local generating station supplied power to respective local loads. Each
generating station needed enough installed capacity to meet the local peak loads. Bangladesh is an
underdeveloped country. Its socio- economic structure is gradually increasing. So the demand of
power is extending day by day and thus the importance of Generation, Transmission and
Distribution are becoming more complicated.
An electric power system consist of the three principal components are the generation system,
transmission system and distribution system. The increasing uses of electric power for domestic,
commercial and industrial purposes necessities to provide bulk electric power economically. This
is achieved with the help of suitable power generating units, known as power plant. An electric
power station is an assembly of equipments in which energy is converted from one form to
another into electric energy. Electrical equipments of power station include generators,
transformers, switch gears and control gears. The transmission lines are the connecting links
between the generating stations and the distribution system and lead to the power system over
interconnections. It is required to proper distribute the electric power to the consumer by a
network is called the distribution system.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE THESIS
a) To study the different power stations such as hydro electric power station, thermal power
station, Nuclear power station, diesel power station and Gas turbine power station.
b) To study the comparative facilities of different power station.
c) To study the comparative productive ability of different power stations.
d) To study the power generation in Bangladesh.
e) To study the transmission system in Bangladesh.
19
CHAPTER-2
OVERVIEW OF POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS
2.1 GENERATING STATION
Bulk electric power is produced by special plant is known as the generating station or power
plants. A generating station essentially employs a prime mover coupled to an alternator for the
production of electric power. The alternator converts mechanical energy of the prime mover into
electrical energy. The electrical energy produced by the generating station is transmitted and
distributed with the help of conductors of various consumers.
2.2 TYPES OF GENERATING STATION
1) Steam power plant
2) Hydro-electric power plant
3) Nuclear power plant
4) Diesel power plant
2.3 STEAM POWER PLANT
A generating station that converts the heat energy of coal combustion into electrical energy is
known as a steam power station.
2.3.1 CHOICE OF SITE FOR STEAM POWER STATIONS
1. Supply of fuel: The steam power station should be located near the coal mines so that
transportation cost is minimum. However, if such a plant is to be installed taken that
adequate facilities exists for the transportation of coal.
2. Availability of water: As huge amount water is required for the condenser therefore, such
a plant should be located at the bank of a river or near a canal to endure the continuous
supply of water.
3. Transportation facilities: A modern steam power station often requires the transportation
of material and machinery. Therefore, adequate transportation facilities must exist. The
plant should be well connected to others part of the country by the rail road etc.
20
4. Cost and Type of Land: The steam power station should be located at a place where land
is cheap and further extension, if necessary is possible. More ever the bearing capacity of
the ground should be adequate so that heavy equipment could be installed.
5. Nearness to the Load Centre: In order to reduce the transmission cost the plant should be
located near the centre of load. This is particularly important if dc supply is adopted, this
factor becomes relatively less important with consequent reduced transmission cost. It
possible to install the plant away from the load centers provided other conditions are
favorable.
6. Distance from Populated Area: As huge amount of coal is burnt in a steam power
station, therefore smoke and fumes plant should be located at a considerable distance from
the populated areas.
2.3.2 ADVANTAGES OF STEAM POWER PLANT
a) The fuel is quite cheap
b) Less initial cost as compared to other generating stations
c) It can be installed at by place irrespective of the existence of coal. The coal can be
transported to the site of the plant by rail or road.
d) It required less space as compared to the hydro-electric power station.
e) The cost of generation is lesser than that of the diesel power station.
2.3.3 DISADVANTAGES OF STEAM POWER PLANT
a)
It pollutes the atmosphere due to the production of large amount of smoke and fumes.
b) It costlier in running cost as compared to hydro-electric plant.

2.3.4 SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF STEAM POWER PLANT
Although steam power station simply involves the conversion of heat of coal combustion into
electrical energy, etc if embraces many arrangements for proper working and efficiency. The
schematic arrangement of a modern steam power station is shown in bellow. Where the whole
arrangement can be divided into the following stages for the sake of simplicity.
21
Fig: 2.1 Schematic arrangement of a steam power station.

2.3.5 DISCRIPTION OF VARIOUS SECTION OF STEAM POWER PLANT
1. Coal and ash handling arrangement
2. Steam generating plant
3. Steam turbine
4. Alternator
5. Feed water
6. Cooling arrangement
Coal and ash handling plant:
The coal is transported to the power station by road or rail and is stored in the coal storage plant.
Storage of coal is primarily a matter of protection against shortages. From the coal storage plant
coal is delivered to the coal handling plat where it is pulverized combustion without using large
quantity of excess air. The pulverized coal is fed to the boiler by belt conveyors. The coal is burnt
in the boiler and the ash produced after the complete combustion of coal is removed to the ash
handling plant and then delivered to the ash storage plant for disposal. The removal of the ash
from the boiler furnace is necessary for proper burning of coal.
22
It is worthwhile to give a passing reference to the amount of coal burnt and ash produced in a
modern thermal power station. A 100 MW station operating at 50% load factor may burn about
20000 tons of coal per month and ash produced may be to the tune of 10% to 15% of coal fired
i.e., 2000 to 3000 tons. In fact in thermal power station about 50% to 60% of the total operating
cost consists of a boiler for the production of steam and other auxiliary equipment for the
utilization of flue gases.
a) Boiler: The heat of combustion of coal in the boiler is utilized to convert water into steam at
high temperature and pressure. The flue gases the boilers makes their journey through super
heater economizer, air pre heater and are finally exhausted to atmosphere through the
chimney.
b) Super heater: The steam produced in the boiler is wet and is passed through a super heater
where it is dried and superheated water by the flue gases on their way to chimney.
Superheating provides two principal benefits. Firstly the overall efficiency is increased.
Secondly too much condensation in the last stages of turbine is avoided the supper heated
steam turbine through the main valve.
c) Economizer: An economizer is essentially a feed water heater and derives heat from flue
gases for this purpose. The fed to the economizer before supplying to the boiler. The
economizer extracts a part of heat of flues gassed to increase the feed water temperature.
d) Air pre-heater: An Air pre-heater increase the temperature of the air supplied from coal
burning by deriving heat from flue gases. Air is drown from the atmosphere by a forced
draught fan and is passed through air pre heater before supplying to the boiler furnace. The air
drowns from the atmosphere by a forced draught fan and is passed through air pre heater
before supplying to the boiler furnace. The pre heater extracts heat from flue gases and
increases the temperature of air used for coal combustion. The principal benefits of preheating
the air are increased thermal efficiency and increased steam capacity per square meter of
boiler surface.
e) Steam turbine: The dry and superheated steam from the super heater id fed to the steam
turbine through main valve. The heat energy of steam when passing over the blades of turbine
is converted into mechanical energy. After giving heat energy to the turbine the steam is
exhausted to the condenser which condenses the exhausted steam by means of cold water
circulation.
23
f) Alternator: The Steam turbine is coupled to an alternator. the alternator converts mechanical
energy of turbine into electrical energy. The electrical output from the alternator is delivered
to the bus bars through transformer circuit breaker and insulators.
g) Feed water: The condensate from condenser is used as feed water to the boiler some water
may lost in the cycle which is made up from external source. The feed water on its way to the
boiler is heated by water heaters and economizer. This helps in raising the overall efficiency
of the plant.
h) Cooling arrangement: In order to improve the efficiency of the plant. The steam exhausted
from the turbine is condensed by means of a condenser.
2.3.6: TYPICAL STEAM POWER PLANT
Fig: 2.2 Steam power plant

1. Cooling tower
15. Air intake
2. Cooling water pump
16. Economizer
3. Transmission line (3-phase)
17. Air pre heater
4. Unit Transmission line (3-phase)
18. Precipitator Electric generator (3-phase)

19. Feed heater
5. Low pressure turbine
20. Coal conveyor
6. Condensate extractions pump
21. Coal hopper

24
7. Condenser
22. Pulverized fuel mill
8. Intermediate pressure turbine
23. Boiler dr10Steam
9. Steam governor valve
24. Ash hopper
10. High pressure turbine
25. Induced draught fan
11. Deaerator
26. Chimney stack
12. Super heater

13. Re heater
2.3.6.1: Steam generator:
Schematic diagram of typical coal-fired power plant steam generator highlighting the air pre
heater (APH) location (For simplicity, any radiant section tubing is not shown)
Fig: 2.3 Steam generator

In fossil fueled power plants, steam generator refers to a furnace that burns the fossil fuel to boil
water to generate steam. In the nuclear plant field, steam generator refers to a specific type of
large heat exchanger used in a pressurized water reactor (PWR) to thermally connect the primary
and secondary systems, which of course is used to generate steam. In nuclear reactor called a
boiling water reactor (BWR), water is boiled to generate steam directly in the reactor itself and
there are no units called steam generators. In some industrial settings, there can also be steamproducing heat exchangers called heat recovery steam generators which utilize heat from some
industrial process. The steam generating boiler has to produce steam at the high purity, pressure
25
and temperature required or the steam turbine that drives the electrical generator. A fossil fuel
steam generator includes an economizer, a steam drum, and the furnace with its steam generating
tubes and super heater coils. Necessary safety valves are located at suitable points to avoid
excessive boiler pressure. The air and flue gas path equipment include forced draft fan, air pre
heater boiler furnace, fly ash collectors and the flue gas stack.
Geothermal plants need no boiler since they used naturally occurring steam source. Heat
exchangers may be used where the geothermal steam is very corrosive or contains excessive
suspended solids. Nuclear also boil water to raise steam, either directly generating steam from the
reactor (BWR) or else using an intermediate heat exchanger (PWR).
For units over about 200 MW capacity, redundancy of key components is provided by installing
duplicates of the FD fan, APH, fly ash collectors and ID fan with isolating dampers. On some
units of about 60 MW, tow boilers per uint may instead be provided.
2.3.6.2: Boiler furnace and steam drum:
Once water inside the boiler or steam
generator, the process of adding the latent heat of
vaporization or enthalpy is underway. The boiler transfers energy to the water by the chemical
reaction of burning some type of fuel. The water enters the boiler through a section in the
convection pass called the economizer. From the economizer it passes to the steam drum. Once
the water enters the stream drum it goes down the down comers to the lower inlet water wall
headers. From the inlet headers the water rises through the water walls and is eventually turned
into steam and due to the heat being generated by the burners located on the front and rear water
walls. As the water is turned into steam in the water walls, the steam once again enters the steam
drum. The steam/vapor is passed through a series of the steam and water separators and then
dryers inside the steam drum . The steam separators and dryers remove water droplets from the
steam and the cycle through the water walls is repeated. This process is known as natural
circulation.
The boiler furnace auxiliary equipment includes coal feed nozzles and igniter guns, soot blowers,
water lancing and observation ports (in the furnace walls) for observation of the furnace interior.
Furnace explosions due to any accumulation of combustible gases after a trip-out are avoided by
flushing out such gases from the combustion zone before igniting the coal.
The steam drum (as well as the super heater coils and headers) have air vents and drains needed
for initial startup. The steam drum has internal devices that remove moisture from the wet steam
26
entering the drum from the steam generating tubes. The dry steam then flows into the super heater
coils.
2.3.6.3: Super heater:
Fossil fuel power plants can have a super heater and/or re-heater section in the steam generating
furnace. Nuclear-powered steam plants do not have such sections but produce steam at essentially
saturated conditions. In a fossil fuel plant, after the steam is conditioned by the drying equipment
inside the steam drum, it is piped from the upper drum area into tubes inside an area of the
furnace known as the super-heater, which has an elaborate set up of tubing where the steam vapor
picks up more energy from hot flue gases outside the tubing
and its temperature is now
superheated above the saturation temperature. The superheated steam is then piped through the
main steam lines to the valves before the high pressure turbine.
2.3.6.4: Re-heater:
Power plant furnaces may have a re-heater section containing tubes heated by hot flow gases
outside the tubes. Exhaust steam from the high pressure turbine is rerouted to go inside the reheater tubes to pickup more energy to go drive intermediate or lower pressure turbines. This is
what is called as thermal power.
2.3.6.5: Fuel preparation system:
In coal-fired power stations, the row feed coal from the coal storage area is first crushed into
small pieces and then conveyed to the coal feed hoppers at boilers. The coal is next pulverized
may be ball mills, rotating drum grinders, or other types of grinders. Some power station burn fuel
oil rather than coal. The oil must kept warm (above its pour point) in the fuel oil storage tanks to
prevent the oil from congealing and becoming unpumpable. The oil is usually heated to about
1000c before being pimped through the furnace fuel oil spray nozzles.
Boilers in some power stations use processed natural gas as their main fuel. Other power stations
may use processed natural gas as auxiliary fuel in the event that their main fuel supply (coal or
oil) is interrupted. In such cases, separate gas burners are provided on the boiler furnaces.
2.3.6.6: Air path:
External fans are provided to give sufficient air for combustion. The forced draft fan takes air
from the atmosphere and first warming it in the air pre-heater for better combustion, injects it via
27
the air nozzles on the furnace wall. The induced draft fan assists the FD fan by drawing out
combustible gases from the furnace, maintaining a slightly negative pressure in the furnace to
avoid backfiring through any opening.
2.3.6.7: Auxiliary Systems:
Fly ash collection: Fly ash is captured and removed from the flue gas by electrostatic
precipitators or fabric bag filters (or sometimes both) located at the outlet of the furnace and
before the induced draft fan. The fly ash is periodically removed from the collection hoppers
below the precipitators or bag filters. Generally, the fly ash is pneumatically transported to storage
silos for subsequent transport by trucks or railroad cars.
2.3.6.8 : Action and disposal:
Bottom ash collie: At the bottom of the furnace, there is a hopper for collection of bottom ash.
This hopper is always filled with water to quench the ash and clinkers falling down from the
furnace. Some arrangement is included to crush the clinkers and for conveying the crushed
clinkers and bottom ash to a storage site.
Boiler make-up water treatment plant and storage: Since there is continuous withdrawal of
steam and continuous return of condensate to the boiler, losses due to blow down and leakages
have to be made up to maintain a desired water level in the boiler steam drum. For this,
continuous make-up water is added to the boiler water system. Impurities in the raw water input to
the plant generally consist of calcium and magnesium salts which impart hardness to the water.
Hardness in the make-up water to the boiler will from deposits on the tube water surface which
will lead to overheating and failure of the tubes. Thus, the salts have to be removed from the
water, and that is done by water demineralising treatment plant (DM). A DM plant generally
consist of caution, anion, and mixed bed exchangers. Any ions in the final water from this process
consist essentially of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions, which recombine to form pure water.
Very pure DM water becomes highly corrosive once it absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere
because of its very high affinity for oxygen.
The capacity of the DM plant is dictated by the type and quantity of salt s in the raw water input.
However, some storage is essential as the DM plant may be down for maintenance. For this
purpose, a storage tank is installed from which DM water is continuously withdrawn for boiler
make-up.the storage tank for DM water is made from materials not affected by corrosive water,
28
such as PVC. The piping and valves are generally of stainless steel. Sometimes, a steam
blanketing arrangement or stainless steel doughnut float is provided on top of the water in the tank
to avoid contact with air.DM water make-up is generally added at the steam space of the surface
condenser (i.e., the vacuum side). This arrangement not only sprays the water but also DM water
gets deaerated, with the dissolved gases being removed by an air ejector attached to the condenser
2.3.6.9: Steam turbine-driven electric generator: Rotor of the modern steam turbine, used in a
power station.
Turbo generator:
Fig: 2.4 Turbo generator

The steam turbine-driven generators have auxiliary systems enabling them to work satisfactorily
and safely. The steam turbine generator being rotating equipment generally has a heavy, large
diameter shaft. The shaft therefore requires not only supports but also has to be kept in position
while running. To minimize the frictional resistance to the rotation, the shaft has a numbering of
bearings. The bearing shells, in which the shaft rotates, are lined with a low friction material like
Babbitt metal. Oil lubrication is provided to further reduce the friction between shaft and bearing
surface and to limit the heat generated.
2.3.6.10: Bearing gear:
Barring gear (or turning gear) is the mechanism provided to rotate the turbine the turbine
generator shaft at a very low speed after unit stoppages. Once the unit is tripped (i.e., the steam
inlet valve is closed), the turbine coasts down towards standstill. When it stops completely, there
is a tendency for the turbine shaft to deflect or bend if allowed to remain in one position too long.
This is because the heat inside the turbine casing tends to concentrate in the top half of the casing,
29
making the top half portion of the shaft hotter than the bottom half. The shaft therefore could
wrap or bend by millionths of inches.
This small shaft deflection, only detectable by eccentricity meters, would be enough to cause
damaging vibrations to the entire steam turbine generator unit when it is restarted. The shaft is
therefore automatically turned al low speed (about one percent rated speed) by the barring gear
until it has cooled sufficiently to permit a complete stop.
Condenser:
Fig: 2.5 Diagram of a typical water cooled surface condenser.

The surface condenser is a shell and tube heat exchanger in which cooling water is circulated
through the tubes. The exhaust steam from the low pressure turbine enters the shell where it is
cooled and converted to condensate (water) by flowing over the tubes as shown in the adjacent
diagram. Such condensers use steam ejectors or rotary motor-driven exhausters for continuous
removal of air and gases from the steam side to maintain vacuum. For best efficiency, the
temperature in the condenser must be kept as low as practical in order to achieve the lowest
possible pressure in the condensing steam. Since the condenser temperature can almost always be
kept significantly below 1000c where the vapor pressure of water is much less than atmospheric
pressure, the condenser generally works under vacuum. Thus leaks of non condensable air into the
closed loop must be prevented. Plants operating in hot climates may have to reduce output if their
source of condenser cooling water becomes warmer; unfortunately this usually coincides with
periods of high electrical demand for air conditioning. The condenser generally uses either
30
circulating cooling water from a cooling tower to reject waste heat to the atmosphere or oncethrough water from a river, lake or ocean
Feed water heater:
Fig: 2.6 A Ranking cycle with a two stage steam turbine and a single feed water heater.
In the case of a conventional steam-electric power plant utilizing a drum boiler, the surface
condenser removes the latent heat of vaporization from the steam as it changes states from vapor
to liquid. The heat content (btu) in the steam is referred to as Enthalpy. The condensate pump then
pumps the condensate water through a feed water heater The feed water heating equipment then
raises the temperature of the water by utilizing extraction steam from various stages of the
turbine, Preheating the feed water reduce the irreversibility involved in steam generation and
therefore improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the system,[9] This reduces plant operating
cost and also helps to avoid thermal shock to the boiler metal when the feed water is introduced
back into the steam cycle
2.3.6.11: Super heater:
As the steam is conditioned by the drying equipment inside the drum, it is piped from the upper
drum area into an elaborate set up of tubing different areas of the boiler. The areas known as super
heater and re-heater, the steam vapor picks up energy and its temperature is now superheated
31
above the saturation temperature. The superheated steam is then piped through the main steam
lines to the valves of the high pressure turbine
Deaerator:
Fig: 2.7 Boiler feed water deaerator.

A steam generating boiler requires that the boiler feet water should be devoid of air and other
dissolved gases, particularly corrosive ones, in order to avoid corrosion of the metal. Generally,
power station use a deaerator to provide for the removal of air and other dissolved gases from the
boiler feed water. A deaerator typically includes a vertical, domed deaeration section mounted on
top of a horizontal cylindrical vessel which serves as the deaerated boiler feed water storage tank.
There are many different designs for a deaerator and the designs will vary from one manufacturer
to another. The adjacent diagram depicts a typical conventional traded deaerator. If operated
properly; most deaerator manufacturers will guarantee that oxygen in the deaerated water will not
exceed 7 ppb by weight (0.005 cm3/L).
2.3.6.12: Auxiliary systems:
Oil system: An auxiliary oil system pump is used to supply oil at the start-up of the steam turbine
generator. It supplies the hydraulic oil system required for steam turbines main inlet steam stop
valve, the governing control valves, the bearing and seal oil systems, the relevant hydraulic relays
and other mechanisms. At a preset speed of the turbine during start-ups, a pump driven by the
turbine main shaft takes over the functions of the auxiliary system.
32
Generator heat dissipation: The electricity generator requires cooling to dissipate the heat that it
generators. While small units may be cooled by air drawn through filters at the inlet, lager units
generally require special cooling arrangements. Hydrogen gas cooling, in an oil sealed casing, is
used because it has the highest known heat transfer coefficient of any gas and for its low viscosity
which reduces winding losses. This system requires special handling during start up, with air in
the chamber first displaced by carbon dioxide before filing with hydrogen ensures that the highly
flammable hydrogen does not mix with oxygen in the air.
The hydrogen pressure inside the casing is maintained slightly higher than atmospheric pressure
to avoid outside air ingress. The hydrogen must be sealed against outward leakage where the shaft
emerges from the casing. Mechanical seals around the shaft are installed with a very small annular
gap to avoid rubbing between the shaft and the seals. Sal oil is used to prevent the hydrogen gas
leakage to atmosphere.
The generator also uses water cooling. Since the generator coils are at a potential of about 22 KV
and water is conductive, an insulting barrier such as Teflon is used to interconnect the water line
and the generator high voltage windings. Dematerialized water of low conductivity is used.
Generator high voltage system: The generator voltage ranges from 11 KV in smaller unit to 22
KV in larger units. The generator high voltage leads are normally large aluminum channels
because of their high current as compared to the cables used in smaller machines. They are
enclosed in well-grounded aluminum bus ducts and are supported on suitable insulators. The
generator high channels are connected to step-up transformers for connecting to a high voltage
electrical substation (of the order of 115 KV to 520 KV) for further transmission by the local
power grid. The necessary protection and metering devices are included for the high voltage
leads. Thus, the steam turbine generator and the transformer from one unit. In smaller units,
generating at 11 KV, a breaker is provided to connect it to a common 11 KV bus system
2.3.6.13: Other Systems:
Monitoring and alarm system: Most of the power plant operational control is automatic.
However, at times, manual intervention may be required. Thus, the plant is provided with
monitors and alarm systems that alert the plant operators when certain operating parameters are
seriously deviating from their normal range.
Battery supplied emergency lighting and communication: A central battery system consisting
of lead acid cell units is provided to supply emergency electric power, when needed, to essential
33
items such as the power plants control systems, communication systems, turbine lube oil pumps,
and emergency lighting. This is essential for a safe, damage-free shutdown of the units in an
emergency situation.
Transport of coal fuel to site and to storage: Most thermal stations use coal as the main fuel.
Raw coal is transported from coal mines to a power site by trucks, barges, bulk cargo ships or
railway cars. The coal received at site may be off different sizes. The railway cars are unloaded at
site by rotary dumpers or side till dumpers to tip over onto conveyors conveyor belt below. The
coal is generally conveyed to crush the coal to about inch (6mm) size. The crushed coal is then
sent by belt conveyors to a storage pile. Normally, the crushed coal is compacted by bulldozers, as
compacting of highly volatile coal avoids spontaneous ignition.
2.3.7 EFFICIENCY OF STEAM POWER PLANT
There are two types of efficiency in thermal power plant.
I)
Thermal efficiency
II) Overall efficiency.

Thermal efficiency:
The ratio of heat equivalent of mechanical energy transmitted to the turbine shaft to the heat of
combustion of coal is known as Thermal efficiency of steam power station
2.4 HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER STATION
A generating station which utilizes the potential energy of water at a high level for the generation
of electrical energy is known as hydro-electric power station
34
Fig: 2.8 Schematic arrangement of a hydro-electric power station.

2.4.1 CHOICE OF SITE FOR HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS
The following points should be taken into account whole selecting the site for a hydro electric
power station.
1. Availability of water: Such plants should be built at a place where adequate water is
available at a good head due to the primary requirement of a hydro-electric power station
is the availability of huge quantity of water.
2. Storage of water: There are wide variations in water supply from a river or canal during
the year. This makes it necessary to store water by constructing a dam. Site selection for a
hydro-electric power plant should be provides adequate facilities for erecting a dam and
storage of water.
3. Cost and type of land: the land for the construction of the plant should be available at a
reasonable price. The bearing capacity of the ground should be adequate to withstand the
weight of heavy equipment to be installed.
4. Transportation facilities: the site selection for a hydro-electric plant should be accessible
by rail, river and road. So that necessary equipment and machinery could be easily
transported.
2.4.2 ADVANTAGES OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER STATION
1. It is neat and clean as no smoke or ash is produced
35
2. It has a longer life.

3. It required very small running charges because water is available free of cost.
4. As compare to steam power station, it does not require a long starting time.
5. Such plants serve many purposes. In additional to the generation of electrical energy,
they also help in irrigation and controlling flood.
6. No fuel is burnt.
2.4.3 DISADVANTAGE OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER STATION
1. Capital cost is high as compare to other stations.
2. Skilled and experienced hands are required to build the plant.
3. Transmission cost is high as the plant is located in hilly areas which are quite away from
the consumers.
4. Uncertainty about the availability of huge amount of water due to dependence on
weather conditions.
2.4.4 CONSTITUENTS OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC PLANT:
a) Dam: A dam is a barrier, which stores water and creates water heads. Dams are building
of concrete or stone -masonry, earth or rock field. The type and arrangement depend
upon the topography of site. The type of dam also depends upon the type of foundation
conditions local materials and transportations available, occurrence of earthquakes and
other hazards.
b) Spillways: In order to discharge the surplus water the storage reservoir in to the river on
the down-steam side of the dam, spillways are used.
c) Head work: The head works consists of diversion structures at the head of an intake.
The generally include booms and racks for the diverting floating debris, sluices for by
passing debris and sediments and valves for the controlling the follow of water to the
turbine.
d) Surge tank: A surge tank is a small reservoir or tank in which water level rises or falls
to reduce the pressures swings in the conduit. A surge tank is located near the beginning
of the conduit. When the load on the turbine decreases, then increases the water level of
the surge tank and reversal.
e) Penstocks: Penstocks are conduits, which carry water to the turbines; they are generally
made of reinforced concrete or steel. Various devices such as automatic butterfly valve,
36
air valve and surge tank are provided for the protection of penstocks. Automatic
butterfly valve shuts off water flow through the penstocks promptly if it raptures. Air
valve maintains the air.
1. For high head.
2. Reaction turbine- for low and medium head
f)Electrical equipments: This includes alternators, transformers, circuit breaker and other
switching and protective devices.
2.5 NEUCLEAR POWER STATION
A generating station in which nuclear energy is converted into electrical energy is known as a
nuclear power station. In nuclear power station, heavy elements such as Uranium (U-235) or
thorium (Th-232) are subjected to nuclear fission in a special apparatus known as a reactor. The
energy thus related is utilized in raising steam at high temperature and pressure. The steam runs
the turbine which converts energy into mechanical energy. The turbine drives the alternator which
converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
2.5.1 SELECTION OF SITE FOR NUCLEAR POWER STATION
1. Availability of water: as sufficient water is required for cooling purposes, therefore, the
plant side should be located where ample quantity of water is available, e.g., across a river
or by sea side
2. Disposal if water: the waste produce by the fission in a nuclear power station is generally
radioactive which must be disposed of properly to avoid health hazards. The waste should
either be buried in a deep trench or disposal off in sea quite away from the sea short.
Therefore, the site selected for such a plant should have adequate arrangement for the
disposal of radioactive waste
3. Steam turbine: the steam produce in the heat exchange is led to steam turbine through a
valve. After doing a useful work in the turbine, the steam is exhausted to condenser. The
condenser condenses the steam which is fed to the heat exchanger through feed water
pump.
4. Alternator: The steam turbine drives the alternator which converts mechanical energy
into electrical energy. The output from the alternator is delivered to the bus-bares through
transformer, circuit breaker and isolators.
37
2.5.2 ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWER STATION

1. The amount of fuel required is quite small. Therefore, there is a
considerable saving in
the cost of fuel transportation?

2. A nuclear power plant requires less space as compared to any type of the same size.
3. It has low running charges as a small amount of fuel is used to producing bulk electrical
energy.
4. This type of plant is very economical for producing bulk electrical energy.
5. It can be located near the load centers because it does not require large quantities of
water and need not be near coal mines. Therefore, the cost of primary distribution is
reduced.
6. There are large deposits of nuclear fuels available all over the world .Therefore, such
plant can ensure continued supply of electrical energy for thousands of years.
7. It ensures reliability of operation.
2.5.3 DISADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWER STATION
1. The fuel used is expensive and difficult to recover.
2. The capital cost on a nuclear plant is very high as compared to other types of plants.
3. The erection and commissioning of the plant requires greater technical knowhow.
4. The fission by products is generally radioactive and may cause a dangerous amount of
radioactive pollution.
5. Maintenance charges are high due to lack of standardization.
6. Nuclear plants are not well suited for varying loads as the reactor does not respond to the
load efficiently.
7. The disposal of the by products, which are radioactive, is big problem. They have either
to be disposed off in a deep trench or in a sea away from sea shore.
2.5.4 SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF NUCLEAR POWER STATION
The schematic arrangement of a nuclear power station is shown in fig. the whole arrangement can
be divided into the following main stages:
1. Nuclear reactor
2. Heat exchange
3. Steam turbine
4. Alternator
38
Fig: 2.9 Schematic Arrangement of a Nuclear power Station.

Nuclear reactor: It is an apparatus in which nuclear fuel (U-235) is subjected to nuclear fission.
It control is the chain reaction that start once the fission is done. If the chain reaction is not
controlled, the result will be an explosion due to the fast increase in the energy released.
Chain reaction: nuclear fission is done by bombarding Uranium nuclei with slow moving
neutrons. This splits the Uranium nuclei with the release of huge amount of energy and emission
of neutrons. This fissions neutron cause further fission. If this process continues, then in a very
short time huge amount of energy will be released which may cause explosion. This is known as
explosive chain reaction. But in a reactor, controlled chain reaction is allowed. This is done by
systematically removing the fission neutrons from the reactor. The greater the number of fission
neutrons removes, the lesser is intensive of energy of released.
1. Heat exchanger: The coolant gives up heat exchanger which is utilized in raising
the steam. After giving up the heat, the coolant is again fed to the reactor.
2. Steam turbine: The steam produced in the heat exchanger led to the steam
through a valve after doing useful work in the turbine, the steam is exhausted
condenser. The condenser condenses the steam which is feed to the
turbine
to
heat exchanger
through feed water pump

3. Alternator: The steam turbine drives the alternator which converts mechanical
energy into electrical. The output from the alternator is delivered to the bus-bars
through transformer, circuit breakers and isolators.
39
2.6 DISEL POWER STATION

A generating station in which diesel engine is used as the prime mover for the generation of
electrical energy is known as diesel power station.
2.6.1 CHOICE OF SITE FOR DIESEL POWER STATION
1. Distance from load center [the plant should be located nearby the load center to be
minimum transmission loss].
2. Availability of water.
3. Foundation condition. [A foundation at a reasonable depth should be capable of
providing a strong support to the engine].
4. Fuel transportation. [Plant should be near to the source of fuel supply so that
transportation charges are low].
5. Access to site. [The site selected should have road and rail transportation facilities].
2.6.2 ADVANTAGES OF DIESEL POWER STATION
a) It requires less space as compare to other stations.
b) The design and layout of this plant are very simple.
c) For cooling system less quantity of water is required.
d) It can be located at any place.
e) There are no standby losses.
f) It can be started quickly.
g) It requires less operating staff.
2.6.3 DISADVANTAGES OF DIESEL POWER STATION
a) This plant can generate small power.
b) The fuel cost is high.
c) This plant does not work for a longer period.
d) The cost of lubricating is high.
e) The maintenance charges are high.
f) It pollutes the atmosphere.
g) It makes a noise.
40
2.6.4 SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF DIESEL POWER PLANT
Fig: Schematic diagram of a diesel power Station.
Fig: 2.10 Schematic Arrangement of a Diesel Power Plant

2.7 GAS TURBINE POWER STATION
A generating station which employs gas turbine as the prime mover for the generation of electrical
energy is known as a gas turbine power plant.
2.7.1 ADVANTAGES OF GAS TURBINE POWER STATION
a) It is simple in design.
b) It is much smaller in size.
c) Initial and operating costs are lower than other.
d) The maintenance charges are quite small.
e) There is no stand by losses.
2.7.2 DISADVANTAGES OF GAS TURBINE POWER STATION
a. There is a problem for starting the unit.
b. Since a greater part of power developed by the turbine is used in driving the
compressor, the net output is low
c. It pollutes the atmosphere.
d. The overall efficiency of such plants is low.
41
2.7.3 SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF A GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
Fig: 2.11 Schematic arrangement of a gas turbine power plant.

2.7.4 THE MAIN COMPONENT OF THE PLANTS
a) Compressor: The compressor draws the air via the filter, which removes the dust from
air. The rotary blades of the compressor push the air between stationary blades to raise
its pressure. Thus air at high pressure is available at the output of the compressor.
b) Regenerator: A regenerator is a device, which recovers heat from the exits gases of the
turbine. A regenerator consists of nest of tubes contained in a shell. The compressed air
from the compressor passes through the tubes on its way to the combustion chamber. In
this way compressed air is heated by the exhaust gases.
c) Combustion chamber: The air at high pressure from the compressor is led to the
combustion chamber via the regenerator. In the combustion chamber heat is added to the
air by burning oil/gas. The result is that the chamber attains a very high temperature. The
combustion gases are suitably cooled to 70000c-8000c and then delivered to the gas
turbine.
d) Gas turbine: The product of combustion comprising of a mixture of gases at high
temperature and pressure are passed to the gas turbine. These gases in passing over the
turbine blades expand and thus do the mechanical work. The temperature of the exhaust
gases from the turbine is about 4800c
42
e) Alternator: The gas turbine is coupled to the alternator. The alternator converts
mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy.
f) Starting Motor: Before starting the turbine, compressor has to be started. For this
purpose, an electrical motor is mounted on the same shaft of the turbine. This is
energized by the batteries. Once the unit starts, a part of mechanical power of the drives
the compressor and there is no need of motor now.
43
CHAPTER-3
POWER GENERATION IN BANGLADESH
3.1 GENERATING VOLTAGE OF DIFFERENT POWER STATION
15.75kv
11kv
10.5kv
6.6kv
3.2 POWER DEMAND

The peak demand for January 2012 is 7,518 MW as per update power system master plan
(PSMP-2010). The maximum demand serves 5036.50 MW.
3.3 LOAD FACTOR AND LOAD MANAGEMENT
Consumer demand in BPDB system, as in any other electric utility varies throughout the day &
night. The maximum occurs during 5 PM to11 PM termed as peak hour. The extent of this
variation is measured in terms of load factor, which is the ratio of average & maximum demand,
for economic reason it is desirable to have a high load factor as this would permit better utilization
of plant capacity. The cost of energy supply during peak hour is high as some relatively costlier
power plants are required to be used during peak hour.
3.4 INSTALLED CAPACITY
Although the total installed capacity was 5493MW including 1330MW in IPP and 351MW in
internal power plant (Excluding REB).the maximum availability were
(1) Some plants were out of operation due to maintenance, rehabilitation &overhauling.
(2) Capacities of some plants were de-rated due to aging and Gas shortage.
44
3.5 Owner Wise Daily Generation:

Table : 01
Owner Name
Derated Capacity (MW) Day Peak (MW) Eve. Peak (MW)
Generation of 21/04/2014
PDB
3502.00
1648.00
1972.00
SBU,PDB
223.00
194.00
201.00
EGCB
622.00
235.00
417.00
APSCL
682.00
468.00
465.00
1617.00
1165.00
877.00
110.00
89.00
90.00
33.00
0.00
0.00
SIPP,REB
215.00
160.00
175.00
Q.Rental 3 Years
100.00
95.00
100.00
QRPP(5yrs)
200.00
181.00
192.00
Other
825.00
650.00
581.00
1069.00
740.00
780.00
QRPP (3 Yrs.)
416.00
335.00
380.00
RPP (15 Yrs.)
169.00
140.00
146.00
9783.00
6100.00
6376.00
IPP
SIPP,PDB
RENTAL(3 yrs)
RPP (3 Yrs.)
Total
45
3.5.1 Installed Capacity of BPDB Power Plants as on April 2014.
Capacity Type: Power Generation Units (Fuel Type Wise)

Installed Capacity of BPDB Power Plants as on April 2014
Unit Type
Coal
Capacity(Unit)
250.00 MW
Total(%)
2.44 %
FO
0.00 MW
Gas
6615.00 MW
64.59 %
HFO
1963.00 MW
19.17 %
HSD
683.00 MW
6.67 %
Hydro
230.00 MW
2.25 %
Imported
500.00 MW
4.88 %
10241.00 MW
100 %
Total
0%
De rated Capacity of BPDB Power Plants as on April 2014

Unit Type
Capacity(Unit)
Total(%)
Coal
200.00 MW
2.04 %
FO
52.00 MW
0.53 %
Gas
6224.00 MW
63.62 %
HFO
1926.00 MW
19.69 %
HSD
661.00 MW
6.76 %
Hydro
220.00 MW
2.25 %
Imported
500.00 MW
5.11 %
Total
9783.00 MW
100 %
46
47
Daily Generation Report

Power Station Name
Derated
Capacity(Unit)
Day Peak
Eve Peak
78.00 MW
42.00 MW
45.00 MW
Ghorasal ST :Unit-3,
180.00 MW
100.00 MW
100.00 MW
Ghorashal ST 4
180.00 MW
170.00 MW
170.00 MW
Ghorashal 100
100.00 MW
84.00 MW
99.00 MW
Ghorrashal ST 5
190.00 MW
190.00 MW
190.00 MW
Ghorashal ST 6
190.00 MW
0.00 MW
0.00 MW
Ghorashal 45 MW
45.00 MW
43.00 MW
46.00 MW
Ghorashal MAX
78.00 MW
76.00 MW
78.00 MW
Ghorashal Regent
0.00 MW
2.00 MW
0.00 MW
60.00 MW
0.00 MW
0.00 MW
Horipur NEPC
110.00 MW
93.00 MW
110.00 MW
Horipur P. Ltd CCPP
360.00 MW
246.00 MW
325.00 MW
Meghnaghat P.Ltd CCPP
450.00 MW
440.00 MW
0.00 MW
0.00 MW
0.00 MW
0.00 MW
Meghnaghat IEL
100.00 MW
91.00 MW
100.00 MW
Madanganj 102 MW
100.00 MW
95.00 MW
100.00 MW
Karanigonj
100.00 MW
90.00 MW
90.00 MW
Narshingdi
22.00 MW
16.00 MW
18.00 MW
Shiddirganj ST
150.00 MW
0.00 MW
0.00 MW
Siddirgonj GT 1,2
210.00 MW
0.00 MW
0.00 MW
96.00 MW
56.00 MW
64.00 MW
100.00 MW
90.00 MW
92.00 MW
50.00 MW
40.00 MW
46.00 MW
0.00 MW
0.00 MW
0.00 MW
Horipur EGCB 360MW
412.00 MW
235.00 MW
417.00 MW
Summit Power (Dhaka)
146.00 MW
108.00 MW
116.00 MW
Daily Generation of 21/04/2014

a) Ghorasal ST 1, 2
Horipur SBU GT 1,2,3
Meghnaghat Summit
Siddirgonj 100 MW
Dutch Bangla 100 MW
DPA Power 50 MW
Gahamagar
48
Gazipur RPCL
52.00 MW
33.00 MW
32.00 MW
Tongi GT
105.00 MW
0.00 MW
0.00 MW
Chittagong
RaozanST(Gas):Unit-1
180.00 MW
120.00 MW
120.00 MW
Raozan 25MW
25.00 MW
26.00 MW
26.00 MW
Patenga 50 MW
50.00 MW
3.00 MW
14.00 MW
Chittagong
RaozanST(Gas):Unit-2
180.00 MW
0.00 MW
0.00 MW
Kaptai Hydro:Unit-1,2,3,4,5
220.00 MW
41.00 MW
106.00 MW
40.00 MW
0.00 MW
0.00 MW
150.00 MW
110.00 MW
120.00 MW
98.00 MW
23.00 MW
88.00 MW
0.00 MW
0.00 MW
0.00 MW
Dohazari Sangu
102.00 MW
34.00 MW
51.00 MW
Julda
100.00 MW
80.00 MW
102.00 MW
Malancha, Ctg. EPZ

(United)
0.00 MW
0.00 MW
23.00 MW
Barabkunda (Regent)
22.00 MW
17.00 MW
17.00 MW
a) Ashuganj ST Unit -1,2
110.00 MW
40.00 MW
40.00 MW
b) Ashuganj ST 3
140.00 MW
140.00 MW
140.00 MW
Ashugonj ST 4
150.00 MW
140.00 MW
140.00 MW
Ashugonj ST 5
140.00 MW
80.00 MW
80.00 MW
c) Ashuganj CCPP-146MW
91.00 MW
40.00 MW
40.00 MW
d) Ashuganj 50 MW
51.00 MW
28.00 MW
25.00 MW
Ashuganj (Precision)
55.00 MW
51.00 MW
57.00 MW
Ashuganj (Aggreko)
80.00 MW
77.00 MW
82.00 MW
Ashugonj Up-53 MW
53.00 MW
53.00 MW
53.00 MW
Ashuganj Midland
51.00 MW
0.00 MW
0.00 MW
Brahmanbaria (Agrico)
(Gas)
70.00 MW
70.00 MW
72.00 MW
Daudkandi 50 MW
52.00 MW
0.00 MW
49.00 MW
163.00 MW
155.00 MW
0.00 MW
Feni (Doreen)
22.00 MW
17.00 MW
18.00 MW
Feni, Mahipal (Doreen)
11.00 MW
8.00 MW
5.00 MW
Shikalbaha ST
b) Shikalbaha Peaking (GT)
Hathazari
Shikalbaha(Energis)
Chandpur CCPP
49
Jangalia (Summit)
33.00 MW
32.00 MW
32.00 MW
Summit Power, Comilla
25.00 MW
18.00 MW
21.00 MW
197.00 MW
146.00 MW
145.00 MW
Tangail (Doreen)
22.00 MW
15.00 MW
18.00 MW
Fenchuganj CCPP-1 (Gas)
90.00 MW
66.00 MW
68.00 MW
Fenchuganj CCPP-2(New)
104.00 MW
84.00 MW
82.00 MW
Fenchuganj (BEDL)
51.00 MW
42.00 MW
42.00 MW
Fenchuganj Prima 50 MW
50.00 MW
46.00 MW
50.00 MW
Hobiganj (Confidence-EP)
11.00 MW
10.00 MW
10.00 MW
Shajibazar GT Unit-8, 9
66.00 MW
63.00 MW
68.00 MW
Shajibazar 86 MW
86.00 MW
74.00 MW
74.00 MW
Shajibazar - 50 MW
50.00 MW
45.00 MW
47.00 MW
Sylhet 150MW
142.00 MW
0.00 MW
108.00 MW
Sylhet GT (Gas)
20.00 MW
17.00 MW
19.00 MW
Sylhet 50 MW
50.00 MW
41.00 MW
44.00 MW
Sylhet 11 MW
10.00 MW
7.00 MW
9.00 MW
Shahjahanulla 25mw
25.00 MW
14.00 MW
24.00 MW
Bheramara GT (Unit-1,2,3)
46.00 MW
32.00 MW
32.00 MW
105.00 MW
0.00 MW
0.00 MW
55.00 MW
0.00 MW
58.00 MW
500.00 MW
403.00 MW
304.00 MW
30.00 MW
0.00 MW
0.00 MW
KPC, Khulna
110.00 MW
53.00 MW
100.00 MW
KPCL Khulna (New)
115.00 MW
99.00 MW
99.00 MW
Khulna 150 MW
150.00 MW
156.00 MW
158.00 MW
54.00 MW
19.00 MW
45.00 MW
Gopalganj 110 MW
109.00 MW
0.00 MW
32.00 MW
Noapara (105MW)
Quantam
101.00 MW
0.00 MW
0.00 MW
Noapara (40MW),KZA
40.00 MW
40.00 MW
40.00 MW
Khulna 40 MW
40.00 MW
0.00 MW
0.00 MW
Khulna 55 MW
55.00 MW
42.00 MW
53.00 MW
0.00 MW
0.00 MW
0.00 MW
RPCL,CCPP, Mymensingh
Bheramara
a)Khulna ST 110 MW
HVDC C/B. Interconnector
b)Khulna ST 60MW
Faridpur
Barisal Diesel(HSD)
50
Barisal GT 1& 2
32.00 MW
15.00 MW
15.00 MW
Bhola Venture
33.00 MW
0.00 MW
0.00 MW
a)Baghabari GT 1
71.00 MW
67.00 MW
69.00 MW
b)Baghabari GT 2
100.00 MW
95.00 MW
100.00 MW
Baghabari 50 MW
52.00 MW
32.00 MW
32.00 MW
Baghabari Westmont
70.00 MW
0.00 MW
0.00 MW
Bera 70 MW
71.00 MW
67.00 MW
70.00 MW
Amnura 50 MW
50.00 MW
51.00 MW
50.00 MW
Khtakhali NPS 50MW
50.00 MW
50.00 MW
50.00 MW
Katakhali PPP 50 MW
50.00 MW
18.00 MW
46.00 MW
150.00 MW
75.00 MW
72.00 MW
Santahar 50MW
50.00 MW
46.00 MW
46.00 MW
Bogra GBB
22.00 MW
17.00 MW
21.00 MW
Rajlanka 52MW
52.00 MW
52.00 MW
52.00 MW
Barupukuria ST 1
100.00 MW
90.00 MW
90.00 MW
Barupukuria ST 2
100.00 MW
92.00 MW
93.00 MW
Bogra 20 MW
20.00 MW
9.00 MW
9.00 MW
Summit Powser(Ullapara)
11.00 MW
8.00 MW
10.00 MW
Rangpur GT (HSD)
20.00 MW
10.00 MW
17.00 MW
Syedpur GT 20MW(HSD)
20.00 MW
18.00 MW
18.00 MW
Thakurgaon 47 MW((RZ)
47.00 MW
31.00 MW
28.00 MW
9783.00 MW
6100.00 MW
6376.00 MW
Sirajganj 150 MW
Total
51
CHAPTER 4
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OF BANGLADESH
4.1 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
The system by which the electrical power transmitted from generating station to distribution
system is known as transmission system. The transmission line divided in two parts:
1. Primary transmission
2. Secondary transmission
4.2 PRIMARY TRANSMISSION
The electric power at 132 KV is transmitted by 3-phase 3-wire over head system to the outskirts
of the city. This form is the primary transmission.
4.2.1 GRID SYSTEM
The entire AC network is interconnected network called national grid. Even neighboring national
grid are interconnected to from sub grid. In power system when all generating station line with the
operation of substation called grid system of electric power.
In the grid system of Bangladesh power development board, mainly two types of transmission
lines are used. These are 230KV and 132KV lines. Also there is another grid line of Bangladesh
i.e. 66KV.
4.2.2 GRID SUB-STATION
As in Bangladesh there are two types of grid transmission line, one 132KV line and other 230KV
line. So we have mainly two categories grid substation. The total number of grid substation
operated as of 2012 is 95, of which13 number are 230KV and 82 numbers are 132KV. Capacity
of 230KV grid substation is 6675MVA and 132KV is 8587MVA and their transmission length are
2647.3 circuit km and 6071.34 circuit km
52
4.3 SECONDARY TRANSMISSION

The primary transmission line terminates at the receiving station which usually lies as the
outskirts of the city. At the receiving station, the voltages are reduced to 33KV by step down
transformers. From this station, electric power is transmitted at 33KV by three phase three wire
overhead system to various sub stations located at the strategic points in the city. This form is the
secondary transmission.
4.4 CLASSIFICATION OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE
The overhead transmission lines are classified as
a) Short transmission line
b) Medium transmission line
c) Long transmission line
a) Short transmission line: When the length of an overhead transmission line is up to 50km and
the line voltage is comparatively high (<20KV), it is usually considered as a Short transmission
line.
b) Medium transmission line : when the length of an overhead transmission line is up to 50150km and the line voltage is comparatively high(>20KV <100KV), it is usually considered as
a medium transmission line.
c) Long transmission line: When the length of an overhead transmission line is more than
150Km and the line voltage is comparatively high (>100KV), it is usually considered as a Long
transmission line.
4.5 DEFINATION OF IMPORTANT TERMS:
1. Earthling or grounding: Connecting to earth or ground.
2. Neutral earthing: Connecting to earth, the neutral point i.e. the star point of generator,
transformer, rotating machine, neutral point of grounding transformer.
3. Reactance earthling: Connecting to the neutral point to earth through a reactance.
4. Resistance earthling: Connecting to the neutral point to earth through a resistance.
5. Non effecting earthling: when an intentional resistance or reactance is connected between
neutral point and earth.
53
6. Solid earth or effective earth line: Connecting to the neutral point to earth without
intentional resistance or reactance co-efficient earthling.
7. Resonant earthing: Earthing through a reactance of such as value that power frequency
current in the neutral to ground connection almost equal opposite to power frequency
capacitance current between unsalted line and earth.
8. Co-efficient of ear thing: it is defined as the ratio of highest r.m.s voltage of healthy line to
earth to the line r.m.s voltage.
9. Petersen coil, suppression coil, ground fault neutralized: All the three terms have the same
meaning the adjustable reactor connected between neutral to earth.
10. Underground system: The system whose neutral point is not earth.
11. Earth fault factor: It is calculated at the selected point of the system for a given system. It
is a ratio of fault factor =V1/V2.
Where,
V1 = highest r.m.s phase to phase power frequency voltage of sound
phase during earth fault on another phase.
V2= r.m.s phase to phase power frequency voltage at the same
location with fault on the faulty removed.
12. Bus coupling transformer: it is a special kind of transformer using in electric power
transmission line. It is a bidirectional device that makes injection or taking electric power
between two buses. It is also a matching or interfacing transformer between two buses.
13. Bus: There are three kinds of buses in power system
a) PQ bus
b) PV bus and
c) Stack or swing or reference bus.
For studying and analyzing an electric bus, we have to need for important variables.They are:
a) P-active power
b) Q-reactive power
c) V-voltage and
d) -swing angle
4.6 ADVANTAGE OF HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION LINE

The transmission of electric power is carried at high voltage due to the following reason:
a) To reduce the volume of conductor material.
54
b) To increase the transmission efficiency and

c) To decrease the percentage line drop
4.7
ADVANTAGES
AND
DISADVANTAGES
OF
HIGH
VOLTAGE
DC
TRANSMISSION
Advantages:
i. It requires only two conductors as compared to three for ac transmission.
ii. There is no inductance, capacitance, phase displacement and surge problem in dc
transmission.
iii. A dc transmission. Line has better voltage regulation as compared to the line for same load
and sending voltage.
iv. There is no skin effect in dc system.
v. A dc line requires less insulation as compared to ac line for the same working voltage.
vi. A dc line has less corona loss and interference with communication circuit.
vii. The high voltage dc transmission is free from the dielectric losses, particularly in the case
of cables and
viii. In dc transmission, there is no stability problem and synchronizing difficulties.
Disadvantages:
i. Electric power cannot be generated at high voltage dc due to commutation problems.
ii. The dc voltage cannot be stepped up for transmission of power at high voltages and
iii. The dc switches and circuit breaker have their own limitations.
4.8 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
4.8.1 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OF INDIA:
Bulk transmission system has increased to more than 165000 Circuit km today. The entire country
has been divided into five regions for transmission systems. Namely:
1. Northern region
2. North Eastern region
3. Eastern region
55
4. Southern region
5. Western region
Indias transmission system comprises a 400KV network as the main and bulk transmission
system at each region, 132KV and 110KV network as the main and support transmission systems
in each state, 66KV, 33KV and 22KV network as sub transmission system, frequent power cuts,
unscheduled shut downs and severe restrictions on industrial usage during summer months are
constraint on industrial development and overall economic development of the country. In this
context, POWERGRID is involved in along term plan for the development of an Indian national
transmission network to make efficient usage of generating capacity. As part of this strengthening
of the national grid, POWERGRID had developed series of high voltage direct current (HVDC)
inter regional links between North, East, South and westerns of Indias power system.
4.8.2 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OF SRILANKA
Transmission voltage levels:
a) 220KV
b) 132KV
Transmission lines
220 KV----------------331km
132KV-----------------1684km
Grid substations
NO.
MVA
132/33KV
40
2570
220/132/33KV
2205
132/11KV
306
4.8.3 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OF NEPAL

Nepal transmission voltages are 220KV, 132KV, 66KV and 33KV.power grid company of Nepal
has installed 33KV,10 MVER &11KV,10MVER capacitor banks to improve system voltage at
Birgunj substation.
56
Shifting and installation of 132/11KV,6/7.5MVA power transformer from Pokhara to Bardghat

substation to upgrade substation capacity to 1305MVA.
4.8.4 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN
Transmission lines typical voltage for long distance are range from 132 to 500km,Pakistan
transmission voltages are 380KV,132KV and 110KV, 132/110KV underground cable networks.
57
CHAPTER-5
MECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE
5.1 PROPERTIES OF CONDUCTOR MATERIALS
Conductors are those substances which easily allow the passage of electric current through them.
It is because there are a large number of free electrons available in a conductor. In terms of energy
band, the valence and conduction bands overlap each other.
Due to this overlapping, a slight
potential difference across a conductor causes the free electrons to constitute electric current.
Thus, electrical behavior of conductors can be satisfactorily explained by the band energy theory
of materials. The conductor is one of the important items as most of the capital outlay is invested
for it. Therefore proper choice of material and size of the conductor is of considerable important.
The conductor material use for transmission and distribution of electric power should have the
following properties:
a) High electrical conductivity.
b) High tensile strength in order to withstand mechanical stresses.
c) Low cost so that it can be used for long distances.
d) Low specific gravity so that weight per unit volume is small.
5.2 CONDUCTORS MATERIALS
The most commonly used conductor materials for overhead lines are: a) Copper.
b) Aluminum.
c) Steel-cored aluminum.
d) Galvanized steel.
e) Cadmium copper.
In the early days of the transmission of electric power, conductors were usually copper, but
aluminum conductors have completely replace copper because of the much lower cost and lighter
weight of an aluminum conductor compared with a copper conductor of the same resistance. The
fact that an aluminum conductor has a larger diameter than a copper conductor of the same
resistance is also an advantage. With a larger diameter the lines of electric flux originating on the
conductor will be farther apart at the conductor surface.
58
But in our countries in overhead transmission line copper materials are used because it is an ideal
material for overhead lines owing to its high electric conductivity and greater tensile strength. It is
always use in the hard drawn form as standard copper has high current density. The current
carrying capacity of copper per unit of cross-section area is quite large.
5.3 TYPES OF CONDUCTOR
There are four type of aluminum conductors used in transmission and distribution line. Symbols
identifying different types of aluminum conductors are as follows: (i)
All-Aluminum Conductors (AAC).
(ii)
Aluminum Conductor Steel-Reinforced (ACSR).
(iii)
All-Aluminum-Alloy Conductor (AAAC).
(iv)
Aluminum Conductor Alloy-Reinforced (ACAR).
(i) All-Aluminum Conductors (AAC):

All-aluminum conductors are the most favored type for use in the construction of relatively short
span distribution schemes and are in common use on lines for voltage up to 60 KV. Another
frequent application for all-aluminum conductor is in flexible bus bar connections. Although
aluminum-to-copper connections can be made, it is better to use aluminum conductors for service
connections, as various forms of covered cable being available for this purpose. The data sheets
show the most common sizes of conductors but other sizes, to any recognized standards or
customer specification can also be supplied. AAC insulated with XLPE or PVC can be supplied
as per the customers requirement.
Fig.-5.1 Conductor Section of AAC.
59
(ii) Aluminum Conductor, Steel-Reinforced (ACSR):

The mixed construction of ACSR makes it a very flexible medium from a design point of view.
By varying the relative proportions of aluminum and steel the ideal conductor for any particular
application can be produced. Generally, ACSR consists of a galvanized steel core of 1 wire, 7
wires or 19 wires surrounded by concentric layers of aluminum wire. When a conductor with a
high current carrying capacity and comparatively low strength is required, special constructions
are available with high aluminum content. A coating of non-oxidizing grease is normally applied
to the steel cores of all conductors, in addition to the protection offered by the galvanizing of the
steel wires. One or more layers of the aluminum wires can, if required, be supplied partially or
fully greased. OCI ensures complete freedom from contamination by other metals during the
entire manufacture of ACSR conductors.
(iii) All-Aluminum-Alloy Conductor (AAAC):
This section deals with heat-treatable magnesium silicon type aluminum alloys to BS EN 50182,
the electrical and mechanical properties of which all fall within the values suggested by
Publication 104 of the international Electro technical Commission. Conductors to all other
recognized specifications can also be supplied. The alloys referred to have higher strength but
lower conductivity than pure aluminum. Being lighter, alloy conductors can sometimes be used to
advantage in place of the more conventional ACSR; having lower breaking loads than the latter,
their use becomes particularly favorable when ice and win loadings are low.
Fig.5.2 (a): 37 Bobbin Stranding Machine
Fig. -5.2(b) : 61 Bobbin Stranding Machine
60
Fig.-5.2(c) : Conductor Section of AAAC
Fig.-5.2(d) : Conductor Section of ACSR
5.4 LINE SUPPORT

Line supports may be defined as the support which mechanically supported the conductor on the
tower and support the conductor to ground. In general, the line supports should have the following
properties: (i) Light in weight without of the loss of mechanical strength.
(ii) Easy accessibility of conductors for maintenance.
(iii)High mechanical strength to withstand the weight of conductor and load etc.
(iv) Cheap in cost and economical to maintain.
(v) Longer life.
5.5 TYPES OF LINE SUPPORT
There are four types of transmission and distribution: 1) Wooden Pole: - Wooden poles used for low voltage distribution purpose. The wooden poles
generally tend to rote the ground level, causing foundation failure. Double pole structures of
61
the A or H type are often used to obtain a higher transverse strength than could be
economically provided by means of single poles.
2) Steel Tubular Pole: - It is use instead of wooden pole in urban area of town for increasing
vision satisfactory. It is also stronger than the wooden pole. Such poles are generally used for
distribution purpose in the cities. In BPDB steel tubular poles are used distribution system.
3) Reinforced Concrete (RCC) Poles: - RCC poles have greater mechanical strength, linger life
and permit longer spans than steed poles. They require little maintenance and have good
insulating properties. In BPDB, RCC poles are used in 11kV and 33kV transmission systems.
4) Steel Tower: - For long distance transmission at higher voltages, steel towers are invariably
employed. Steel towers have greater mechanical strength, longer life, can withstand most
severe climatic conditions and permit the use of linger spans. In BPDB, steel towers are used in
single circuit and double circuit transmission line. This has voltage about 132 kV and 230 kV.
Fig.- 5.3 Steel Tower

5.6 INSULATORS
Insulators are used to isolate conductors form towers on overhead lines and to support high
voltage devices from the ground or others structures.
5.7 TYPES OF INSULATORS
There are several types of insulators but the most commonly used are: -
62
1) Pin Type Insulators: Pin type insulators are used for transmission and distribution of electric
power at voltage up to 33 kV. Beyond operating voltage of 33 kV, the pin type insulators become
too bulky and hence uneconomical.
2) Suspension type insulators: - This type of insulator is not economical beyond 33 kV. For high
voltage transmission line suspension type insulator used. This type insulator consists of a number
of porcelain discs connected in series by metal links in the form of strength. The conductor is
suspended at the bottom end of this string while the other end of the string is secured to the crossarm of the tower. Each unit or disc is designed for V. The number of discs in series would
obviously depend upon the working voltage.
Fig.-5.4 Pin type Insulator
Fig.-5.5 Outside and inside constructional diagram of long rod insulators
63
Fig.-5.6 Outside and Inside constructional diagram of line-post insulators
64
CHAPTER-6
ELECTRICAL DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION LINE
6.1 ELECTRICAL DESIGN ASPECTS
The electrical design involves the following aspects
i)
Choice of transmission voltage.
ii)
Choice of conductor configuration.
iii)
Voltage control and reactive power compensation.
iv)
Corona losses and radio interference.
v)
Transient stability, auto reclosing.
vi)
Abnormal operating conditions and protection systems.
vii)
Insulation coordinating surge arrester protection.
viii)
Neutral grounding.
ix)
Power line communication.
x)
Sub-station grounding.
xi)
Overhead shielding wires and lightning protection.
xii)
Telephone interference.
xiii)
Radio interference.
xiv)
Television interference.
xv)
Audible noise.
An A.C. transmission line has resistance, inductance and capacitance uniformly distributed along
its length. These are known constants of parameters of transmission lines.
6.2 CONSTANT OF TRANSMISSION LINE
The transmission lines having distributed constants. These constant are:(a) Resistance.
(b) Inductance.
(c) Capacitance.
A transmission line has resistance, inductance & capacitance uniformly distributed along the
whole length of the line. Before we pass on to the methods of finding these constants for a
transmission line, it is profitable to understand then thoroughly.
65
(1) Resistance: It is the opposition of line conductors to current flow. The resistance is
distributed uniformly along the whole length of the line. The performance of a
transmission line can be analyzed conveniently if distributed resistance is considered as
lumped. The resistance R is given by,
R
Where,
a = Cross section area.

l
= Length of conductor.
= Resistivity.
(2) Inductance: When an alternating current flows through a conductor, changing flux is set
up which links the conductor. Due to these flux linkages, the conductor possesses
inductance. Mathematically, inductance is defined as the flux linkages per ampere,
Inductance L
henrys
Where,
= flux linkages in Weber-turns
I = current in amperes
(3) Capacitance: We know that any two conductors separated by an insulating material constitute
a capacitor. As any two conductors of an overhead transmission line are separated by air which
acts as an insulation therefore, capacitance exists between any two overhead line conductors. The
capacitance between the conductors is the per unit potential difference,
Capacitance, C
q
v
farad.
Where,
q = charge in the line in coulomb.
v = potential difference between the
conductors in volts.
66
Calculation of Constants:
(1) Resistance: The variation of resistance of metallic conductors with temperature is practically
linear over the normal range of operation. Suppose R1and R2 are the resistance of a conductor
t10C and t20C (t2 t1) respectively. It 1 is the temperature coefficient at t10C then,
R2 = R1 [1+ 1 (t2-t1)]
Where 1 =
0
1 0 t1
0 = temperature co-efficient at 0 0 C
a) In a single phase or 2 wire D.C lines, the total resistance is equal to double the
resistance of either conductor.
b) In case of a 3-phase transmission, resistance per phase is the resistance of one
conductor.
(2) Inductance:
(a) Equilateral Spacing: - Inductance of three phase lines with equilateral spacing. If we assume
balanced 3-phase phasor currents,
c
Ia + Ib + Ic = 0
D
a
Fig.-6.1 Equilateral Spacing (inductance).
Flux linkages of a conductor a,
a 2 10 7 I a ln
1
1
1
I b ln I c ln wb T m
Ds
D
D
Since Ia = -(Ib + Ic) so we get,
67
a 2 10 7 I a ln
2 10 7 I a ln
1
1
I a ln wb T m
Ds
D
D
wb T m
Ds
D
H m
Ds
Therefore, La 2 10 7 ln
(b) Unsymmetrical: The calculation of inductance of three phase lines shown in figure with
unsymmetrical spacing. Assume that there is no neutral wire,
Ia + Ib + Ic = 0
Unsymmetrical spacing causes the flux linkages and therefore the inductance of each phase to be
different resulting in unbalanced receiving-end voltages even when sending-end voltages and line
currents are balanced. So there are introducing a problem. To remove these problem transposition
(i.e- Exchange the position of the conductors) process is apply. This is shown in figure
D12
a
Position
b
D23
D31
Fig.-6.2(a) Unsymmetrical Spacing
2
3
Section-1
Section-2
Section-3
Fig.-6.2(b) Unsymmetrical Lines
(inductance).
(inductance).
To find the average inductance of each conductor of a transposed line, the flux linkages of the
conductor are found for each position.
For the first section,
a1 2 10 7 I a ln
1
1
1
wb T m
I
ln
I
ln
b
c
D12
D31
ra'
For the second section,
68
a 2 2 10 7 I a ln
1
1
1
wb T m
I b ln
I c ln
'
D23
D12
ra
For the third section,
a 3 2 10 7 I a ln
1
1
1
wb T m
I b ln
I c ln
'
D13
D23
ra
Average flux linkages of conductor an area,
a1 a 2 a 3
3
1
1
1
I
ln
= 2 10 7 I a ln ' I b ln
c
13
13
r
D
D
D
D
D
D
a
12 23 31
12 23 31
But, I b I c I a , hence
a 2 10 I a ln
7
D12 D23 D31 1 3

ra'
Let, Deq D12 D23 D31
13
= equivalent equilateral spacing
Then
La 2 10 7 ln
Deq
ra'
2 10 7 ln
Deq
Ds
H m
This is the same relation where Dm = Deq the mutual GMD between the three phase conductors. If
ra = rb = rc , we have
La = Lb = Lc
(3) Capacitance: (a) Equilateral Spacing: - Three phase line composed of three identical conductors of radius r
placed in equilateral configuration,
c
D
a
Fig.-6.3. Equilateral Spacing (capacitance).

Potential difference between conductors a and b is,
69
Vab
1
2k
D
r
D
q a ln r qb ln D q c ln D
Vac
1
2k
D
D
r
q a ln r qb ln D q c ln D
Adding Vab and Vac, we get

Vab Vac
1
2k
D
r
2
q
ln
q
ln
a
b
c
r
D
The sum of charges on the three conductors is zero. Thus qb + qc = - qa

Vab Vac
3q a D
ln
2k
r
With balanced three phase voltages applied to the line, it follows from the phasor diagram.
Vab + Vac = 3Van.
So, we have
Van
qa
D
ln
2k
r
The capacitance of line to neutral immediately follows as,

Cn
qa
2k
Van ln D r
(a) Unsymmetrical Spacing: - Assume that the line is fully transposed. So the conductors are
rotated cyclically in the three section of the transposition cycle.
For the first section of the transposition cycle,
b
D12
a
D23
D31
Fig.-6.4 Unsymmetrical Spacing (capacitance).
Vab1
D
D
1
r
q a1 ln 12 qb1 ln
qc1 ln 23
2k
r
D12
D31
For the second section of the transposition cycle,

Vab 2
D
D
1
r
q a 2 ln 23 qb 2 ln
qc 2 ln 31
2k
r
D23
D12
70
For the third section of the transposition cycle,

Vab3
D
D
1
r
q a 3 ln 31 qb3 ln
qc 3 ln 12
2k
r
D31
D23
With the usual spacing of conductors sufficient accuracy is obtained by assuming,
q a1 q a 2 q a 3 q a ; qb1 qb 2 qb3 qb ; qc1 qc 2 qc 3 qc

The solution can be considerably simplified by taking Vab as the average of three voltages
(Vab1, Vab2, Vab3)
Vab (avg) =
1
Vab1 Vab 2 Vab3
3
D12 D23 D31

1
r3
D12 D23 D31
Vab
q
ln
q
ln
q a ln
b
c
D D D
6k
D
D
D
r3
12 23 31
12 23 31
=
Deq
1
r
q a ln
qb ln
2k
r
Deq
Where,
Deq D12 D23 D31
13
Similarly, Vac
Deq
1
r
q a ln
qc ln
2k
r
Deq
Now adding Vab and Vac ,
Vab Vac
Deq
1
r
qb qc ln
q a ln
2k
r
Deq
For balanced three phase voltages, Vab +Vac = 3Van

And also, qb + qc = -qa
Therefore, Van
Deq
qa
ln
2k
r
The capacitance of line to neutral of the transposed line is then given by,
Cn
2k
F m to neutral
ln Deq r
6.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT TRANSMISSION LINE

Line characteristic means the nature of parameters, such as Resistance, Inductance, Capacitance,
Identity e.t.c.
71
Transmission line can be modeling & analysis by two port network.
IS
IR
VS
VR
Fig.-6.5: Two port network.

Let,
Vs = AVR + BIR , Is = CVR+DIR
Where A, B, C, D all are constants.
So the matrix,
VS
A
I C
B VR

D
I R
And AD BC = 1 be an identity.
(a) Short Transmission Line: The lengths of these lines are less than 100km. Only for resistance & inductance are the effective
parameters. Capacitance is very negligible.
IR
IS
Z=R+jX
VS
ZL
VR
Fig.6.6: Short Transmission line.
72
Here,
Vs = VR + ZIR, Is= IR.
So the matrix,
Vs
1
I 0
Z VR
1 I R
Also AD BC =1-0 = 1, is the identity

(b) Medium transmission line:
If we consider the length of the lines are more than 100Km but less than 250Km, then these will
be called medium transmission line. Capacitance also consider with resistance & inductance in
these types of line.
For calculation it is assumed that capacitance is concentrated in one end, Middle or both end i.e.
load end, nominal T section, nominal section.
IR
IS
Z=R+jX
VS
IC
Y
ZL
VR
Fig.-6.7: Medium Transmission Line.

Here,
Ic = YVR ,
Is = IR + YVR ,
Vs = VR + IsZ = VR +Z (IR+ YVR) = VR (1+YZ) + ZIR.
The current voltage relationship can be written with matrix,
VS 1 YZ
I Y
S
Z
1
VR A
I C
R
B
D
VR
I
R
Here, AD BC = 1 also identity.
73
1. Nominal T Representation:
Z/2
Is
Z/2
IR
IC
VR
VS
Load
Fig.-6.8: Nominal T representation.

Also the V-I relationship,
Vs = VR (1 + YZ) + IR { Z(1 + YZ/4)}.
Is = VRY + IR (1 + YZ/2).
The matrix,
VS 1 YZ
I Y
S
Z 1 YZ 4
1 YZ 2
VR A B
I C D
VR
I
R
AB DC = 1 be the identity.
2. Nominal Representation:
In this method total capacitance is divided into two equal parts which are lumped at the shedding
and receiving end resulting in the nominal representation as shown in fig.
Is
IL
Ic
Vs
Y/2
IR
Ic
Y/2
Load
VR
Fig.-6.9: Nominal representation.
74
The V-I equation,

Vs = VR (1 + YZ/2) + IRZ
Is = VR {Y (1 + YZ/2)} + IR (1 + YZ/2)
The matrix,
Vs
1 YZ 2
I
Y 1 YZ 2
1 YZ 2
Z
VR
I
R
AD BC = (1 + YZ/2)2 ZY (1 + YZ/2) = 1 be the identity.

(c) The Long Transmission Line:
For lines over 250Km the fact that the parameters of a line over are not lumped but distributed
uniformly throughout its length, must be considered. Capacitance varies with distance which is
more considerable than short & medium transmission line.
The rigorous solution of long transmission line:
IX+dIX
IS
Zdx
IR
IX
ZL
VS
dx
VR
x
L
Fig.-9.10: Long Transmission Line.

Let dx be an elemental section of the line at a distance X from the receiving end having series
impedance Zdz and shunt admittance Ydx. The riswe in voltage over elemental section.
dVx = IxZdz
dVx/dx = ZIx.. (1)
dIx = VxYdx
dIx/dx = VxY. (2)
Differentiating (1) w.r.t x
D2Vx/dx2 = ZdIx/dx (3)
From (2) & (3) we get,
D2Vx/dx2 = YZVx
Let,
2 = YZ then,
D2Vx/dx2 Vx = 0.
The general solution is,
75
yx
x
Vx = C1e C 2 e ...(4)
Again differentiating (4) w.r.t. x,

yx
x
dVx/dx = C1e C 2 e (5)
Where Zc=(Z/Y)1/2 ]
The constant C1 & C2 may be evaluated by using the end conditions.i.e, when x = 0, Vx = VR &
Ix = IR. Substituting these values in equation (4) & (5) gives
VR = C1 + C2
IR = 1/ZC (C1 - C2)
Which upon solving yield;
C1 = (VR + ZCIR)
C2 = (VR -_ZCIR)
Substituting C1& C2 on (4) & (5)
VX = {(VR + ZCIR) /2}eYX + {(VR - ZCIR ) /2}e-YX
IX = {(VR/ZC + IR) 2}eYX {(VR/ZC - IR ) /2}e-YX
These can be written after introducing hyperbolic function as,
VX = VRcoshYx + IRZCsinhYx
IX = IRcoshYx + VR (1/ZC)sinhYx
The matrix,
coshYX
VX
I 1 Z sinh Y
C
X
X
Z C sinh YX VR
coshYX I R
Here, A = D = coshYx
B = ZC sinhYx
C = (1/ZC) sinhYx
The identity be the AD BC = 1
If X = L, then VX = Vs, IX = IS
6.4
TRANSMISSION VOLTAGE IN BANGLADESH
a.
400 KV
b.
230 KV
c.
132 KV
d.
66 KV
e.
33 KV
76
6.5 STANDARDIZATION OF TRANSMISSION VOLTAGE

There is much variation in transmission voltages in different countries. A country adopts a voltage
or a system of voltage levels to suit its requirements of load. Where long distance transmission is
involved, the use of EHV becomes inevitable, earlier; individual attempts were made to fix
voltage levels for high power transmission but such an adoption of individual voltage levels
resulted in waste of time. the design due to their varied nature was costly. It was realized to
standardize the transmission voltages for the following reasons.
i) Standardization provides better facilities for research and development.
ii) The equipment can be manufactured economically with greater reliability.
iii) The maximum possible use of EHV for transmission and interconnection of EHV
systems can be made.
The standardization would, therefore avoid independent attacks to tackle EHV problems in
different countries to find the optimum economic voltage and thus, a lot of time is saved by
standardizing the equipment the higher voltage can be adopted for a reasonable period of time
before the next change and thus the number of lines will also be lesser.
One of the difficulties encountered within the standardization was to adopt the maximum
continuous voltage or the nominal voltage to fix up a standard of a system voltage. Again there is
a discrepancy in the margin between these values in European and American practices. In the
former case, the maximum value in ten percent higher than nominal value, while in the later this
difference is only five percent. It was proposed to compensate the nominal values in such a way
as to have the same maximum value in both the systems in order to avoid this margin. It was
preferred to have the criterion of maximum value rather than the nominal value for the
standardization purpose.
Earlier, standardization was very successfully up to a voltage level of 230Kv. This voltage was
the standard voltage used in many countries above 230Kv and the international standardization
was not so successful.
6.6 EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION
There has been a constant drive in the power system field to achieve the most economical design.
The adoption of higher voltage level is also a step in this direction. The advantages claimed by
EHV have given incentives to many countries to go for the higher voltage levels.
With the rapid growth in the system size some new problems are also coming in the way while
others already percent at lower voltages are becoming more acute. Three main problems are
associated with EHV.
77
a. Radio interference
b. Line insulation
c. Equipment insulation
6.7 PROTECTION SYSTEM OF TRANSMISSION LINE
There are several instances when the elements of power system ( i.e. generator, transformer
lines, insulator etc.) are subjected to over voltage. The over voltage on the power system may be
caused due to many reasons such as lightning, the opening of a circuit breaker, the grounding of a
conductor etc. An appreciable number of this over voltage are of sufficient magnitude to ease
insulation break down of the equipment in the power system. The protective devices use to these
problems minimized.
6.8 PROTECTION COMPONENTS
There are many components which are use in protection of high voltage overhead transmission
line. These are following: Circuit Breaker (CB).
Relay.
Fuse.
Lightning Arrester.
Isolator.
78
6.9 LIST OF TRANSMISSION LINES IN BANGLADESH:

List of transmission lines
(As of January 2012)
A) 230 KV Transmission Lines
Sl.
No.
Name of Lines
Lenth in Route
kilometers
Lenth in
Ckt.
Conductor
No. of Ckt.
kilometers
Name
Size
Ghorasal-Ishurdi (1st EWI)
178
356
Double
Mallard
795 MCM
Tongi - Ghorasal
27
54
Double
Mallard
795 MCM
Ghorasal - Ashuganj
44
88
Double
Mallard
795 MCM
Raojan - Hathazari
22.5
45
Double
Twin 300 sq.mm
Ashuganj - Comilla North
79
158
Double
Finch
1113 MCM
Ghorasal - Rampura
50
100
Double
Twin Mallard
2x795 MCM
Rampura - Haripur
28
56
Double
Twin Mallard
2x795 MCM
Haripur - Meghnaghat
12.5
25
Double
Twin Mallard
2x795 MCM
Meghnaghat - Hasnabad
26
52
Double
Twin Mallard
2x795 MCM
10
Comilla North - Hathazari
150
300
Double
Finch
1113 MCM
11
AES, Haripur - Haripur
2.4
4.8
Double
Finch
1113 MCM
12
Comilla North- Meghnaghat
58
116
Double
Twin Mallard
2x795 MCM
13
Hasnabad - Aminbazar - Tongi
46.5
93
Double
Twin AAAC
37/4.176 mm.
14
Siddhirganj 210 MW P/S - Haripur
1.5
1.5
Single
ACSR
600 sq. mm.
15
Ashuganj - Sirajganj (2nd EWI) 143
286
Double
Twin AAAC
37/4.176 mm.
16
Khulna - Ishurdi
185
370
Double
Twin AAAC
37/4.176 mm.
17
Bogra-Barapukuria
106
212
Double
Twin AAAC
37/4.176 mm.
18
Sirajganj-Bogra
72
144
Double
Twin AAAC
37/4.176 mm.
19
Ishurdi-Baghabari
55
110
Double
Twin AAAC
37/4.176 mm.
20
Baghabari-Sirajganj
38
76
Double
Twin AAAC
37/4.176 mm.
Total
1324.4
2647.3
79
B) 132 KV Transmission Lines

Sl.
No.
Lenth in
Name of Lines
Route
kilometers
Conductor
LenthinCkt. No. of
kilometers Ckt.
Name
Size
01 Siddhirganj - Shahjibazar
138
276
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
02 Shahjibazar - Chatak
150
300
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
03 Siddhirganj - Kaptai
273
546
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
04 Kulshi - Halishahar
13
26
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
05 Comilla South -Chandpur
61
122
Double
06 Comilla North -Comilla South
16
32
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
07 Ashuganj - Jamalpur
166
332
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
08 Madanhat - Sikalbaha
13
26
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
09 Sikalbaha - Dohazari
35
70
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
10 Sikalbaha - Halishahar
13
13
Single
804 sq.mm
11 Kulshi - Baraulia
13
26
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
12 Madanhat - Kulshi
13
13
Single
Grosbeak
636 MCM
13 Madanhat - Kulshi
13
13
Single
Grosbeak
636 MCM
14 Kaptai - Baraulia
58
116
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
15 Dohazari - Cox's Bazar
87
174
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
16 Feni - Chowmuhani
32
64
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
17 Baraulia - Kabir Steel
Single
Grosbeak
636 MCM
18 Mymensingh - Netrokona
34
68
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
19 Goalpara - Ishurdi
169
338
Double AAAC
804 MCM
20 Ishurdi - Bogra
103
206
Double AAAC
804 MCM
21 Bogra - Saidpur
140
280
Double AAAC
804 MCM
22 Saidpur - Thakurgaon
64
128
Double AAAC
804 MCM
23 Goalpara - Bagerhat
45
45
Single
AAAC
804 MCM
24 Barisal - Bhandaria - Bagerhat
80
80
Single
HAWK
477 MCM
25 Bagerhat - Mangla
31
31
Single
HAWK
477 MCM
26 Barisal - Patuakhali
37
37
Single
Grosbeak
636 MCM
27 Bheramara - Faridpur - Barisal
225
450
Double HAWK
477 MCM
28 Rajshahi - Natore
40
40
Single
HAWK
477 MCM
29 Ishurdi - Baghabari - Shahjadpur
57
57
Single
HAWK
477 MCM
Linnet +
(336.4 + 636)
Grosbeak
MCM
AAAC
80
30 Ishurdi - Pabna - Shahjadpur
56
56
Single
Grosbeak
636 MCM
31 Bogra - Sirajganj - Shahjadpur
100
200
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
32 Rajshahi - Nawabganj
47
94
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
33 Rangpur - Lalmonirhat
38
38
Single
Grosbeak
636 MCM
34 Bogra - Noagaon
52
104
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
35 Kabirpur - Tangail
51
102
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
36 Tongi - Mirpur - Kall.pur - Hasbad 49
98
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
37 Hasnabad - Shyampur - Haripur
40
80
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
38 Siddhirganj - Ullon
16
32
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
39 Siddhirganj - Maniknagar
10
10
Single
Grosbeak
636 MCM
40 Tongi - Kabirpur - Manikganj
56
112
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
41 Ullon - Rampura -Tongi
23
46
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
42 Ghorasal - Joydebpur
26
52
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
43 Baghabari - Shahjadpur
14
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
44 Chandpur - Chowmuhani
75
150
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
45 Barapukuria-Rangpur
45
90
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
46 Barapukuria-Saidpur
36
72
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
47 Madaripur-Gopalganj
45
45
Single
804 MCM
48 Khulna(C)-Khulna(S)
18
Double Twin AAAC 37/4.176 mm.
49 Khulna(S)-Satkhira
56
56
Single
AAAC
804 MCM
50 Rajshahi - Natore
40
40
Single
Grosbeak
636 MCM
51 Rampura-Gulshan U/G Cable
3.3
6.6
Double XLPE
800 sq.mm
52 Sikalbaha-Bakulia
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
53 Julda-Shahmirpur
14
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
54 Kulshi-Bakulia
15
30
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
55 Joydebpur-Kabirpur
15
30
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
56 Sikalbaha-Shahmirpur
18
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
57 Kulshi-Halishahar (Open at Kulshi) 13
13
Single
636 MCM
58 Bogra Old-Bogra New
Double Twin AAAC 37/4.176 mm.
59 Ashuganj-Shahjibazar Single Ckt. 53
53
Single
Grosbeak
636 MCM
60 Khulna (S) - Gallamari
4.2
8.4
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
61 Noagaon-Niamotpur
46
46
Single
804 MCM
62 Aminbazar-Savar
15.8
31.6
Double Grosbeak
AAAC
Grosbeak
AAAC
636 MCM
81
63 Jhenaidah-Magura
26
26
Single
Grosbeak
636 MCM
64 Jhenaidah-Chuadanga
39
39
Single
Grosbeak
636 MCM
65 Naogaon-Joypurhat
46
46
Single
Grosbeak
636 MCM
66 Thakurgoan-Panchagor
45
45
Single
AAAC
636 MCM
67 Megnaghat S/S to Megnaghat Rental PP
10
Double Grosbeak
636 MCM
68
2.4
2.4
sinlge
Grosbeak
636 MCM
11.1
44.4
Four
Grosbeak
636 MCM
10.26
41.04
Four
AAAC
636 MCM
19.5
78
Four
AAAC
636 MCM
72 Goalpara-Khulna (c ) 132 kV U/G Cable
2.4
2.4
single
73 Noapara PP to Noapara Ss
1.6
1.6
single
74 Daudkandi PP to Daudkandi ss
1.2
1.2
single
75 Gopalganj PP to Gopalganj ss
1.2
1.2
single
76 Shiddhirganj PP to Siddhirganj ss 2.5
2.5
single
single
78 Bera pp to bagagari -ishridi line
4.5
4.5
single
79 Amnura pp to Rajshahi-chapai
12.5
12.5
single
7.5
30
single
3424.96
6071.34
69
70
71
77
80
Shiddhirganj to Siddhirganj Dutch Bangla PP
In-out at Ashuganj-Shahjibazar 132

kV line to B.Baria
In-out at Haripur-Daudkandi 132
kV line to Meghnaghat
In-out at Megnaghat-Comilla(N)
132 kV line to Daudkandi
Faridpur pp to faridpur -bheramara

132 kV line.
In-out of Hasnabad-kallayanpur
line to keraniganj pp
Total
6.9.1 Recent Completed Project for Transmission

Objective:
To meet the demand of Panchagarh, Joypurhat, Magura and Chuadanga.
Project cost:
Local 24.39 M US$, Foreign 31.94 M US$
Financed by:
ADB
Contractor Name:
100% upto Feb 2011
Financial:
Status
Physical:
Contract sign on
Completion date
2010-2011
82
6.9.2 Hasnabad & Tongi 230 kV and Kalyanpur 132 kV S/s Construction
(Hasnabad-Aminbazar-Tongi & Haripur-Me
Objective:
Project cost:
Local 10909.351 lac taka, Foreign 4855.60 lac taka
Financed by:
ADB
Contractor Name:
Siemens Ltd. India
Physical:
100%
Financial:
100%
Contract sign on
08/24/2003
Completion date
05/23/2005
Status
6.9.3 Joydevpur-Kabirpur-Tangail 78 km 132 kV T/L & 3 S/s Extn. Project

(Joydebpur-Kabirpur-Tangail 132 kV
Objective:
Project cost:
Local 2399.2312 lac taka, Foreign 896.13 lac taka
Financed by:
DANIDA Mixed
Credit
Contractor Name:
JV of MT Hoggard &
Lindpro, Denmark
Physical:
100%
Financial:
100%
Contract sign on
01/11/2005
Completion date
01/10/2007
Status
6.9.4 Name of Project: Ishurdi-Baghabari 54 km 230 kV T/L Construction

(Ishurdi Baghabari-Serajgonj-Bogra 230 kV T/L Project)
Objective:
Project cost:
Supplier's Credit
Contractor Name:
M/s. TATA Power

Company Lt. India
Physical:
100%
Financial:
100%
Contract sign on
06/30/2003
Completion date
03/29/2005
Financed by:
Status
83
6.9.5 On Going Project for Transmission

400/230/132 Network Developmemt project (Trance-2)
Objective:
To evacuate power from upcoming power plants at Ghorasal.

Upgradation of 230kV Transmission Network at North-Eastern
region of Dhaka.
To meet the growing demand of greater Dhaka,Sylhet,and Chittagong
area.
Upgradation of existing 3 nos.of 132 kV substations at comilla(S),
Modunaghat(Chittagong) and Manikganj.
Project cost:
Local 117.57 MUS$, Foreign 311.56 MUS$
Financed by:
ADB Tranche-2 Loan

Package
Contractor Name:
2% up to February'2014
Financial:1.25% up to
February'2014
Status
Physical:
Project Completion
Year:
Contract sign on
July'13-June'2017
6.9.6 Goalpara-Bagerhat 132 kV Double Circuit Transmission Line

Objective:
To evaquite power from Goalpara Power Plant
Project cost:
Financed by:
PGCB Own Fund
Contractor Name:
14.33 % up to
February'2014
Financial:1050.60(Lac
Taka)
Status
Physical:
Contract sign on
Project Completion
June' 2015
6.9.7 Meghnaghat-Aminbazar 400 kV Transmission Line (NG1)

Objective:
To evacuate Power from Meghnaghat P/S and to supply reliable power

to western part of Dhaka.
Project cost:
Financed by:
ADB
Contractor Name:
98.78 % up to
Status
Physical:
84
February'2014
Taka)
Project Completion
Year
Contract sign on
June'2014 (Revised)
6.9.8 Construction & Extension of Grid Substations including transmission

line facilities (Phase-1)
To meet the growing demand of respective areas.
Objective:
Project cost:
Financed by:
ADB & JICA
Contractor Name:
99.99 % up to
February'2014
Taka)
Status
Physical:
Project Completion
Year
Contract sign on
June'2014(Revised)
6.9.9 Aminbazar-Old Airport 230 kV Transmission Line and Associated

Substations
Objective:
To supply reliable power and to meet the growing demand of western

part of Dhaka city.
Project cost:
Financed by:
ADB
Contractor Name:
97.65 % up to
February'2014
Taka)
Status
Physical:
Project Completion
Year
Contract sign on
June'2014 (Revised)
6.9.10 Transmission Efficiency Improvement through Reactive Power

Compensation at Grid Substations and Reinforcement of Goalpara Substation
Objective:
To maintain reasonable voltage & to reduce Transmission loss.
Project cost:
Financed by:
kfW, Germany
Contractor Name:
92% up to February'2014
Taka)
Status
Physical:
Contract sign on
Project Completion
Year
June'2014 (Revised)
85
6.9.11 Siddhirganj-Maniknagar 230 kV Transmission Line

Objective:
To evacuate the power generated at Siddhirganj & to meet the growing

demand of Maniknagar and adjoint area.
Project cost:
Financed by:
World Bank
Contractor Name:
98.04% up to
February'2014
Taka)
Status
Physical:
Project Completion
Year
Contract sign on
June'2014 (Revised)
6.9.12 132 kV Grid Network Development Project in Eastern Region.

Objective:
To minimize the accumulation of huge power at Ashuganj 132 kV bus bar.

To minimize the overloading of existing "Ashuganj-Ghorasal 132 kV
transmission line". To meet the growing demand of Rangamati and
Khagrachari. To strengthen the power evacuation arrangement & increase
power supply stability, reliability & transmission capability in Ashuganj &
Ghorasal area. To evacuate the Power from the upcoming Power Plant in
Mymensingh area.
Project cost:
Local 36 MUS$, Foreign 85.00 MUS$
Financed by:
ADB
Contractor Name:
8.50% up to
February'2014
Financial:
Status
Physical:
Contract sign on
Project Completion Year June'2016
6.9.13 National Power Transmission Network Development Project

Objective:
i) To evacuate power from upcoming Anowara 1320 MW coal plant

ii) To create flexibility of power evacuation from Raozan power station
iii) To provide reliable power to Chittagong city through Rampur &
Sikalbaha
iv) To build the power evacuation facilities for future generation plants at
Sikalbaha
v) To meet the growing demand of respective area of proposed new 132/33
kV substations at Chouddogram, Ramganj, Bhaluka(Mym), Baroirhat (Ctg),
Benapole, Shariatpur, Barisal-(N), Mahasthangarh (Bogra), Jaldhaka
(Rangpur) & Rajshahi-2.
vi) To relieve the existing substations adjacent to the new eleven substations.
86
Project cost:
Financed by:
JICA
Contractor Name:
11.59% up to December
2013
Financial:
Status
Physical:
Project Completion
Year:
Contract sign on
Jan'13-June'2017
6.9.14 Barisal-Bhola-Burhanuddin 230 kV Transmission Line Project

Objective:
To evacuate Power from upcoming Bhola P/S
Project cost:
Financed by:
PGCB Own Fund

(HSBC)
Contractor Name:
56.80% up to
February'2014
Taka)
Status
Physical:
Contract sign on
Completion date
June' 2014
6.9.15 Grid Interconnction between Bangladesh(Bheramara) and

India(Baharampur)
Objective:
(i) To Facilitate exchange of electricity between Bangladesh& India.

(ii) To establish a Grid interconnection with india.
(iii) To minimize the power crisis in Bangladesh to some extent.
Project cost:
Financed by:
ADB
Contractor Name:
99.30 % up to
February'2014
Taka)
Status
Physical:
Contract sign on
Project Completion Year June'2014
6.9.16 Two new 132/33 kV substations at Kulaura & Sherpur with interconnecting
lines.
Objective:
To meet the growing demand of the respective areas
Project cost:
Financed by:
PGCB Own Fund
Contractor Name:
83.70 % up to
February'2014
Taka)
Status
Physical:
87
Project Completion
Year:
Contract sign on
Feb 2014
6.9.17 Bibiyana-Kaliakoir 400 KV and Fenchuganj-Bibiyana 230KV Transmission Line

(NG2)
Objective:
To build the power evaluation facilities for upcoming 2X450 MW CCPP

at Bibiyana & to evacuate the surplus power of Sylhet area and also to
supply adequate power to the northern part of Dhaka city
Project cost:
Local 100.01 MUS$, foreign 146.73 MUS$
Financed by:
EDCF Korea & GOB
Contractor Name:
60.25% up to
February'2014
Taka)
Status
Physical:
Contract sign on
Completion date
Dec'2014 (Revised)
6.9.18 Haripur 360 MW Combined Cycle Power Plant and Associated Substation (PGCB
Part)
Objective:
To evacuate generated power from 360 MW CCPP
Project cost:
Financed by:
JICA
Contractor Name:
99.76% up to
February'2014
Taka)
Status
Physical:
Contract sign on
Project Completion
Year
June'2014 Revised
6.10 TRANSMISSION LINE LOSSES

Whole produced effective power is not useable for any system. The loss which is occurred to
transmit the power from the generation end to grid sub-station end and the use of power for the
system own is called transmission loss.
6.10.1 TYPES OF LOSSES
There are several types of losses are introduce on overhead transmission line. In this section
transmission lines losses actually occur in all lines. Line losses may be any of three types: (a) Copper Losses.
(b) Dielectric Losses.
(c) Radiation or Induction Losses.
88
(a) Copper Losses: One type of copper loss is I2R loss. In transmission lines the resistance of the
conductors is never equal to zero. Whenever current flows through one of these conductors, some
energy is dissipated in the form of heat. This heat loss is a power loss. With copper braid, which
has a resistance higher than solid tubing, this power loss is higher. Another type of copper loss is
due to skin effect. Since resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area, the
resistance will increase as the frequency is increased. Also, since power loss increases as
resistance increases, power losses increase with an increase in frequency because of skin effect.
These losses can be minimized and conductivity increased in an transmission line by plating the
line with silver. Since silver is a better conductor than copper, most of the current will flow
through the silver layer. The tubing then serves primarily as a mechanical support.
(b) Dielectric Losses: These Losses result from the heating effect on the dielectric material
between the conductors. Power from the source is used in heating the dielectric. The heat
produced is dissipated into the surrounding medium. When there is no potential difference
between two conductors, the atoms in the dielectric material between them are normal and the
orbits of the electrons are circular. When there is a potential difference between two conductors,
the orbits of the electrons change. The excessive negative charge on one conductor repels
electrons on the dielectric toward the positive conductor and thus distorts the orbits of the
electrons. A change in the path of electrons requires more energy, introducing a power loss. The
atomic structure of rubber is more difficult to distort than the structure of some other dielectric
materials. The atoms of materials, such as polyethylene, distort easily. Therefore, polyethylene is
often used as a dielectric because less power is consumed when its electron orbits are distorted.
(c) Radiation and Induction Losses: These losses are similar in that both are caused by the
fields surrounding the conductors. Induction losses occur when the electromagnetic field about a
conductor cuts through any nearby metallic object and a current is induced in that object. As a
result, power is dissipated in the object and is lost. Radiation losses occur because some magnetic
lines of force about a conductor do not return to the conductor when the cycle alternates. These
lines of force are projected into space as radiation and these results in power losses. That is, power
is supplied by the source, but is not available to the load.
6.10.2 SKIN EFFECT
The tendency of alternating current to concentrate near surface of a conductor is known as skin
effect.
89
The skin effect depends upon the following factors:

(1) Nature of material.
(2) Diameter of wire increases with the diameter of wire.
(3) Frequency increases with the increase in frequency.
(4) Shape of wire-less for stranded conductor than the solid conductor.
It may be note that skin effect is negligible when the supply frequency is low &
conductor diameter is small.
6.11 MINIMIZATION OF TRANSMISSION LOSS
1)
By increase the transmission voltage.
2)
By change the old x-former & switchgear.
3)
By set up generating station nearby the load center.
4)
By fulfill the local demand by small plants.
90
CHAPTER-7
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
7.1 Definition of sub-station
The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristic (e.g. voltage, ac to dc,
frequency, p.f. etc) is called the sub-station.
7.2 Importance of Substation
Substation is an important part of power system. The continuity of supply depends to a
considerable extent upon the successful operation of sub-station. It is therefore essential to
exercise utmost care while designing and building substation. The following parts are
important point which must be kept in view while laying out a substation.
1. It should be located at a proper site as far as possible it should be at the center of load.
2. It should be easily operated and maintenance.
3. It should involve minimum capital cost.
7.3 Equipments of substation
(1) Transformer
(2) CT,PT
(3) Bus bar
(4) Isolator
(5) Protective fuse
(6) Main switch
(7) Incoming feeder
(8) Outgoing feeder
(9) Energy meter
(10) P.F meter
(11) Maintenance tools
(12) Bus bar chamber
7.4 Classification of substation
According to constructional feature the substation are classified as:
1. Indoor substation.
2. Out door substation.
3. Underground substation.
4. Pole mounted substation.
91
1. Indoor substation
For voltage up to 11kv the equipment of the substation is installed indoor because of
economic consideration .However when the atmosphere is contain with impurities these
substation can be erected for voltage unto 66kv .
Advantage:
a. Less space is required.
b. Operation is easier than outdoor substation.
Disadvantage:
a. Future extension is difficult.
b. Capital cost is high.
c. More possibility of escalation.
2. Outdoor substation
For voltage beyond 66kv ,equipment is invariably installed out door .It is because for such
voltage the clearance between conductor and the space required for switch , circuit breaker and
equipment becomes so great it is not economical to install the equipment indoor
Advantages:
a. Easy to future extension.
b. Low capital cost.
c. Easy to fault location.
Disadvantage:
a. More space is required.
b. Operation is difficult.
3. Polemounted substation
This is an outdoor subs station with equipment installs over head on H-pole or 4-pole structure. It
is cheapest from of substation for over voltage not exceeding 11KV (or 33 KV in the some case.
Electric power is almost distributed in localities through such substation. For complete discussion
on pole mounted substation.
7.5 Definition of different equipments used in the distribution sub-station
92
7.5.1. Transformer
A transformer is a static device that transfer the electrical energy from one circuit to another
circuit at a constant frequency on the basis of mutual induction between two circuits linked by a
common magnetic flux
Figure 7.1: Transformer.

7.5.2. Power Transformer
A power Transformer is used in a substation to step-up or step-down the voltage. Except at the
Power Station, all the subsequent substations use step-down transformers to gradually reduce the
voltage of electric supply and finally deliver it at utilization voltage. The modern practice is to use
3-phase transformer in substation, although 3-phase bank of transformer can also be used.
Fig: 7.2 Three Phase Power Transformer

7.5.3. Instrument Transformer
The lines in substations operate at high voltages and carry current of thousands of amperes. The
measuring instruments and protective devices are designed for low voltage (generally 110) and
93
currents (about 5A). Therefore, they will not work satisfactorily if mounted directly on the power
lines. The function of these instrument transformers is to transfer voltages or currents in the power
lines to values which are convenient for the operation of measuring instruments and relays.
There are two types of instrument transformer as followes:
A)
B)
Current transformer (C.T).

Potential transformer (P.T)
A) Current transformer (C.T)

A current transformer is essentially a step-up transformer which steps down the current to a
known ratio. The primary of this transformer consist of one or more turns of thick wire connected
in series with the line. The secondary line consist of a large number of turns of fine wire and
provides for the measuring instruments and relays a current which is a constant fraction of the
current in the line. Suppose a current transformer rated at 100/5A is connected in the line to
measure current. if the in the line is 100A, then current in the secondary will be 5A. Similarly, if
current in the line is 50A, then secondary of C.T. will have a current of 2.5A. Thus the C.T. under
consideration will step down the line current by a factor of 20.
B) Voltage / Potential transformer (P.T)
It is essentially a step down the voltage to a known ratio. The primary of this transformer consist
of a large number of turns of fine wire connected across the line. The secondary winding consist
of a few turns and provides for measuring instrument and relay a voltage which is a known
fraction of the line voltage. Suppose a potential transformer rated at 66KV/110V is connected to a
power line. If line voltage is 66KV, then voltage across the secondary will be 110V.
7.5.4. Isolator:
Isolator is a disconnecting switch, which operate under no load condition. It has no any specified
current breaking capacity or current making capacity. Isolator is not even used for breaking load
current.
Fig:7.3 Isolator.
94
8.5.5 Lighting arrester
Fig:- 7.4 Lightning arrestor

In order to protect the over voltage are surge voltage a protecting device is used which is called a
lighting arrester. It is a most important protecting device of power system. Lighting arrester
consists by a spark gape in series with non-linear resistor. Its upper terminal connects the power
circuit and lower terminal are grounded.
Its action is occurs by this three step.
1. Where the power system is normal is operation then the lighting arrester obtains off states.
2. When the surge voltage apply on the apply on the power system then the spark gap get contact
by this high voltage and current.
3. Its non-linear resistance prevents the effect of short circuit after high resistance this resistance
makes the spark gap.
8.5.6. Insulator
The insulator serves two purposes. They support the conductor and confined the current in the
conductors. The most commonly used material for the manufacture of insulator porcelain. There
are several kinds of insulator (e.g. pin type, suspension type, post insulator etc.) and their use in
the sub-station will depend upon the service requirement. For example, post Insulator is used for
bus bars. a post insulator consists of a porcelain body, cast iron cap.
95
Types of line insulator

a. Pin type insulators.
b. Suspension type insulators.
c. Strain insulators.
a) Pin type insulators:
Pin type insulators are used for transmission and distribution of electric power voltage up to
33KV.
.
Fig: 7.5 Pin type insulator.
b) Suspension type insulators
For high voltage i.e. beyond 33KV transmission line, Suspension type insulators used. This type
insulator consists of a number of porcelain discs connected in series by the metal links in the form
of strength. The conductor is suspended at the bottom end of this string while the other end of the
string is secured to the cross-arm of the tower. Each unit or discs is designed for 11KV. The
number of discs in series would obviously depend upon the working voltage.
Fig: 7.6 Suspension type insulator.
96
c) Strain insulators
When there is a dead end of the line or there is corner or sharp curve, the line is subjected to
greater tension. In order to relieve the line of excessive tension, strain insulators are used. For low
voltage lines shackle insulators are used as strain insulators. For high voltage transmission lines,
strain insulator consists of an assemble of suspension insulators.
The discs of strain insulators are used in vertical plane.
Fig:7.7 Strain insulator

7.5.7. Bus-Bar
When a number of generator or feeders operating at the same voltage have to be directly
connected electrically, bus-bar are used as the common electrical component.
Bus-bars are copper rods or thin walled tubes and operated at constant voltage. Thus electrical bus
bar is the collector of electrical energy from one location.
The selection of any bus bar system depends upon the following:
1.
Amount of flexibility required in operation.
2.
Immunity from total shut-down.
3.
Initial cost of the installation.
4.
Load handled by the bus bar.
Classification of bus bar:

1.
Single bus bar system.
2.
Sectionalized bus bar.
3.
Duplicate bus bar.
4.
Ring bus bar.
97
1. Single Bus bar:
C
CB
CB
Isolator
Isolator
Single bus
CB
CB
Transformer
Transformer
Fig: 7.8 Single Bus bar.

Advantages:
1. It is cheapest arrangement as only one circuit breaker for each outgoing circuit breaker is
required.
2. Due to the absence of the transfer breaker and disconnections, the operation has become
simple. For de-energizing a circuit only the associated circuit breaker is to be opened.
3. The maintenance cost, which is only dependent upon the number of breakers, will be
appreciably low for a single bus bar system.
Disadvantages:
1. The biggest disadvantages of this system is complete shut-down of the line in case of a bus bar
fault.
2. It is not possible to have any regular maintenance work on the energized bus bar.
3. For maintaining or repairing a circuit breaker, the circuit is required to be disconnected from
the bus bar.
98
2. Single Bus bar system with Sectionalisation:
CB
CB
CB
CB
Isolators
CB
CB
CB
CB
CB
Fig: 7.9 Single Bus bar system with Sectionalisation.

Advantages:
1. In this system, only one additional breaker will be needed, thus its cost in comparison to
single bus bar system will not be much.
2. The operation of this system is as simple as that of single bus bar.
3. The maintenance cost of this system is comparable with the single bus bar.
Disadvantages:
1. On the bus bar fault, one half of the station will be switched off.
2. For regular maintenance also, one of the bus bar is required to be de-energized.
8.5.8 Circuit-Breaker
A circuit breaker is a piece of equipment, which can1. Make or break a circuit either manually or by remote control under normal condition.
2. To Brake a circuit automatically under fault condition.
3. Make a circuit either manually or remote control under fault conditions.
99
8.5.9 Basic principles of operation of circuit breaker
Trip coil
C.T.
moving
Open
Close
Handle automatic
mechanism for
Fixed contact
opening and closing
the C.B.
Fig: 7.10 Basic operation of circuit breaker
The figure represents an elementary schematic diagram of CB. It consists of fixed contact and a
sliding contact in to which mores a moving contact. The end of the moving contact is attached to a
handle which can be manually or it can be operate automatically with the help of a mechanism
which has trip coil energized by the secondary of the current Transformer generally called current
transformer. The power supply is brought to the terminals the emf induced of the C.B. Under
normal working condition the emf induced in the secondary winding of CT is not sufficient to
energize the trip coil fully for the operation. But under fault condition the abnormally high value
of current on the primary circuit of CT induced a sufficient emf in the secondary circuit to
energized the trip coil so as to recluse the handle mechanism which open the CB.
8.6 Different types of circuit breaker used in bhurulia sub-station:

1. Oil Circuit breaker
2. Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB)
3. Sulphur hexafluoride Circuit Breaker (SF6)
8.6.1. Plain Breaker Oil circuit Breakers (POCB)
A plain breaker circuit breaker involves the simple process of separating the contacts under the
whole of the oil in the tank. There is no special system for are control other than the increase in
length caused by the separation of contacts. The arc extinction occurs when a certain critical gap
between the contacts is reached.
100
Operation:
Under normal operating conditions, the fixed and moving contacts remain closed and the breaker
carries the normal circuit current. When a fault occurs, the moving contacts are pulled down by
the protective system and an arc is struck which vaporizes the oil mainly into hydrogen gas.
Fig:- Oil Circuit Breaker

The arc extinction is facilitated by the following processes:
1. The hydrogen gas bubble generated around the arc cools the arc column and aids the
de
ionization of the medium between the contacts.

2. The gas sets up turbulence in the oil and helps in eliminating the arcing products from the
arc path.
3. As the arc lengthens due to the separating contacts, the dielectric strength of the medium is
increased.
Disadvantage:
1. There is no special control over the arc other than the increase in length by separating the
moving contacts. Therefore, for successful interruption, long arc length is necessary.
2. These breakers have long and inconsistent arcing times.
3. These breakers do not permit high speed interruption.
8.6.2. Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB)
Operation:
When the breaker operates, the moving contact separates from the fixed contact and an arc is
struck between the contacts. The production of the arc due to the ionization of metal ions and
depends very much upon the materials of the contacts. The arc is quickly extinguished because
the metallic vapors, electrons and ions produced during arc are diffused in a short time and seized
by the surfaces of moving and fixed members and shields. Since vacuum has very fast rate of
recovery of dielectric strength, the arc extinction in vacuum breaker occurs
101
Fig: 7.11 Vacuum circuit break

Advantages:
1.
They are compact, reliable and have longer life.
2.
There are no fire hazards.
3.
There is no generation of gas during and after operation.
4.
They require little maintenance and arc quiet in operation.
5.
They can successfully withstand lightning surges.
6.
They have low arc energy.
Vacuum CB are used in medium voltage. Voltage is 11KV to 36KV

The range of vacuum switching device includes vacuum interrupted 3.6/7.2/12/36KV for indoor
metal clad. Vacuum conductors rated 1.2/3.6/7.2KV for outdoor porcelain housed.
8.6.3. Sulphur Hexa Fluoride Circuit Breaker (SF6)
Working Principle:
In which sulphur hexa Fluoride (SF6) gas is used for arc extinction. In the closed position of the
breaker, the contacts remain surrounded by SF6 gas at a pressure of about 2.8 Kg/cm2. When the
breaker operates, he moving contact is pulled apart and an arc is struck between the contacts. The
movement of the moving contact is synchronized with the opening of a valve which permits SF6
gas at 14Kg/cm2 pressure from the reservoir to the arc interruption chamber. The high pressure
flow of SF6 rapidly absorbs the free electrons in the arc path to form immobile negative ions
102
which are ineffective as charge carriers. The result is that the medium between the contacts
quickly builds up high dielectric strength and cause the
Fig: 7.12 Sulphur Hexa Fluoride Circuit Breaker
Fig:- 7.13 SF6 circuit Breaker

1.
The possibility to obtain the highest performances, up to 63 KA, with a reduced number of
interrupting chambers.
2.
Short break time of 2 to 2.5 cycle
3.
Reliability and availability.
4.
Low noise level.
5.
Sulphur Hexa Fluoride CB is used in high voltage up to 245 KV.
103
7.7 List of equipment of Bhurulia substation

Name
Rating
1250A
1250A
1250A,
630A,
800A,400A
630A,36KV,C.T(200:5)
630A
36KV
10MVA,33/11KV
668A
600:5,300:5,1000:5A
33/.10KV
33/.4KV,200KVA
1.Isolator (33KV)
2. Isolator(11KV)
3.SF6 CB (33KV)
4.Oil circuit breaker(33KV)
5. Vacuum circuit Breaker
6.ACR (33KV)
7. ACR (11KV)
8. Lightning Arrestor
9. Power transformer
10.Voltage regulator
11.Curent transformer (CT)
12.potential transformer(PT)
13. Station Transformer
14. 33KV sectional bus bar
15.11KV Bus bar
16.Incoming feeder( 33kv)
17.Out going feeder(11kv)
18.Insolator
19.Control Panel
7.8 Rating of different equipment used in bhurulia sub-station

Rating of Oil circuit breaker
Type
Current
Voltage
Time
Oil circuit
Normal
Capacity Voltage=36
Braking time=5 c
breaker
Current=630 A
KV
Opening
Frequency= 50
Breaking
Restriking voltage=
time=0.045 sec
Hz
Current=25 KA
0.57kv/s
Closing time=0.15
Wieght= 400 kg
Making
Impulse withstand
sec
Current=62.5 KA
voltage=170kv
104
7.9 Rating of SF6 circuit breaker

Type
Current
Voltage
SF6 circuit breaker
Normal Current=1200 A
Capacity Voltage=36 KV
Frequency= 50 Hz
Breaking Current=26.4
Restriping voltage= 0.57kv/s
Weight= 400 kg
KA
Impulse withstand
Making Current=66 KA
voltage=170kv
7.10 Rating of Vacuum circuit breaker

Type
Current
Voltage
Time
Vacuum circuit
Normal
Rated Voltage=12 KV
Short circuit time=
breaker
Current=400 A
Closing voltage= 110
3 sec
Frequency= 50 Hz
Breaking
V(dc)
Weight= 400 kg
Current=20 KA
Impulse withstand
voltage=75 kv
7.11 Rating of Transformer (T1)

3-, 50 Hz, 1000 KVA, Y- Connection
Current
Voltage
Primary current 175 A
Primary voltage 33 KV
Secondary current 526A
Secondary voltage 11KV
Weight
Weight of oil 5300 Kg
Weight of core12102 Kg
P.F 0.9 lagging

3-, 50 Hz, 1000 KVA, -Y Connection
Current
Primary Current=175 A
Voltage
Weight
Primary Voltage=33Kv
Weight of oil= 4370 Kg
Secondary Current=499.9 A =499.9

Secondary
A
Voltage=11 KV
Total weight= 23010 kg
105

3-, 50 Hz, 10 MVA, -Y Connection
Current
Voltage
Weight
Primary current 175 A
Primary voltage 33 KV
Weight of oil 4700 Kg
Secondary current 500 A
Secondary voltage 11KV
Total Weight 24000 Kg
7.14 Voltage Regulator(For each phase)

Current
Load Current=668 A
Voltage
Primary Voltage=66 Kv
Weight
Weight of oil= 882 Kg
Secondary Voltage=11 KV
Range of regulation= 10%
Fig 7.14 Single Line diagram of Bhurulia Sub-Station

106
7.9 Calculation of power factor

(KW)
V
(KVAR)
(KVA)
Fig : 7.16 Power triangle:

1. Real power (KW) -Measured
2. Reactive power (KVAR) -Measured
3. Apparent power (KVA) Calculated
4. P.f. = Active power/Apparent power
Calculation of different feeder (11KV) power factor of Bhurulia substation:
University feeder:
Active power=3500KW, Reactive power=1400KVAR
Apparent power= (35002+14002)1/2=3769.6KVA
Power factor= 3500/3769.6
Cos =0 .93
Simultuli feeder:
Apparent power=(22502+57002)1/2=2321KVA
Power factor= 2250/2321
Cos =0 .97
Gazipur Jail feeder:
Apparent power= (22002+6102)1/2=2283KVA
Power factor= 2200/2283
Cos =0 .96
107
CHAPTER-8
FUTURE PLAN
8.1 POWER GENERATION PLAN UP TO 2017
8.2 INDIA-BANGLADESH TRANSMISSION LINK
Objective:
(i) To Facilitate exchange of electricity between Bangladesh& India.
(ii) To establish a Grid interconnection with india.
(iii) To minimize the power crisis in Bangladesh to some extent.
Scope of Work: (i) Construction of 30 km 400kv double circuit ac transmission line
(ii) 400 kv Back-to-Back HVDC station at Bheramara
Developers: Power Grid Corporation of India Limited, India and Power Development Board,
Bangladesh.
ProjectCost: Local 35.71 M US$, Foreign 107.14 M US$
Financed by: ADB
Physical: 21% upto Nov 2011
Financial: 23318.45 Lac taka
Agreements:
i) In July 2010, BPDB signed a 35-year power transmission agreement with Power Grid
Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL) to import 250 MW of electricity from India.
Under the agreement, Bangladesh can begin the import of electricity from late 2012.
ii) In October 2010, Bangladesh and ADB signed the USD100 million loan deal for
interconnection.
8.3 400KV TRANSMISSION LINE
Frequent power cuts, unscheduled shutdowns and severe restriction on industrial usage during
summer months are a constraint on industrial development and overall economic development. In
this context, power grid is involved in a long term plan for the development of a Bangladeshi
national transmission network to make efficient usage of generating capacity. As part of this
strengthening of the national grid, PGCB is going to construct Bibiyana-Kaliakoir 400 KV and
Fenchuganj-Bibiyana 230KV Transmission Line.
108
Name Of Project: Bibiyana-Kaliakoir 400 KV Transmission Line

Objective
: To build the power evaluation facilities for upcoming 2X450 MW CCPP at

Bibiyana & to evacuate the surplus power of Sylhet area and also to supply
adequate power to the northern part of Dhaka city
Project cost : Local 124.7 M US$, foreign 168 M US$

Financed by : EDCF Korea & GOB
Physical
: 18% up to Nov 2011
Financial
: 15260.82 Lac taka
109
CHAPTER-9
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The electrical energy has a vital rule in the development of civilization. There has been a
universal basic drive towards better living through expended utilization of energy. The
advancement of a country is measured in terms of capital consumption of electrical energy. The
study of generation and transmission system is
of great important. Bangladesh power
development board (BPDB) evolved on May 1,1972 as an integrated utility with responsibility of
power generation, transmission and distribution. BPDB supplies electrical power through
transmission and distribution system to the consumers of Bangladesh.
In this paper we have studied the electrical power a generation and transmission system of
Bangladesh. For the proper thesis work we have been studied the different type of electric power
generation system and transmission line. The major part of the power generation in Bangladesh is
generated by mainly two types of generation plants these are steam power plants and gas turbine
power plants. Most of these power plants are open loop type, so the efficiency of these plants is
low. If these two types of plants are used as a closed loop type the efficiency will increase up to
52.6%. So Bangladesh government should take proper steps (if possible) to combine these plants
as close loop type to increase the generating capacity by using the same resources.
In this thesis we have discussed about mechanical part of transmission system, which was consist
of various types of conductors, line supports, insulators, and also
about electrical part of
transmission system including the existing (230 KV, 132 KV, 66 KV) transmission system in
Bangladesh. Among this transmission system 230 KV lines was more economical because it
reduced power loss and conductor size. Also 400KV transmission lines are in under construction.
We expect our thesis will be very helpful for better understanding about electrical power
generations and transmission system in Bangladesh
110
REFERENCES
[1]
V.K MEHTA,ROHIT MEHTA, PRINCIPLES OF POWER SYSTEM. Fourth edition

(2007) S.Chand and Company Ltd.Ram nagar, New Delhi.
[2]
William D. Stevenson, Jr. ELEMENTS OF POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS, Fourth

Edition (1985) McGraw- Hill, New York.
[3]
I.J.Nagrath, and D.P Kothariy,.(1989) MODERN POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS. Tata

Mcgrew-Hill Publishing Company ltd. New Delhi
[4]
ANNUAL REPORT 2009-2010, BANGLADESH POWER DEVELOPMENT BOARD.
[5]
Web Sites:
i) www.bpdb.gov.bd
ii) www.pgcb.org.bd
111

Study of Electrical Power Generation, Transmission & Distribution in Bangladesh

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Study of Electrical Power Generation, Transmission & Distribution in Bangladesh

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

This Thesis is submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the

Requirement of the Degree of Bachelor of Science in

2. Md. Sharif Hossain

3. Syed Shawkat Aziz

4. Mohammad Ali Hasan

5. Md. Jakir Hossain