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9, SEPTEMBER 2005
REFERENCES
[1] D. H. Schaubert, A review of some microstrip antenna characteristics,
in Microstrip Antennas, D. M. Pozar and D. H. Schaubert, Eds. New
York: IEEE Press, 1995, pp. 5967.
[2] E. A. Soliman, S. Brebels, E. Beyne, P. Delmotte, and G. A. E. Vandenbosch, Brick-wall antenna in multilayer thin-lm technology, Microw.
Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 19, pp. 360365, Dec. 1998.
[3] H.-C. Liu, T.-S. Horng, and N. G. Alexopoulos, Radiation of printed antennas with a coplanar waveguide feed, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.,
vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 11431148, Oct. 1995.
[4] E. A. Soliman, S. Brebels, E. Beyne, and G. A. E. Vandenbosch,
CPW-fed cusp antenna, Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 22, pp.
288290, Aug. 1999.
[5] E. A. Soliman, E. Beyne, G. A. E. Vandenbosch, and W. De Raedt,
Wide frequency band planar antenna, U.S. Patent 6 278 410 B1, Aug.
21, 2001.
[6] E. A. Soliman, G. A. E. Vandenbosch, and E. Beyne, Coplanar versus
slotline mode in exciting CPW-fed planar antennas, in Proc. 29th Eur.
Microwave Conf., vol. 3, Munich, Germany, Oct. 1999, pp. 150153.
[7] S. Mestdagh, W. De Raedt, and G. A. E. Vandenbosch, CPW-fed
stacked microstrip antennas, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 52,
no. 1, pp. 7483, Jan. 2004.
[8] Momentum, 4.8 ed., Agilent Technologies, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, 2003.
3097
A. Resonance Frequency
This model treats a circular patch by the equivalent rectangular patch
shown in Fig. 1. The equivalent rectangular patch has a width of W =
2r and a length of L = r=2, where r is the physical radius of the
patch. The composite substrate is replaced by an equivalent single substrate with thickness h (h = h1 + h2 ). The real part of the equivalent
relative permittivity is obtained from
"req =
(1)
QT
QC
QD
QSW
QR
(2)
I. INTRODUCTION
The microstrip antenna on suspended substrates has received attention of many investigators due to its frequency tenability feature, larger
bandwidth, improved radiation efciency for a patch on high permittivity substrates like Alumina, GaAs, etc., and equalization of beamwidth in both the E-and H-planes by proper selection of parameters
[1]-[6]. The suspended substrate patch antenna is a special case of a
patch antenna on the composite substrate. The patch on the composite
Manuscript received May 20, 2004; revised January 11, 2005. This work was
supported by an Australian Research Council Discovery Grant DP0452730 and
in part by an Australian Postdoctoral Research Fellowship.
Nasimuddin and K. Esselle are with the Electronics Department, ICS Division, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, NSW, Australia.
A. K. Verma is with the Department of Electronic Science, University of Delhi
South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TAP.2005.854538
3
"req = "req (1
0 j tan eq ):
(3)
Following the concept of Wolff and Knoppik [11], [12], we can determine the complex dynamic effective relative permittivity of the patch
antenna on the equivalent substrate
3
3
"r dyn ("req; h; r ) =
3
3
Cdyn
("req ; h; W; L)
3
Cdyn ("
= 1; h; W; L)
req
(4)
3 (" ;3 h; W; L) and C
where Cdyn
req
dyn ("req = 1; h; W; L) are the dynamic complex capacitance of a circular patch on a composite substrate and on the air substrate respectively. The dynamic complex capacitance of the circular patch is computed through equivalent rectangular patch shown in Fig. 1. It is a sum of the dynamic central capac3
itance of the circular patch (Co;
dyn ), the dynamic fringe capacitance
3
along two radiating edges of the equivalent rectangular patch (Cel;
dyn )
3098
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 53, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2005
e ;
(5)
3
0:3525Co;st ;
3
0:2856Co;st ;
3
0:2450Co;st ;
3
o;dyn =
for n = 1
for n = 2
for n = 3
(6)
where, the static central capacitance Co;st and the edge capacitance are
given by
C 3 st =
o;
C 31 dyn =
e ;
3
r2
"0 "req
h
(7)
3 ("3 ; h; W )L
3 r 2
"re
"0 "req
req
0
:
C0 Z0
h
1
2
(8)
3
3
The complex effective relative permittivity "re
("req ; h; W ) of the
equivalent rectangular patch on the composite lossy substrate is obtained by substituting the equivalent complex relative permittivity of
3
structure, "req
, in the closed-form expressions of Hammerstad-Jensen
[14]. Normally the expressions of Hammerstad-Jensen are used for the
lossless substrate. However, we have adopted it to the lossy substrate.
Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the equivalent rectangular patch
on the air substrate from the width side that is computed by the
closed-form expression of Hammerstad-Jensen. The dynamic corner
complex capacitance, Cc3 , is obtained from the expression due to
Bedair [15].
Finally, the resonance frequency fr of the circular microstrip antenna on the equivalent homogenous substrate is computed with help
of the modied Wolff model [11], [13], as follows:
= Re
C0
2re
nm
(9)
3
"rdyn
is the modal constant and re is the effective radius of
r
where nm
circular patch. We note that the (9) also takes into account effect of
losses on the resonance frequency [13]. Usually a cavity model and the
full-wave method do not take into account such effect. The effective
radius of a circular patch on the composite substrate, re is computed
by [16]
re
1+
2h
ln
r"req
r
2h
h (0:268" + 1:65)
req
r
The Q-factors due to the radiation and surface-wave losses are obtained from
2
Qr = 2:39(ko r) ; QSW = QR Psp ; k0 = 2fr (12)
480o h fr D (
)
Psw
C0
where directivity, D(
) of the patch antenna is [4]
D(
) = 3:031 77 0 0:592 51
+ 4:455 09
2 0 5:514 85
3
0 1:435 43
5 (13)
p
where is the free space permeability and
= (f =2f "req ); f
+ 5:214 73
(10)
Q-Factors
The four Q-factors due to dielectric loss (Q ), conductor loss (Q ),
radiation loss (Q ), and surface-wave loss (QSW ) of the circular mic
C. Bandwidth
The percentage bandwidth (2:1 VSWR) of a circular microstrip antenna is computed using the total Q-factor from (2)
BW(%) =
100
(14)
D. Input Impedance
Zin (f ) =
R()
2
1 + QT
f
f
f
f
+j
R ()Q
is the loss in the probe feed. The computational details are mentioned
in [11], [13]. During such computations the equivalent relative permittivity and the equivalent loss-tangent are used.
2
1 + QT
B.
+ (1:41"req + 1:77)
+
f
f
f
f
0
0
f
f
(15)
where f is the operating frequency and is distance of the feed point
from center of the circular patch. The input resistance, R() at resonance and the inductive reactance of probe, XL are computed by [2]
2
1
R() = 1 J12(k) ; Gt = 2:39
;
Gt J1 (kr)
4 o h f r
QT
377fh
C0
log
Cp0
fd "req
(16)
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 53, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2005
3099
Fig. 2. Resonance frequency and percent bandwidth of a circular microstrip antenna on a suspended substrate versus the thickness of antenna.
3100
Fig. 4.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 53, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2005
-factor of a microstrip antenna on a composite substrate versus the thickness of the second layer.
against the results of Losada et al. In this work, we have tested the accuracy of the proposed model for the substrate thickness up to h=0 =
0:022 and relative permittivity up to 9.8. However, like the rectangular
patch antenna the proposed model can accurately work for very thick
substrate up to h=0 = 0:229 [13].
IV. CONCLUSION
We presented a fast and accurate model, which is based on
closed-form expressions, for computation of input characteristics
of circular microstrip patch antennas on suspended or composite
substrates. The proposed model shows better agreement with experimental results as compared to the commercial software, 2D-Ensemble
and 3D-Microwave Studio. As far as theoretical computations are
concerned the present model generates results that are very close to
3D-Microwave Studio results but saves a lot of computational time.
For each structure Microwave Studio takes 1530 min, whereas the
proposed model takes only a fraction of a second. Thus the proposed
model is ideal for interactive CAD and optimization of such antenna
structures.
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[9] Ensemble, Ansoft Corp., Sep. 1999. Version 6.1.
[10] CST Microwave Studio, Jun. 2004. Version-5.0.2.
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