Professional Documents
Culture Documents
y2 z2
1 , 1 )
, find f (0, 2
2 .
z
x
or
f
x
or
f ( x, y )
x
or
fx
or
zx
or
f
y
or
f ( x, y )
y
or
fy
or
zy
Example 3.2.1
Find fx (1, 2) and fy (1, 2) if f ( x, y ) 2x 3 y 2 2y 4 x
Example 3.2.2
z
z
Find
and
y
x
Example 3.2.3
if z x 4 sin( xy 3 )
P
P
V
V
u v
(u v )
a)
x
x x
u
v
(u v )
y
y
y
b)
v
u
(uv ) u
v
x
x
x
v
u
(uv ) u
v
y
y
y
c)
u
x v
u
y v
u
v
u
x
x
2
v
u
v
u
y
y
v2
Example 3.2.4
If v f (p 2 q 2 ) , show that
v
v
q
0
q
p
and
f
y
2f
x
2
f
y
f xx
x x
f yy
y y
2f
f
f yx
xy
x y
2f
f
f xy
yx
y x
3f
2
y x
3f
yx 2
2 f
f xxx
x x 2
2 f
f xyy
yx
2 f
f xxy and so forth.
y x 2
Example 3.2.5
Find the second-order partial derivatives of the function f ( x, y ) x 2 y 3 x 4 y
Example 3.2.6
Let
. Find
The tangent plane has height z0 when x = x0 , y = y0; and it has height
z 0 f x ( x 0 , y 0 )dx f y ( x 0 , y 0 )dy when x = x0 + dx, y = y0 + dy .
Thus the change dz in the height of the tangent plane as (x, y) varies from (x 0,
y0) to ( x 0 x, y 0 y ) is obtained by:
dz f x ( x 0 , y 0 )dx f y ( x 0 , y 0 )dy
This quantity is called the total differential of z at (x0, y0). If we omit the subscript
on x0 and y0 , then:
dz f x ( x, y )dx f y ( x, y )dy
Example 3.3.1
Let z 4 x 3 y 2 . Find dz.
Example 3.3.2
Let f ( x, y ) x 2
y2
as (x, y) varies from the point (3, 4) to the point (3.04, 3.98).
Example 3.3.3
The volume V of a right-circular cone of radius, r and height, h is given by
V 31 r 2 h . Suppose the height increases from 10 cm to 10.01 cm, while the
a) f ( x, y ) x cos y y cos x
b) f ( x, y, z ) x 2 ye 2z
Example 3.3.5
Given that f ( x, y ) yx
(32, 16) to (35, 18).
Example 3.3.6
Use differentials to estimate
27 3 1021 .
Example 3.3.7
The dimensions of a rectangular box measured to be 75 cm, 60 cm and 40 cm,
and each measurement is correct to within 0.2 cm. Use differentials to estimate
the largest possible error when the volume of the box is calculated from these
measurements.
3.4: CHAIN RULE AND ITS APPLICATIONS
A. If y is a differentiable function of x and x is a differentiable function of t, then
the chain rule for functions of one variable is:
dy dy dx
.
dt
dx dt
Now, for function of two variable, x and y, z = f(x, y).
Suppose that x and y are functions of a single variable t, x = x(t) and y =
y(t).
Therefore: z = f(x(t), y(t)) which expresses z as a function of the single
variable, t therefore:
dz
z dx z dy
.
dt
x dt
y dt
Example 3.4.1
Suppose
z x 2 y,
x t 2,
y t3 .
dz
.
dt
Example 3.4.2
Suppose
xy y ,
x cos ,
y sin .
dz
when
d
.
2
B. Previously, the variables x and y are each function of a single variable t. Now,
we consider the case where x and y are functions of two variables.
Let z = f(x, y) and x and y are functions of u and v, so
x = x(u, v) and y = y(u, v)
therefore ; z = f(x(u, v), y(u, v)), which expresses z as a function of two
variables; u and v.
The partial derivative of z are:
z
z x
z y
.
u
x u
y u
z
z x
z y
.
v
x v
y v
Example 3.4.3
Given that z e xy , x 2u v, y
u
z
z
and
, find
using the chain rule.
v
u
v
Example 3.4.4
At what rate is the area of a rectangle changing if its length is 15 ft and
increasing at 3 ft/sec, while its width is 6 ft and increasing at 2 ft/sec?
3.5 IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS AND ITS PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
In the special case where z = F(x, y) and y is a differentiable function of x,
the chain rule:
dz
F dx
F dy
.
dx
x dx
y dx
F F dy
.
x
y dx
This result can be used to find derivatives of functions that are defined implicitly.
Suppose that the equation: F(x, y) = 0
dy
Defines y implicitly as a differentiable function of x and we want to find
.
dx
Differentiating :
F F dy
.
0
x
y dx
F
dy
x
F
dx
y
Example 3.5.1
provided
F
0.
y
Given that
x3 y2x 3 0 ,
dy
using the formula of implicit differentiation.
dx
find
Example 3.5.2
Determine the expressions for
dy
given: a) x tan y = y sin x
dx
b) e x cos 3 y e 2y sin x 2020
Example 3.5.3
Obtain the equation of the tangent to the graph
y 3 6 xy x 3 1
Example 3.5.4
If
4 x 2 8 xy 9 y 2 8 x 24 y 4 0
and
dy
= 0, show that x + y = 1.
dx
a)
b)
c)
d)
If
If
If
If
D
D
D
D
>
>
<
=
0
0
0
0
and fxx (x0, y0) > 0, then f has a relative minimum at (x0, y0).
and fxx (x0, y0) < 0, then f has a relative maximum at (x0, y0).
, then f has a saddle point at (x 0, y0).
, then no conclusion can be drawn.
Example 3.6.1
Locate all relative extremum and saddle point of f ( x, y ) 3 x 2 2xy y 2 8 y .
Example 3.6.2
Locate all relative extrema and saddle point of f ( x, y ) 4 xy x 4 y 4 .
Example 3.6.3
Find the extreme values for f ( x, y ) x 3 y 3 3 xy .
Example 3.6.4
Investigate the extreme values for f ( x, y ) x 3 y 3 3 x 12 y 20 .
Example 3.6.5
A rectangular box, open at the top, is to have a volume of 32 cm 3. What must be
the dimensions so that the total surface is a minimum?