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CuSO4.5H2O (s)
Introduction
It is impossible to measure the enthalpy change for this reaction directly because if we add 5
moles of water to 1 mole of copper (II) sulphate, we do not produce hydrated copper (II) sulphate
crystals. These can only be made by crystalisation.
However, you can measure the enthalpy change of solution for the following two solids shown in
the equation below:
CuSO4 (s) + 100H2O (l)
Aspect 2
Aspect 3
Controlling variables
Levels/marks
Formulates a focused
Designs a method for the
Develops a method that allows
problem/research question and effective control of the variables. for the collection of sufficient
identifies the relevant variables.
relevant data.
Formulates a problem/research Designs a method that makes
question that is incomplete or
some attempt to control the
identifies only some relevant
variables.
variables.
safety goggles
distilled water
spatula
teat pipette
CuSO4 (s)
thermometer, 0 50 C
balance
CuSO4.5H2O (s)
Complete/2
Partial/1
Not at all/0
total:
/6
HessLawmagnesiumsulphatePage 2 of 3
Use 0.10 mol of anhydrous copper (II) sulphate and 100 cm3 of water.
Aspect 2
Concluding
Aspect 3
Evaluating procedure(s)
Levels/marks
States a conclusion based on a Identifies some weaknesses and Suggests only superficial
reasonable interpretation of the limitations, but the evaluation is improvements.
data.
weak or missing.
States no conclusion or the
conclusion is based on an
unreasonable interpretation of
the data.
Complete/2
Partial/1
Not at all/0
total:
/6
2nd aspect:
HessLawmagnesiumsulphatePage 3 of 3
Evaluation of result
Describe any limitations in the way you have interpreted your results e.g. have you ignored any
variables which you have not measured or could not have measured?
Evaluation of procedure (=materials/equipment + design/method) consists of:
Identification of systematic errors which are errors due to the quality of the equipment and
materials, poor experimental design and incorrect use of the equipment. These errors cannot be
calculated and are also difficult to evaluate. However, these systematic errors can be reduced by
using better equipment/materials or improved experimental technique.
a. Evaluation of materials/equipment: Measuring tools improperly calibrated? Accurate
enough? Incorrect concentration of reagents? Impure reagents? Amounts of reagents
used large enough?
b. Evaluation of method: Are there any weaknesses in the method which could have caused
an error greater than the % uncertainty? Did you make any errors when carrying out the
experiment e.g. did you not do some thing which you should have done or did you do it
incorrectly? Were some variables not controlled? Were readings duplicated?
c. Evaluation of result: describe any limitations to the way you have interpreted your results
e.g. have you ignored any variables which you could have measured or have not
measured? Have you used all the raw data?
For each identified limitation in (a) or (b), weakness or error indicate the direction of its effect on
the experimental result i.e. would it have caused your experimental result be more or less.
Limitation/weakness
Materials/equipment
Design/method
3rd aspect
For each suggested weakness, limitation or error suggest improvements
Both the 2nd and 3rd aspect can be done using a table as shown below. There is no need to
always fill something in each row.
Limitation weakness
1.
2.
improvement