Pressure and

Fluid Statics
?
(normal
force)
absolute pressure

gage pressure (
) P P P

P = 29.92 inches of Hg ( ) = 760 mm Hg = 101.325

kPa
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
bar, atm
1 bar = 100 kPa
1 atm () = 101.325 kPa = 14.7 psi (lbf/in2)
I kgf/cm2 = 9.8 N/cm2 = 98000 Pa = 0.98 bar = 0.9679
atm
gage

abs

atm

barometer
gh p vapor gh p atm

mercury Hg
h

p atm
1.01 10 5

0.76m 760mm
g
13.6 1000 9.8

1 bar
barometer (Why?)

37

 pressure distribution

shear stress
hydrostatic
pressure

F 0 p xz p xs sin
y

0 p z xy p sxs cos g

y s cos

xyz
2

z s sin

38

 p y ps

p z ps

1
gz
2

x 0 y 0 z 0
px p y pz p

scalar
vector - Pascals
law

pressure field

y
F y ( p

p y
p y
p
)xz ( p
)xz
xyz
y 2
y 2
y

Fx

p
p
xyz Fz xyz
x
z

Fpress Fx i Fy j Fz k (

p p p
i
j
k )xyz
x
y
z

gradient
39

grad

i
j
k
x
y
z

grad ( scalar f ) ( scaler f )

( scalar f ) ( scalar f ) ( scalar f )

i
j
k
x
y
z

Fpress pxyz

directional derivative

f P b b 1
f P b Dbf df/ds

Db f

df
f (Q ) f ( P )
lim
s

0
ds
s

Q b
C
C

r ( s ) x ( s )i y ( s ) j z ( s ) k P s b
s0
chain rule
Db f

df
f dx f dy f dz

ds x ds y ds z ds

dr ( s ) dx( s ) dy ( s ) dz ( s )

i
j
k b
ds
ds
ds
ds

Db f

df
b ( f )
ds

a
Da f

df
a
( f )
ds
a

f ( x, y, z ) 2 x 3 y z P (2,1,3) a i 2k

( f ) 4 xi 6 yj 2 zk P ( f ) 8i 6 j 6k
2

df
a
(i 2 k )
4
Da f
( f )
(8i 6 j 6k )
1.789
ds
a
5
5

f P a
40


1. f P f P

Db f b ( f ) cos ( f ) cos

b (f) Dbf (f)

2. f(x,y,z)=C=const.
P f
P normal
vector

HW:

p( x, y, z ) 1500 3x 5 y
P(-0.2,0.1,1)

xyz

F press (

p p p
i
j
k )xyz pxyz
x
y
z

f press

dF press

Fpress

p
d (volume) xyz

driving action

41

 p -

T heat
flux

f
g

grav

2V 2V 2V
f viscous ( 2

)
x
y 2
z 2

conservation of momentum

a f f
f
f
... p g V ...
2

press

grav

viscous

hydrostatic pressure

a 0

0 p g

{} +

2V 0

Why?

{} = 0

p surface of constant
pressure

p p p
i
j
k ) (g xi g y j g z k ) 0
x
y
z

g x g y 0 g z g

p
p
p
0
0
g
y
x
z

x y z
p = p(x,y,z) = p(z)

p 2 p1 gdz
1

42

 incompressible =
const

p2 p1 g ( z 2 z1 )

compressible

p
p
g
g
z
RT

p
dp
g 2 dz
ln 2
p
p1
R 1 T

g ( z 2 z1)
p 2 p1 exp

RT

HW:
T(K) = (288 0.006507 z(m))
/ equal level/equal pressure
principle -

p1 = p2 = p3

hydraulic jack
hydraulic brake

43

 B,C C p

FB
pAB
A

B
FC
pAC
AC

AB >> AC

piezometer
A
p gh p
absolute
p A 1 gh1
gage
A

atm

44

U-U-tube manometer
U /
A
p A 1 gh1 2 gh2
gage
1
p A 2 gh2

45

46

A,B
p A 1 g ( h) p B 1 g 2 gh
p A p B ( 2 1 ) gh

2 < 1
flow nozzle U

Q
QK p p
K
A

p A p B ( 2 1 ) gh2

inclined-tube manometer

p A p B 2 g2 sin

p A pB
2 g sin

47

p1 p 2 g ( H h)

4 D
p1 p 2 gh[1 (

1
d 2 h
4

d 2
) ]
D

h = 1 cm
p1 p 2 0.827 1000 9.8 0.01[1 (

10 2
) ] 90.1Pa
30

1 Pa

1
1
d
D 2 H d 2 H ( ) 2
4
4
D
p A p a g[sin (

d 2
p pa
d
) ] A
g[sin ( ) 2 ]
D

1cm pa = 0 pA
1N / m 2
kg
m
0.8 2
0.8 1000 3 9.8 2 [sin (
) ]
2
10
1 10 m
m
s
sin 0.118 6.78 o

48

 (Fluid Statics)
(Hydrostatic forces on
submerged plane surfaces)

1. resultant
force
2.

49

 Po (
)

(gage pressure)
Question: Po?
x-y
P Po gh Po gy sin

F R
FR PdA ( Po gh) dA ( Po gy sin )dA Po A g sin ydA
A

ydA

yc A

x the first moment of the

area w.r.t. x-axis yc
centroid x y
FR ( Po gy c sin ) A ( Po ghc ) A Pc A Pave A

hc

50

 (xP,yP)
FR x moment
x
FR y P ydF y ( Po gy sin ) dA Po ydA g sin y 2 dA
A

FR y P Po y c A g sin I xx ,o

A y

dA I xx ,o

Ixx,o x the

second
moment
of
area
or
moment
inertia

of

Ixx,c x

(parallel axis theorem)
I xx ,o I xx ,c Ay c2

y P yc

I xx ,c
yc
[ yc Po /( g sin )] A

I xx ,c
yc A

y P yc

I xx ,c
yc A

center of pressure, y p
y xP
xP

xydA
A

yc A

I xy ,o
yc A
51

 A xydA I xy ,o Ixy,o y Ixy,c

y
I xy ,o I xy ,c Axc yc x P xc

I xy ,c
yc A

y Ixy,c
= 0 Why?
I
xydA xydA xydA xydA () xydA 0
xy , c

for x

for x

for x

for x

1.
FR = ghcA = pcA = ()x()
2.

xP, yP xc,
yc

pressure prism -

( )
52


FR PC A [ Po g ( s b / 2)]ab

P gs P
b a
Question: ?
o

g ( s b)

yP s

b
ab 3 / 12

2 [ s b / 2 Po / g sin )]ab

Question: ?

h/3
Proof:

FR p ave A g

h
1
A [( gh)(bh)]
2
2

= ()
53

 y P yc

I xx ,c
yc A

h bh 3 / 12 2

h
2 (h / 2)bh 3

Question: Po ?
Po = Ps = gage pressure
Po
(2/3)h

FR F1 F2 p s A

1
ghA
2

y R F1 y1 F2 y 2 F1

h
2h
F2
2
3

( Ps h/2, Why?)
yP
0.9

54

F1 ( p s gh1 ) A (50000 0.9 1000 9.8 2)(0.6) 2 24400 N

h2 h1
0.6
A 0.9 1000 9.8 (
)(0.6) 2 954 N
2
2
FR F1 F2 25.4 kN
F2 g

yo
FR y o F1 (0.3) F2 (0.2) y o 0.296 m

1
1
1
1
1
Ft L ( F1 Lb)( L) ( F2 Lb)( L) ( p s Lb)( L) ( gL)( Lb)( L)
2
3
2
2
3

1
1
1
5000 0.6 0.9 1600 9.8 0.9 0.9 0.6
Ft ( p s Lb )( ) ( gL)( Lb)( )

2
2
3
2
6
2620 N

Is Ft = F1 + F2 ?

Why?

1 2
stop

55

yc

10
11.547
sin 60 o

FR ghc A 1000 9.8 10

xP 0

1
( 4) 2 1230kN
4

1
( 2) 4
4
y P yc
11.547
11.633
1
yc A
2
11.55 ( 4)
4
I xx,c

y P y c 0.0866

c
M F ( y y ) 0 M (1230 kN )(0.0866 m) 107 kN m
R

? ?

Pave PC ghC g ( s b / 2)]

(1000)(9.8)(8 1.2 / 2) 84.4 10 3 Pa
FR PC A (84.3)(1 1.2) 101.3 kN
yP s

b
ab 3 / 12
1.2
1.2 2

8.61 m
2 [ s b / 2]ab
2 12(8 1.2 / 2)

(xP,yP) (0.5, 8.61)

56

 101.3 0.5 50.6 kN m (torque)

~100 kg (~980 N ~ 1 kN )
1 m ~1 kN.m
50
Question: ?

FR FH
FV
FH Fx
FV Fy W

FV

57


1. (F x F z)
x z
2. (F V) y

center of gravity

FH F2

FV F1 W

BC ABC FH
Fv

FR

( FH ) 2 ( FV ) 2

BC
O

58

F2 ( gh)( A C )(1)

1
g ( A C )( A C )(1) FH
2

F1 ( gh)( A B )(1) weight of fluid .above A B

W weight of ABC

1
( A B ) 2 (1)( g )
4

FV F1 W weight of fluid above B C

FR

O x1,x2
x1 x 2

( FH ) 2 ( FV ) 2

Wx1 F1 x 2

A B 4( A B )

2
3

O
A
5 m ?

59

FH Fx Pave A ghC A g ( s R / 2) A
(1000)(9.8)(4.2 0.8 / 2)(0.8 1) 36.1 kN
Fy Pave A ghC A ghbottom A
(1000)(9.8)(5)(0.8 1) 39.2 kN
W mg gV g ( R 2 R 2 / 4)(1 m)
(1000)(9.8)(0.8) 2 (1 / 4)(1 m) 1.3 kN
FV F y W 39.2 1.3 37.9 kN
FR

( FH ) 2 ( FV ) 2

36.12 37.9 2 52.3 kN

tan FV / FH 37.9 / 36.1 1.05 46.4 o

5 m A
A ()
FR R sin Wcylinder R 0 Wcylinder (52.3kN ) sin 46.4 o 37.9kN per meter

Question: ?

buoyancy

buoyancy or buoyant force

Archimedes principle :
1.
2.

60

FB FV ( 2 ) FV (1) ( fluid weight above surface 2)

( fluid weight above surface 1)
weight of fluid equivalent to body volume

FB

(p

body

p1 )dAH g

(z

z1 ) dAH g (body volume)

body

61