Assesment statements from Pearson

Baccalaureate HL Chemistry

Chapter 1
Quantitative Chemistry

Alzbeta Bavorova

Ch 1.1: The mole concept

(Taken from the assessment statements)

1.1.1. Apply the mole concept to substances

A mole is the amount of a substance which contains the same number of chemical species as there are atoms in 12g
of carbon-12.
The mole is an SI unit with the symbol mol.
The relative atomic mass (Ar) of an element is the mass of an atom of the element, taking into account all its
isotopes and their relative abundances, compared to one atom of carbon-12.
Molecules have a relative molecular mass (Mr). It is defined as the sum of the Ar of the atoms in the molecular
formula.
The mass of one mole of a species is called the molar mass (M) and its unit is gmol-1. One mole of a substance
weights the number given by M in grams.

1. 1. 2. Determinate the number of particles and the amount of substance (in moles).
n amount of substance/number of moles
N number of particles
L Avogadros number (= 6.022 x 1023 mol-1)

Ch 1.2 Formulas
1. 2. 1. Define the terms relative atomic mass (A r ) and relative molecular mass (M r ).
The relative atomic mass is the average mass of an atom of an element, taking into account all its isotopes and their
relative abundance, compared to one atom of carbon-12.
The relative molecular mass is defined as the sum of the relative atomic masses of the atoms in the molecular
formula.
The molar mass (M) is the relative molecular mass expressed in gmol-1. It is the mass of one mole of a species.

1. 2. 2. Calculate the mass of one mole of a species from its formula.

& 1. 2. 3. Solve problems involving the relationship between the amount of substance in
moles, mass and molar mass.
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1. 2. 4. Distinguish between the terms empirical formula and molecular formula.

The molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms of each element present in a molecule.
The empirical formula is the smallest ratio of the elements in a compound. It is the molecular formula expressed in
the simplest ratio.

1. 2. 5. Determine the empirical formula from the percentage composition or from other
experimental data.
1. Convert the percentage to mass (if there is 100g of the compound, the mass of the constituent will be equal
to the % in grams).
2. Calculate amount of moles of each.
3. Find ratio of moles (through dividing by the smaller and rounding)

1. 2. 6. Determine the molecular formula when given both the empirical formula and
experimental data.
1. Calculate molecular mass of compounds empirical formula.
2. Divide actual molecular mass by calculated molecular mass.
3. Multiply stoichiometric coefficients by the result.

Ch 1.3 Chemical equations

1. 3. 1. Deduce chemical equations when all reactants and products are given.
& 1. 3. 3. Apply the state symbols (s), (l), (g) and (aq).
Reactants are on the left, products on the right of an equation.
A chemical reaction must be balanced. This means that there needs to be the same number of atoms on each side.
You must also write the states of matter in brackets.
s solid

g gas

l liquid

aq aqueous solution

This is wrong:

This is correct:
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1. 3. 2. Identify the mole ratio of any two species in a chemical equation.

The mole ratio is equal to the ratio of the coefficients in a reaction.
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This gives 2 moles of H2, 1 mole of O2 and 2 moles of water.

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Ch 1.4 Mass and gaseous volume relationships

in chemical reactions
1. 4. 1. Calculate theoretical yields from chemical equations.
The theoretical yield is the mass or amount of product produced according to the chemical equation assuming 100%
reaction.
Can be calculated thanks to knowing the molar ratio in a reaction by using the n = m/M reaction.

1. 4. 2. Determine the limiting reactant and the reactan t in excess when quantities of
reacting substances are given.
The limiting reactant determines the theoretical yield of the product. Once all limiting reactant is consumed, the
reaction can no longer occur.
The reactant in excess is the reactant of which there is more than could react with the given amount of the limiting
reactant. After the reaction has stopped, there will still be some of this reactant left.
To determine it, calculate from the product. You need to figure out, of which reactant there is exactly the amount
(i.e. in moles) that would react completely to form the amount of the product given. The reactant of which there is
more than needed is in excess.

1. 4. 3. Solve problems involving theoretical, experimental and percentage yield.

The theoretical yield is the mass or amount of product produced according to the chemical equation assuming 100%
reaction.
The experimental yield is the mass or amount of product produced in the chemical equation in reality.

1. 4. 4. Apply Avogadros law to calculate reacting volumes of gases.

Avogadros law/hypothesis states that equal volumes of different gases contain equal numbers of particles at the
same temperature and pressure.
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1. 4. 5. Apply the concept of molar volume at standard temperature and pressure

calculations.
The molar volume (Vmol) of a gas is the volume of one mole of that gas. It changes under different conditions.
STP Standard Temperature Pressure 273.15 K (0 C, 32 F), 100 kPa Vmol = 22.4dm3
RTP Room Temperature Pressure 293.15 K (20C), 100 kPa Vmol = 24dm3

1. 4. 6. Solve problems involving the relationship between temperature, pressure and

volume for a fixed mass of an ideal gas.
1. Calculate the amount of substance (mol) of the gas via n = m/M.
2. Substitute into

1. 4. 7. Solve problems using the ideal gas equation, PV = nRT.

The response of a gas to a change in conditions can be calculated as follows:

Note that you can convert between mass and amount of substance.

1. 4. 8. Analyse graphs relating to t he ideal gas equation.

linear graph with positive slope

; P to V would be a hyperbola

Ch 1.5 Solutions
1. 5. 1. Distinguish between the terms solute, solvent, solution and concentration (gdm -3
and moldm -3 )
The solvent is the medium in which we dissolve the solute. The solvent is more abundant, the solute less. In salt
water, water is the solvent and salt is the solute. A solution is a mixture of two or more substances. Solutions where
the solute is water are called aqueous.
When the solvent cannot dissolve any more solute, the solution becomes saturated.
Concentration (c) refers to the composition of the solution. It expresses how much solute per amount of solution.

1. 5. 2. Solve problems involving concentration, amount of s olute and volume of solution.

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