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Article history:
Received 25 January 2007
Accepted 10 March 2008
Available online 19 March 2008
Keywords:
El Reventador
Ecuador
magmatic episodes
recharge
petrology
thermobarometry
degassing
A B S T R A C T
A petrological study of the eruptive products of El Reventador allowed us to infer the magmatic processes
related to the 2002 and 200405 eruptions of this andesitic stratovolcano. On November 3, 2002, El
Reventador experienced a highly explosive event, which was followed by emplacement of two lava ows in
NovemberDecember 2002. Silica contents range from 62 to 58 wt.% SiO2 for the November 3 pyroclastic
deposits to 5856 and 5453 wt.% SiO2 for the successive lava ows. In November 2004 eruptive activity
resumed supplying four new lava ows (5654 wt.% SiO2) between November 2004 and August 2005.
Volatile contents in matrix glasses and glass inclusions from the November 3 pyroclastic deposits allow us to
estimate the total amount of SO2 and HCl released into the atmosphere during the paroxysmal phase (i.e. 80 kT of
SO2 and 280 kT of HCl). Pre-eruptive pressure-temperature conditions of the magmas range from 300 to 150 MPa
and ~1000 C with high water contents (~5 wt.%). We propose the existence of an andesitic magma body located at
~712 km depth that is frequently intruded by more primitive, hydrous magmas from a deeper source. The initial
crystallization of amphibole from the hydrous primitive magma seems typical of El Reventador, as well as the
historically recurrent and regular periods of eruptive activity lasting several years. This eruptive behaviour coupled
with the fractionation and mixing processes inferred from the 2002 and 200405 petrologic data suggest that deep
magmatic recharge at El Reventador is frequent, and is probably responsible for the high frequency of eruptions.
2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Improved understanding of volcanic eruptions is facilitated by the
increasing number of geophysical and geochemical techniques (e.g.
Scarpa and Tilling, 1996) coupled with phenomenological observation
of volcanic activity. These studies can be complemented by conventional petrological methods focused on the mechanisms of magma
differentiation as well as by measurements and inferences of the volatile contents and degassing modalities of ascending magmas. Applied
to magmas erupted sequentially, such tools help to constrain the preeruptive PT conditions and the geometry of the magma plumbing
system. These petrological studies provide an important tool for the
understanding of the dynamics of andesitic magma processes at depth.
El Reventador is a large stratovolcano located 90 km east of Quito in
the eastern subandean zone of Ecuador (Fig.1a), which provides an ideal
laboratory for petrologic analyses of a sequence of eruptive episodes. El
Reventador experienced a large sector collapse around 19,000 yr BP that
Corresponding author. Instituto Geofsico, Escuela Politcnica Nacional, Ap. 17-012759, Quito, Ecuador. fax: +593 2 256 7847.
E-mail address: psamaniego@igepn.edu.ec (P. Samaniego).
1
Deceased.
0377-0273/$ see front matter 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.03.004
P. Samaniego et al. / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 176 (2008) 8293
83
Fig. 1. (a) Geodynamical setting of the Ecuadorian volcanic arc (modied from Gutscher et al., 1999). Andes Cordillera is dened by the 2000 m contour. Trench is shown as toothed
line and main volcanoes indicated by open triangles. GSC: Galpagos Spreading Centre; GFZ: Grijalva Fracture Zone. El Reventador volcano (represented by a black triangle) is located
in the eastern border of the Ecuadorian arc. (b) Aerial photo of El Reventador caldera taken by Instituto Geogrco Militar (Quito, Ecuador) in 1983, showing historical lava ows, as
well as the extent of the 2002 pyroclastic ow deposits (PFs) and lava ows (LF1 and LF2) of 2002; (c) and (d) lava ows (LF3, LF4, LF5 & LF6) corresponding to 200405 activity.
84
P. Samaniego et al. / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 176 (2008) 8293
for 10 samples from the 200405 lava ows (Samaniego et al., 2006).
The silica content of the entire 2002 and 200405 magmatic series
ranges from 53.5 to 62.1 wt.% normalized to an anhydrous basis
(Table 1). Most pyroclastic products of the paroxysmal phase display
homogeneous compositions (57.859.1 wt.% SiO2), however scarce,
rounded to subangular, light-coloured magmatic enclaves found in
bombs bear more siliceous compositions (61.562.1 wt.% SiO2). The
2002 lava compositions show a wider silica range, decreasing from
58.356.5 for LF1 to 54.653.5 wt.% for LF2. In the 200405 lava ow
sequence the silica content also decreases from 56.455.4 for LF3, and
LF4 to 54.8 for LF5 and 53.8 wt.% for a ballistic block contemporaneous
to LF6 (Fig. 2a). The magmatic suite plots near the limit between
medium- and high-K in the basic andesite to andesite elds of Gill
(1981) (Fig. 2b).
Major oxides (except Na2O and K2O) as well as Ni, Cr, and V are
negatively correlated with silica content, although some scattering is
shown for Al2O3, and P2O5. Large-Ion Lithophile Elements (LILE), High
Field Strength Elements (HFSE), and Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE)
are positively correlated to silica content (Fig. 3). Conversely, Sr, Y, and
Middle and Heavy Rare Earth Elements (MREE and HREE) show a
slight decrease with increasing silica content or no correlation at all.
Apart from Sr, HREE and Y, most elements from the 2002 to 200405
rocks dene a single trend in the variations diagrams (Fig. 3).
Whole-rock major and trace element concentrations were obtained for 38 samples of the 2002 pyroclastic deposits and lavas and
The 2002 rocks are porphyritic (~ 2530 vol.% phenocrysts in pyroclastic blocks and ~ 40 vol.% in lava ows) with a mineral assemblage
southern notch and moved down the cone over the pyroclastic ow
deposits (Fig. 1b). Two weeks later, a second lava (LF2) issued from a
lateral vent located at 2600 m asl on the southeastern ank of the cone
~ 1 km distant from the main crater (Fig. 1b). LF2 bears abundant
gabbroic xenoliths. Hall et al. (2004) estimated the overall volume of
both lava ows at 3.6 107 m3.
2.2. The 200405 eruption
Gas and vapour were continuously released by El Reventador from
early 2003 to mid-2004. In August 2004, new seismic swarms and
increasing thermal anomalies within the crater preceded a second
eruptive episode (Johnson et al., 2006; Ramon et al., 2006, Troncoso
et al., 2006). A third lava (LF3) lled the crater and poured out of the
southern notch in NovemberDecember 2004, locally overriding LF1
(Fig. 1c). LF4 lava lobes descended 4.5 km down the cone during
MarchApril 2005. Two months later, from June to July 2005, LF5
accumulated on top of LF4 (Fig. 1d), lava ow effusion tapered, and the
eruptive activity evolved to strombolianvulcanian styles in August
September 2005. At least one small additional lava (LF6) owed 1 km
down the southern ank of the cone in August 2005.
Table 1
Selected whole rock major and trace elements of the 2002 and 200405 eruptions of El Reventador volcano. Major element (wt.%) and trace element (ppm) analyses were performed
at the Universit de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest (France) by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), see Cotten et al. (1995), except Rb determined by
ame atomic emission spectroscopy. Relative standard deviation is ca.1% for SiO2 and 2% for the other major elements except for low values (b0.5% oxide). For trace elements, relative
standard deviation is ca. 5% except for Er (ca. 20%). Total iron as Fe2O3
Year
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2004
2004
2005
2005
2005
Unit
PFs
PFs
PFs
PFs
LF1
LF1
LF1
LF2
LF2
LF3
LF3
LF4
LF5
LF6
Sample
REV 15BP
REV 15BG
REV 15F
REV 16A
REV 20
REV 19
REV 47
REV 31B
REV 54
REV 42A
REV 50
REV 49
REV 58
REV 62
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
P2O5
LOI
Total
Sc
V
Cr
Co
Ni
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Ba
La
Ce
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Dy
Er
Yb
Th
61.25
0.61
17.2
5.88
0.11
2.35
5.15
4.35
2.43
0.33
0.29
99.95
8.3
110
16
16
15
65.5
820
13
160
9
1390
32
59
26
4.6
1.25
3.4
2.2
1.15
1.14
6.7
58.6
0.74
17.55
6.7
0.11
2.97
6.07
4.47
2.14
0.38
0.06
99.79
10.8
136
24
19
19
54
910
14
154
9.2
1210
32
60
28
5
1.4
3.8
2.5
1.2
1.2
5.65
59.1
0.72
17.6
6.6
0.11
2.89
6.08
4.38
2.16
0.38
0.01
100.01
10.3
132
19.5
19
18.5
54
915
13.8
159
8.9
1250
31.5
60
27.5
5.15
1.37
3.6
2.4
1.15
1.14
5.95
58.6
0.75
17.65
6.92
0.12
2.98
6.15
4.48
2.09
0.37
0.05
100.06
10.7
144
26
21
25
51.8
890
14
155
9
1230
31.5
59
26.5
5.1
1.39
3.9
2.5
1.25
1.19
5.65
58
0.76
17.6
6.93
0.12
3.2
6.35
4.4
2.02
0.37
0.11
99.64
11.6
142
30
20
22
50.5
878
14.7
152
8.5
1160
30.5
58
28
5.2
1.43
4.2
2.75
1.45
1.28
5.5
56.3
0.83
17.7
7.5
0.13
3.73
6.82
4.39
1.83
0.37
0.13
99.47
13.5
158
40
23
28
42.5
902
15.4
143
8.4
1050
30.5
58
28.5
5
1.51
4.1
2.75
1.5
1.36
4.9
57.3
0.76
17.7
7.07
0.12
3.37
6.39
4.38
2.01
0.36
0.09
99.37
12
143
30
20
23
46
870
14.5
147
8.7
1120
30
59
27
5.05
1.43
4
2.75
1.35
1.3
5.45
54.6
0.9
17.72
8.24
0.14
4.63
7.6
4.16
1.6
0.36
0.16
99.79
16.2
179
69
25
40
34
902
16
131
8.3
910
28
55
28
5.4
1.46
4.4
2.95
1.5
1.37
4.45
53.4
0.95
17.42
8.76
0.14
5.26
7.82
4.04
1.53
0.41
0.09
99.64
18
196
99
29
57
31
890
16.3
129
8.3
855
28
52
27
5.2
1.48
4.3
2.95
1.5
1.37
4
56.2
0.85
17.74
7.53
0.13
3.89
7
4.39
1.75
0.4
0.24
99.64
13.5
159
46
24
35
37
958
14
144
8.4
1072
30
56
28
1.9
1.45
4.05
2.65
1.3
1.18
4.6
55.2
0.89
17.92
7.82
0.13
4.13
7.04
4.46
1.74
0.4
0.21
99.52
14
166
52
24
37
35.5
968
14
138
8.3
990
28
56
23
5.4
1.48
3.9
2.65
1.25
1.16
4.3
55.25
0.88
18.1
7.67
0.12
4.04
7.1
4.49
1.73
0.39
0.22
99.55
13.5
165
50
24
35
34.5
985
14
136
8.4
1000
28
55
26.5
5.1
1.51
4.2
2.65
1.3
1.16
4.3
54.9
0.95
17.6
8.2
0.13
4.3
7.4
4.28
1.66
0.39
0.07
99.74
14.5
184
62
27
42
32.5
935
14.3
134
8
960
29
54
28
5
1.48
4.2
2.7
1.4
1.2
4.15
53.8
0.98
17.7
8.68
0.13
4.84
7.7
4.2
1.58
0.39
0.33
99.67
15.5
195
69
30
50
31.5
944
14.5
128
7.8
880
28
52.5
28
5.1
1.51
4.2
2.75
1.4
1.16
3.85
P. Samaniego et al. / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 176 (2008) 8293
Fig. 2. (a) Time versus wt.% SiO2 diagram for historic and recent rocks of El Reventador
volcano. Inset shows the progressive diminution in silica content during 2002 and
200405 eruptions. (b) K2O versus SiO2 classication diagram ( Gill, 1981) for 2002 and
200405 eruptive products as well as for historical lava ows (1912, 1944, 1972, 1973
and 1976). Inc signies basic xenoliths in pyroclastic bombs. See text for abbreviations
signicance.
85
86
P. Samaniego et al. / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 176 (2008) 8293
Fig. 3. Variation diagrams for selected major and trace elements for El Reventador eruptive products.
3000 ppm, and F from 400 to 800 ppm (Table 3). Moreover, several
andesitic inclusions analysed in olivine and plagioclase point to a
much more volatile-rich liquid with 500600 ppm S, 31003200 ppm
Cl and 5501600 ppm F. The sulphur content in glass inclusions is as
expected for andesitic magmas (b1000 ppm), whereas the chlorine
and uorine contents of glass inclusions in the El Reventador magma
are high. Commonly, andesitic magmas contain b2000 ppm Cl and
b500 ppm F (Wallace, 2005; Oppenheimer, 2003). The low S and Cl
P. Samaniego et al. / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 176 (2008) 8293
87
Fig. 4. Chemical composition of minerals of El Reventador eruptive products. Plagioclase composition plotted as An (mol%) versus Or (mol%) for (a) 2002 and (b) 200405.
Clinopyroxene composition plotted as Mg# versus Al2O3 wt.% for (c) 2002 and (d) 200405. Amphibole composition plotted as Mg# versus Al2O3 wt.% for (e) 2002 and (f) 200405.
concentrations of the matrix (compared with glass inclusions) indicate that both elements degassed together with water during the
paroxysmal phase of the eruption. In contrast, F concentrations in
both matrix glasses and inclusions are similar.
4. Discussion
4.1. SO2 and HCl released during the 2002 eruption
The analysed glass inclusions do not show evidence of degassing,
fracturing or secondary mineral crystallization. Nevertheless, minor
differences in the major element concentrations between matrix
glasses and glass inclusions, -especially a minor SiO2 enrichment in
the glass inclusions as compared to the matrix glass-, can be explained
by post-entrapment crystallization, as suggested in some cases by a 1
2 m-thick overgrowth of the host mineral. This also explains why
plagioclase glass inclusions are more Al2O3, CaO and Na2O-poor relative to the groundmass, as well as pyroxene inclusions are MgO, CaO
and FeO-poor relative to the groundmass. We estimated the relevance
of post-entrapment crystallization by adding an amount of the host
mineral to the initial melt with a composition similar to that of the
groundmass (cf. Saito et al., 2005). Our tests yield a maximum of
10 vol.% of plagioclase and 5 vol.% pyroxene overgrowth. This process
Plagioclase
Year
Unit
Sample
Clinopyroxene
2002
PFs
REV16A
2002
PFs
REV16A
2002
2002
2002
PFs
PFs
LF1
REV16A REV16A REV20
2002
LF1
REV20
2002
LF2
REV31B
2002
LF2
REV31B
2004
2004
2005
LF3
LF3
LF6
REV42A REV42A REV62
2005
LF6
REV62
47.89
0.02
31.92
0.55
0.01
16.08
2.5
0.14
99.13
77.43
56.31
0.03
26.31
0.62
0.04
9.53
5.83
0.45
99.13
46.23
55.83
0,00
27.31
0.38
0.03
9.93
5.82
0.31
99.67
47.67
51.94
0.03
30.1
0.44
0.04
0.02
13.43
3.97
0.214
100.19
64.38
51.72
0,00
30.23
0.551
0.02
0.05
13.98
3.66
0.19
100.39
67.16
56.2
0.043
27.05
0.6
0.03
0.041
9.639
5.96
0.44
100.04
46.01
55.25
0.03
27.98
0.26
0.02
0.01
10.52
5.61
0.35
100.11
49.89
58.28
0,00
26.27
0.32
0.02
8.74
6.9
0.44
100.99
40.21
50.96
0.06
30.81
0.4
0.01
14,00
3.72
0.21
100.18
66.73
57.92
0.05
26.84
0.55
0.09
8.96
6.35
0.51
101.27
42.53
48.17
0.04
31.68
0.54
0.08
15.66
2.56
0.11
98.85
76.67
52.83
0.07
28.33
0.63
0.06
11.77
4.69
0.29
98.66
57.16
Clinopyroxene
2004
LF3
REV42A
R
2005
LF4
REV56
C
2005
LF4
REV56
R
2005
LF6
REV62
C
2005
LF6
REV62
R
Year
Unit
Sample
2002
PFs
REV15B2
C
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
Total
Mg#
En%
51.00
0.74
2.67
8.11
14.68
20.9
0.45
0,00
98.56
76.3
42.85
51.75
0.44
2.12
8.26
15.06
21.2
0.41
0.01
99.24
76.49
43.14
52.15
0.54
2.16
7.97
16.02
20.45
0.28
0,00
99.56
78.16
45.52
52.48
0.44
1.61
8.55
16.44
19.42
0.38
0.01
99.32
77.41
46.71
50.89
0.99
3.05
8.86
15.75
19.69
0.42
0.01
99.65
75.96
45.14
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
Total
Mg#
En%
54.81
0.24
0.63
16.64
0.68
26.67
1.35
0.01
0,00
101.04
74.09
71.39
Amphibole
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
Total
Mg#
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
Total
Mg#
En%
41.27
2.89
13.5
9.02
0.11
15.53
12.02
2.93
0.59
98.32
75.42
2004
LF3
REV42A
C
44.68
2.49
10.87
12.2
13.45
11.41
2.41
0.68
98.24
66.27
2005
LF4
REV56
C
2005
LF6
REV62
C
42.88
2.44
13.35
10.56
0.13
12.67
10.87
2.3
0.82
96.04
68.14
42.82
4.09
10.63
10.99
0.19
14.6
11.27
2.53
0.66
97.82
70.32
2002
LF2
REV31B
2002
LF2
REV31B
2002
2002
2004
LF2
LF2
LF3
REV31B REV31B REV42A
49.38
1.14
4.64
8.85
0.3
14.48
20.96
0.45
0,00
100.23
74.49
41.77
52.53
0.45
1.79
8.14
0.34
16.5
20.67
0.36
0,00
100.82
78.29
45.68
51.68
0.46
2.84
6.24
0.25
15.95
21.94
0.34
0,00
100.11
81.95
45.09
51.22
0.55
2.15
9.01
0.33
15.3
20.95
0.4
0,00
99.93
75.16
42.97
51.43
0.76
3.72
6.59
0.1
14.95
22.78
0.37
0,00
101.1
80.16
42.6
51.1
0.88
3.21
8,00
0.19
14.82
21.71
0.39
0.01
100.31
76.79
42.31
51.64
0.52
2.32
8.37
0.26
15.28
20.98
0.45
0,00
99.8
76.5
43.41
R
48.67
1.37
5.11
8.39
0.25
13.75
21.91
0.47
0.01
99.95
74.51
40.02
C
51.39
0.51
3.48
5.98
15.42
21.56
0.29
0,00
98.65
82.13
45,00
Amphibole
2002
PFs
REV15B2
R
2002
LF1
REV19
C
2002
LF1
REV19
R
2004
2004
LF3
LF3
REV42A REV42A
C
R
2005
LF4
REV49
C
2005
LF4
REV49
R
Year
Unit
Sample
2002
PFs
REV15B2
C
2002
PFs
REV15B2
R
2002
PFs
REV16A
C
2002
PFs
REV16A
R
2002
LF1
REV19
C
2002
LF1
REV19
R
2002
LF2
REV31B
C
54.33
0.26
1.02
17.41
0.59
26.57
1.29
0.04
0.04
101.57
73.13
70.64
54.36
0.17
0.74
16.81
0.65
26.45
1.38
0,00
0,00
100.59
73.72
71.03
53.91
0.13
0.4
17.72
0.71
22.91
2.27
0.01
0,00
98.06
69.75
65.69
53.99
0.32
1.56
15.33
26.4
1.38
0.04
0,00
99.06
75.45
73.36
53.88
0.26
1.44
16.17
26.4
1.32
0.03
0.01
99.52
74.43
72.5
53.58
0.28
1.67
16.86
26,00
1.34
0.02
0,00
99.76
73.33
71.4
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
Total
Mg#
42.96
3.85
9.96
12.7
0.18
13.8
11.19
2.56
0.82
98.07
65.96
42.98
3.64
9.96
12.51
0.22
13.87
11.01
2.83
0.83
97.91
66.41
41.22
2.86
13.45
9.63
0.05
14.97
11.99
2.8
0.6
97.68
73.48
41.95
2.58
13.25
10.04
0.1
14.78
11.85
2.78
0.53
98.15
72.4
41.94
2.39
13.01
10.43
0.17
15.24
11.43
2.68
0.72
98.15
72.26
41.44
2.03
12.74
12.64
0.24
13.39
11.33
2.46
0.63
96.94
65.37
41.9
2.75
13.36
8.98
0.08
15.52
11.91
2.84
0.46
97.94
75.5
54.21
0.22
0.86
14.75
26.47
1.51
0.06
0.03
98.12
76.17
73.88
Olivine
2002
LF2
REV31B
R
2002
PFs
REV16F
Orthopyroxene
Year
Unit
Sample
Year
Unit
Sample
Year
2002
2002
2002
Unit
PFs
PFs
PFs
Sample REV15E REV15E REV16F
Magnetite
year
2002
Unit
PFs
Sample REV16A
C
2002
PFs
REV16A
C
2002
LF1
REV20
C
2002
LF1
REV20
R
2002
LF2
REV31B
C
2004
2005
LF3
LF4
REV42A REV49
C
C
2005
LF4
REV49
R
2005
LF6
REV62
C
2005
LF6
REV62
R
Year
Unit
Sample
2002
PFs
REV15B2
C
2002
2002
PFs
LF1
REV15B2 REV19
C
C
2004
LF3
REV50
C
2005
LF4
REV49
C
2005
LF6
REV62
C
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
Total
Fo
39.12
0,00
0.02
17.72
0.19
43.35
0.14
0,00
0.03
100.76
81.3
41.06
0,00
0,00
12.89
0.22
47.45
0.17
0,00
0.01
102.12
86.8
37.56
0,00
0.01
27.79
0.67
34.5
0.12
0.02
0.01
100.72
68.9
38.31
0,00
0.01
25.61
0.52
37.18
0.21
0.02
0,00
101.91
72.1
39.04
0.03
0,00
18.29
41.08
0.1
0.01
0.01
98.63
80
38.54
0.01
0,00
22.35
38.08
0.12
0.01
0.01
99.11
75.2
39.25
0.01
0.04
18.19
42.42
0.12
0,00
0.02
100.05
80.6
37.48
0.02
0,00
26.45
35.11
0.13
0.03
0,00
99.21
70.3
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
Total
0.08
8.4
3.22
79.51
0.4
3.06
0.05
0,00
0.02
94.84
0.05
13.63
2.63
76.52
0.52
2.71
0,00
0.05
0,00
96.27
0.09
9.74
3.37
77.32
3.39
0.03
0.01
0.01
93.94
0.07
11.05
3.25
77.29
3.17
0,00
0.01
0,00
94.85
0.09
14.17
2.45
73.74
2.95
0.12
0.02
0.01
93.55
37.83
0,00
0.01
26.58
0.65
35.94
0.1
0.04
0,00
101.2
70.7
39.28
0,00
0.03
18.29
42.38
0.11
0,00
0,00
100.09
80.5
0.13
12.24
3.92
76.3
0.43
2.88
0.03
0.02
0,00
96.18
P. Samaniego et al. / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 176 (2008) 8293
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
Total
An%
88
Table 2
Selected analyses of phenocryst (in wt.%) for El Reventador lavas. Mineral composition were analyzed at Universit Blaise Pascal (ClermontFerrand, France) using a CAMECA SX100 microprobe. The operating conditions were 15 kV
accelerating voltage, 15 nA beam current and 10 s counting time
P. Samaniego et al. / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 176 (2008) 8293
89
Table 3
Major element (wt.%) and volatile contents (ppm) with standard deviation of Matrix Glasses (MG) and Glass Inclusions (GI) from the 2002 El Reventador eruption. Analyses have been
carried out using a CAMECA SX 100 microprobe (Universit Blaise Pascal, ClermontFerrand, France). The operating conditions were 5 um beam size, 15 kV accelerating voltage, 8 nA
beam current and 10 s counting time for Si, Ti, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na and K; and 15 kV accelerating voltage, 50 nA beam current, and between 50 and 100 s counting time for Mn, P, Cr, Ni, F,
Cl and S. Volatile limit of detection are 400 ppm for F, and 20 ppm for S and Cl. number of analyses for major/volatile elements
MG of PFs
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
P2O5
Total
S
Cl
F
MG in enclaves
MG of LF1
GI in Pl
GI in Cpx
GI in Opx
GI in Ol
GI in Pl2
54/33
14/11
10/6
33
32
14
64.82
0.75
16.56
4.16
0.1
1.42
3.46
4.69
3.47
0.32
99.75
116
1522
449
0.88
0.11
0.49
0.58
0.03
0.36
0.43
0.5
0.3
0.05
72.04
0.56
14.41
2.22
0.06
0.45
1.52
4.05
4.37
0.12
99.78
40
1448
549
1.2
0.22
0.56
0.06
0.02
0.18
0.37
0.33
0.17
0.06
68,00
0.61
17.01
2.09
0.05
0.23
2.63
5.29
3.88
0.11
99.85
26
1517
398
3.02
0.22
2.2
0.62
0.03
0.31
1.31
1.22
1.04
0.05
66.23
0.74
15.31
3.49
0.1
1.09
2.15
3.13
3.24
0.37
95.86
181
2862
427
2.02
0.25
1.42
0.9
0.03
0.5
0.81
0.71
0.62
0.25
66.23
0.65
16.59
3.39
0.09
0.55
1.94
4.36
4.03
0.25
98.1
206
2765
461
1.01
0.24
0.79
0.53
0.02
0.2
0.4
0.76
0.24
0.1
1.15
86
545
204
65.35
0.75
16.9
3.11
0.09
0.47
2.64
4.25
3.66
0.23
97.46
293
2962
814
0.96
0.14
0.67
0.65
0.02
0.24
0.4
0.49
0.26
0.07
1.37
106
1182
315
62.99
0.51
17.86
3.4
0.08
1.9
3.77
4.07
3.63
0.45
98.66
601
3149
549
1.41
0.03
0.52
1.12
0.02
1.15
0.22
0.75
0.3
0.1
57.77
1.55
13.73
9.14
0.17
3.32
1.81
2.52
4.16
0.9
95.06
565
3147
1615
2.26
0.35
1.97
2.8
0.04
1.05
0.48
1.55
1.03
0.33
66
395
153
20
201
170
13
492
279
70
1095
223
104
149
72
221
1652
722
these features and the change in the eruptive style point to the injection of mac magma in 200405. For comparison, lavas erupted in
1912, 1944, 1972, 1974 and 1976 have similar, although somewhat
narrower, silica ranges (5558 wt.% SiO2) and their mineralogy is
similar to that of the 200405 lavas (Pl + Cpx + Opx + Ol + Mag Amph).
Fig. 5. Trace elements ratios versus a differentiation index. (a) La/Yb, (b) Dy/Yb, and
(c) Sr/Y versus Rb. The schematic insets in La/Yb and Dy/Yb versus Rb diagrams show
expected fractionation effects for an amphibole-bearing cumulate and a gabbroic
cumulate (composed of plagioclase, pyroxene and olivine).
90
P. Samaniego et al. / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 176 (2008) 8293
Fig. 6. (a) Pseudo-ternary projection from PL into the plane OL-CPX-QZ (Sisson and Grove, 1993). (b) Pseudo-ternary projection from OL into the plane CPX-PL-QZ. Continuous line
represents liquids saturated with olivine, clinopyroxene and plagioclase under 0.2 GPa and water-saturated conditions. Dashed line represents a reaction boundary along which
olivine and liquid react to form amphibole.
plagioclase, sanidine, amphibole, biotite, quartz, sphene, and magnetite/ilmenite. However, if quartz is absent in the equilibrium assemblage, the geobarometer yields anomalously high pressures (Johnson
Fig. 7. Fractional crystallization models for El Reventador magmas illustrated by (a) La/
Yb and (b) Sr/Y versus Ni diagrams. Mineralogical composition of cumulate is estimated
by mass-balance. M1: Fractional crystallisation model with a cumulate composed of
55%Pl + 22%Cpx + 17%Ol + 6%Mag. M2: Fractional crystallisation model with a cumulate
composed of 51%Pl + 27%Amph + 11%Cpx + 5%Ol + 6%Mag. Partition coefcients used for
these models are given in Martin (1987). Marks in model represent 10% of
crystallization. B: Primitive basaltic magma.
P. Samaniego et al. / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 176 (2008) 8293
91
Fig. 8. Sketch model for the magmatic system below El Reventador volcano, depicting (a) recovery interval following the 1976 eruption; (b) time period prior to the 2002 eruption;
(c) period immediately prior to the 2002 eruption; and (d) the 200405 eruptive episode. Vertical dimension and reservoir size are not drawn to scale. The colour gradation in the
reservoir reect their chemical zonation. Dotted line represents the avalanche scar.
92
P. Samaniego et al. / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 176 (2008) 8293
represents a distinctive and unique aspect of El Reventador volcano, compared to the other volcanoes of Ecuador, where amphibole only occurs in more evolved siliceous andesites and dacites,
such as in Cotopaxi (Hall and Mothes, 2007), Tungurahua (Hall
et al., 1999) or Sangay (Monzier et al., 1999). We propose that the
early amphibole crystallization is related to the volatile-rich signature of primitive El Reventador magmas.
Acknowledgments
This work was nancially supported by the Instituto Geofsico of
the Escuela Politcnica Nacional (IG-EPN) of Quito (Ecuador) and the
French Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement (IRD) in the
framework of a cooperative agreement.
We thank J.-L. Devidal for help with the acquisition of microprobe
data and D. Andrade, D. Barba and J. Johnson for providing samples
from the 2005 eruptions. D. Andrade also provide a previous version
of the Fig. 1. Constructive reviews of two anonymous reviewers helped
to improve the manuscript.
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