6 MasterKey Wind Loading to BS 6399 Pt2

6.1 Introduction
You can use MasterKey Wind Analysis to quickly and accurately determine
wind pressures for any site in Great Britain, using the built-in O.S. location map
or by entering a grid reference. You have a choice of several wind analysis
methods with which to refine the wind pressures for your particular site. For the
use of the MasterKey Wind Analysis program as a stand-alone module refer
exclusively to section 2 in this manual.
MasterKey Wind Analysis on its own gives you only a fraction of the power of the
complete system. For you to reap the full benefits, MasterKey Wind Analysis
integrates with the 3D Model Manager to give you the most powerful tools
available for automatically applying wind loads to any structure. For the use of
MasterKey Wind Analysis with the 3D Model Manager refer to section 3 in this
manual.
The good news for users throughout Ireland and countries elsewhere in the world
is that you too can unleash the potential of the integrated system. All you need to
do is enter the relevant site information and basic wind speed in the MasterKey
Wind Analysis to evaluate the wind pressures and then use the integrated
system to apply the wind loadings to your building.

6.1.1 MasterKey Wind Analysis

First we will look at the MasterKey Wind Analysis interface and understand how
to use it, before examining how it integrates with the 3D Model Manager and
MasterFrame.
Select the MasterKey Wind Loading to BS 6399 from the Designer Suite menu.

6.1.2 Choosing a Site Location from the Wind Data Map

A location is chosen from the MasterKey Wind Analysis site data map or if
outside Great Britain, a default site can be set up to generate the wind pressures
for a particular location. Pick a site directly off the map or enter the site grid
references, if known, to get exact site information. (Note - grid references can be
obtained from various internet sites, for example, www. multimap.com, based on
the site address or post code.)
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Accurate wind and topographical information is contained within the Wind Map
database. This information is used by the program to obtain the wind pressures
on a structure as it varies with height and orientation. Several wind diagonal
lengths can be taken into account. The user can choose which analysis method
to employ.

Typical Wind Loading screen (linked to 3D Model Manager)

The Town/Country, Topographical and Categories maps are displayed at the top
right of the screen. Below these, the town/country/sea distances for the local
area and the wind pressure distribution for the site, varying with height, are
displayed. All the site data and wind pressures are shown in the calculations area
on the left of the screen.

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6.1.3 Site Data interface

The Site Data tab enables you to enter a title for each brief, add and sort briefs
and select which map type to be the main graphic. The grid references are
shown here and can be manually changed if you know the exact grid references
for your particular site. The basic wind speed and site altitude are given. The
data for a particular site can be saved as an independent file for future re-loading
(Save/Load Site for BREVe2). If the site is outside Great Britain, you can set up a
file containing a default (overseas) site, using the Set Default Site button. The
site information for an overseas site is entered in the following tabs, so that the
wind pressures can be accurately calculated.

When used with the 3D Model Manager, the Site

Data tab also allows you to specify the orientation of
your building relative to the North, so as to ensure
accurate application of the wind loading to the
individual faces of the structure.

6.1.4 Obstructions interface

If there are obstructions in the vicinity of the structure being examined, these can
be taken into account by specifying the height of and distance to the obstructions
at intervals of 30 degrees around the building.
If the orientation of the building is known, the UK Sd factors can be used to
reduce the wind pressures around the building. If the orientation is not known or
is outside the UK, the Sd factors should be set equal to 1.

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6.1.5 Sea/Country/Town interface

Fetch distances and category types are automatically included when a site is
selected from the Great Britain map. For a site outside Great Britain, the values
can be entered manually for each orientation.

6.1.6 Topography interface

The local topography can be taken into account resulting in modification of the
wind loading. This can be done using the internal data within the wind map or
altered manually.

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Alternatively, a previously saved file (*.Shf) can be used to bring the local
topography data into account, or

the user can set their own data for a site.

There is also an option to use the site altitude only to evaluate the wind loading
ignoring the effects of local topography.

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6.1.7 Report (Output) interface

On the Report (output) tab, the user can select which method to employ for the
calculation of the wind loads Standard, Hybrid, Directional or Designers Guide.
Having settled on the appropriate method, the screen and printing output options
can be selected. The basic wind speed automatically selected from the map may
be changed if desired, as can the start and length of the season under
consideration. Building floor levels and wind diagonal lengths can be changed
from the defaults if necessary (note when used in conjunction with the 3D
Model Manager, these values are automatically taken from the model). Select the
risk period from the droplist. Finally the graphics scale and number of segments
can be varied. The wind pressure diagram can be viewed for each wind diagonal
length a.

6.1.8 Printing Results

MasterKey Wind Analysis results can be printed to a printer or PDF file or
exported to Word (PowerPad users) using the Print and PowerPad facilities in
the top menu or the buttons described below:Ensure graphics are always on top.
Switch graphics on or off when exporting or printing.
Edit project title and job references.
Print current or all briefs to printer.
Export current or all briefs to Word (PowerPad users only).

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6.1.9 Viewing of Local Category Map and Wind Pressures Diagram

The local category map and wind pressure diagram can be manipulated using
the following buttons from the top menu:3D view

Place on plan

Front view

Shade wind pressure diagram

Side view

Rotate diagrams

Plan view (north)

Alter vertical scale of wind

pressure diagram

Elevation

6.1.10 File Management

Files and briefs can be managed using the options from the File and Editing
menus or using the following buttons from the top menu:Open a new file
Open an existing file

Copy current brief to

clipboard

Save current file

Add new brief from clipboard

Delete current brief

Add new brief

Next or Previous brief

6.1.11 Additional Help on the BreVe2 Wind Loading

Help can also be found in the BreVe2 Help system, which will have been loaded
when the Wind Loading module was added to your MasterSeries programs. To
access the BreVe2 help, go to Start>Programs>BreVe2>BreVe2 Help and
search for the required information.

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6.2

MasterKey Wind Loading + 3D Model Manager

MasterKey Wind Analysis integrates with the 3D Model Manager to give you
the most powerful tools available for automatically applying accurate wind loads
to any structure, saving you time and effort.
The MasterKey Wind Analysis automatically calculates and applies the weighted
external pressure coefficient Cpe to be used with each wind loaded member for
each wind direction.
The value of Cpe is dependent on the wind surface angle to the horizontal , the
angle between the wind direction and the normal to the wind surface and the
wind zone depending on the position of the member within the wind surface and
the building as a whole, the wind zones are:

A-D and H-K for walls and inclined walls

A-G and X-Y for flat roofs, and
A-J and K-S for monopitch and duopitch roofs.

Wall Zones

Flat Roof Zones

Duopitch Roof Zones (including roof angle)

Adjustments are automatically made for corner angles , funnelling effects 0.25b
to 1.00b, re-entrant corners and both narrow and wide recesses (introducing
zone c1 in the wedge).
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The program will dynamically change all Cpe values for any changes you make
to wind directions at any time. All angular values including , and and all
member zoning locations are dynamically determined by the program. To ensure
maximum flexibility you will however be able to overwrite some or all of these
values.
The method of application can be clearly explained by the following steps.
Step 1 - Turn on the Use MasterKey Wind Loading option.
Step 2 - Specify the wind diagonals (a values) for different members in the
structure.
Step 3 - Specify internal pressure coefficients and internal suction coefficients
for each wind direction if necessary, e.g. in cases of dominant
openings
Step 4 - Specify the Wind Directions you wish to consider on the structure
Step 5 - Create the Wind Loading cases using the automatic generation tools
Step 6 - Enter the MasterKey Wind Analysis program to determine the wind
pressure values for the specified wind directions, wind diagonals and
heights of the structure.
Step 7 - Define the Wind Panels in the structure using the 3D Model Manager
Wind Area Loading tools. In this step the coefficients of external
pressure for each wind direction are automatically determined for
each wind panel.

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Activating the Integration of 3D Model Manager and MasterKey Wind

Loading
To activate the integration between MasterKey Wind Loading and the 3D Model
Manager,
1. Select 3D-Model> Area Loading Defaults
button.
2. Click on the Use MasterKey Wind Loading
3. Click on the X at the top right of the Titles and Load Combinations to
close this area.

6.2.1 Wind Diagonals

Begin by selecting the Wind Loading option from either the Multi-Storey or 3DModel menus.
BS 6399 Pt 2 (cl. 2.1.3.4) makes use of a size effect factor Ca for the
determination of the wind pressure values. This has the effect of designing of
members which are locally loaded by wind (such as cladding members) for a
larger wind pressure than members which are globally loaded by wind, e.g.
vertical bracing members. Set up the wind diagonals for the individual members
(defaults to 5m) and for the bracing systems e.g., 30m representing the wind
loading coming onto the various bracing systems.
Select the wind diagonals button
to move to the
area of the program where the diagonals and their
relating members can be defined.

All members will default to the 5m wind diagonal

length unless placed into a new wind diagonal
definition. For example, create a new definition
using the
button, giving it a relevant title. Insert
the Current Wind Diagonal length and then select
the members which have this wind diagonal length.
Tip use the member viewing options in the top
right to select, say, the inclined (I) members only.
You can then box around these members to add
them to this diagonal group. Switch back to All (A)
members to see the full frame.

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Note The definition of wind diagonals will result in a more efficient design,
however because the program defaults to a conservative value of 5m, specific
diagonal definitions are not absolutely necessary. If you do wish to specify wind
diagonal values, then it is recommended to keep the number of additional
diagonals to a minimum since each diagonal value will have its own set of wind
loading cases. Hence if many wind diagonals are defined, the number of loading
cases would become very large, resulting in a much increased analysis time. For
many circumstances it would be adequate to have only two diagonal values, i.e.
the 5m default diagonal and one larger diagonal value to cover all members that
will attract force due to wind load but are not locally wind loaded. The additional
larger value should be the lowest diagonal of these types of members.

6.2.2 Setting up Wind Loading Directions

Select the
button at the top right of the screen to access the area where the
wind directions are specified.
Up to 8 wind directions on the frame can be considered using the load groups
W1 to W8. The direction of the wind is defined based on the angle with the
frames global X axis. In the example below W1 to W4 is used define four
principle wind directions. The angle between the frame Z axis and magnetic
North is specified in the Angle to North text box. If the Draw Global Axis icon is
turned on from the top tool bar, then the global axis symbol at the bottom left of
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the screen graphically indicates the North direction in relation to the frame global
axis.

6.2.3 Defining Internal Pressure/Suction Coefficients

The internal pressure/suction coefficients are defined in the same table as the
wind directions. The standard 0.2 internal pressure and 0.3 internal suction
should be entered for each wind direction. In the example below are larger
internal pressure value may be required in the W3 direction due to the dominant
opening.

W7 270 degree wind

direction

W3 90 degree wind direction

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For wind direction W3 it is clear that an internal pressure value is required, while
for wind direction W7 an internal suction value is needed.

6.2.4 Setting up load cases including internal pressure and suction

All the relevant load case combinations which include wind loading can be
automatically generated with the click of a few buttons. These facilities are found
button at
in the wind directions are and can be accessed by clicking on the
the top right of the screen in the Wind Area Loading part of the program.

All ultimate and service load cases are developed in combination with the dead
and live loads, and taking into account any pressure or suction coefficients added
to the wind data.
To generate all wind loading cases,
1. Click on the D+W button to set up the ultimate dead plus wind case for
W1
2. Click on the D+L+W button to add the ultimate dead plus live plus wind
case for W1
3. Click on the Serviceability button to add service cases for each of the
ultimate cases already specified.
4. The fourth button will indicate the number of wind loading cases that are
going to be generated. Click on this button to finally generate all the cases
for all specified wind directions, for each wind diagonal and for any internal
pressure/suction values entered.

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If the building has a basement, the depth of the basement can be entered. This
depth will be considered when the wind loads are evaluated based on the height
of the MasterFrame model. An Augmentation factor can be entered and the UK
Sd factors switched on or off.
All loading cases generated can be edited using the normal MasterFrame load
cases facilities.
Some of the load cases developed are shown in the list below.

6.2.5 Dynamic Augmentation Factor

The value of the dynamic augmentation factor Cr is entered on the Wind Loading
tab in the Titles and Load Combinations

The Dynamic Augmentation Factor 0.85(1+Cr) is applied to wind load cases

designated as W in the loadcase combinations. These W loadcases represent
the wind loading based only on the Cpe values and do not take account of
internal pressure or suction coefficients Cpi and Csi.
The internal pressure and suction load combinations are designated as P and S
loadcases and are a combination of the Cpe and Cpi coefficients for internal
pressure and Cpe and Csi coefficients for internal suction. W, P and S loadcases
are generated for the default wind diagonal length (typically 5m). These cases
should govern design of the individual elements of the structure.
For the stability of the whole structure (bracing design), the user will have already
set wind diagonal groups with diagonal values which account for the various
bracing systems in the structure. These wind diagonal values will be greater than
the default value (typically 30m or 50m). The program will generate a set of W
load combinations for the longer wind diagonal values in addition to the cases for
W,P and S mentioned above for the default length. Internal suction and pressure
are ignored when looking at the overall stability and design of the bracing
system. Therefore these additional W loadcases will be used for the bracing
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design. No P or S loadcases will be generated for diagonal lengths other than the
default value.

6.2.6 Entering the MasterKey Wind Analysis program

button at
To move to the MasterKey Wind Analysis site data map click on the
the top right of the 3D Model Manager Wind Loading. The dynamic wind
pressure values are determined by this program as follows.
1. For buildings located in Great Britain select a site from the map as
described in section 2.1.
2. For building outside of Great Britain click on the Set Default Site button in
the Site Data tab, then enter the relevant site data as described in
sections 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5.
3. Select a wind analysis method from the Report (Output) tab as described
in section 2.6.
4. You can examine the wind pressure values calculated by scrolling to the
bottom the output screen. You will see that wind pressure values are
determined for the different heights in the structure, for each wind direction
specified and also for each wind diagonal.
5. Select File> Exit MasterKey Wind Analysis, to take you back into the 3D
Model Manager wind panels screen.
Any of the MasterKey Wind Analysis data can be changed at any time by reentering the program using the
Wind Analysis Site Data.

icon or by selecting 3D-Model> MasterKey

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6.2.7 Setting up Wind Panels

To access the area used to set up the wind panels select 3D-Model> Wind
Loading.
The Wind Loading facilities in the 3D Model Manager enable the application of an
area load in the direction normal to any planar surface. The wind loading is
controlled by wind loading member groups. Each wind loading member group
defines a planar surface and contains the following information.
1. All the wind panel members in the planar surface.
2. The side of the surface on which the positive wind loading is applied.
3. The load distribution characteristics on the surface, i.e. one way or two
way spanning.

6.2.8 Working with and Managing Wind Loaded Surfaces

The Wind Load surfaces (groups) are
managed using the following icons.

Drop list to move between the different wind

loaded surfaces that have been defined.
Spin button to move up and down through the list of member groups.
Apply To mode. When this button is pressed down the Apply To
mode is turned ON. While you are in Apply To mode any member
you click on in the structure geometry area will be added to the
current wind surface. You can also add a range of members to a
group by clicking and dragging a cross window around them.
Members can be removed from a group by clicking on the member
again.
Search mode. When this button is pressed down the Search mode is
turned ON. When you click on a member while in search mode the
wind surface to which the member belongs (if any) will become the
current one.
Add a new wind surface. The new group will be blank of all members
and information until specified by the user.
Clear all members from the current member group. The group itself
and the information it holds will remain.
Clear all members from all member groups of this type
Delete the current wind surface.
Delete all wind surfaces
Exit the 3D Model Manager Wind Loading
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6.2.9 The Wind Loading Group Information

Vertically spanning load distribution in relation to the
surface template
Horizontally spanning load distribution in relation to
the surface template
Two-Way spanning load distribution in relation to
the surface template
Wind loaded surface template. The span type
options above apply to the orientation of the
template and not the global orientation of the
surface on the building. The template is defined by
the members in the wind load group.
Swap the Template window with the main view
window
Flip template about horizontal axis
Flip Template about vertical axis
Rotate Template 90 clockwise
The Cpe values and Zones are calculated internally
within the Wind Analysis program. Therefore no
values are shown in this data area. The data area
should only be used if the user wishes to change
these calculated values or add funnelling effects.
The sign of the Cpe value may be +ve or ve. The
+ve direction is indicated by red vector lines normal
to the surface in the main window as shown below.
Also the side of the surface being viewed in the
template window represents the side on which +ve
direction wind loading is applied.
Occasionally some roof panels may need closing.
This will be the case if the panel does not have a
closing member on its 4th side.
Occasionally the default orientation of the surface
template may need to be rotated by an amount
other than 90.
All members that define the panels in the current
wind loaded surface. While Apply to mode is ON
you can add members to this group by clicking on
them individually or cross windowing for multiple
member selection.

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6.2.10 The Automatic Generation of Wind Panels, Zones and Cpe Values
The wind panels for a complete building of any shape can be quickly generated
using the Fast Selection buttons. As the panels are being generated, the wind
zones and Cpe values are automatically evaluated for each surface for every
wind direction specified. The program will give each surface a relevant title based
on its orientation and position within the structure, eg:- @West Recess Bay Part
A. The program uses this title to assist in evaluating the zones in the panel.

Wind zoned building

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6.2.11 Creating the Vertical Panels

To achieve accurate wind zone results, the vertical panels should be generated
for each change in horizontal profile of the structure as shown by the coloured
zones below.
Note the side
panels
around the
small upper
floor are in
different
groups than
the
correspondin
g side panels
in the lower
part of the
structure.

Each panel
generated must
have the wind
as external
pressure
(shown by red
arrows pointing
into the
structure) for
the program to
evaluate the
zones and Cpe
values
consistently for
each wind
direction over
the whole
structure.
To quickly generate the wind panels, zones and Cpe values for vertical surfaces
click on the

button at the bottom of the screen in the Multi-Storey > Wind

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Loading side menu. Select the direction of span of the panels horizontal,
vertical or 2 way spanning

Place the
structure in
side view and
zoom dynamic
window
around the
lowest uniform
part, hence
filtering to this
lower inset
storey.

Now place the part structure

in plan view. With the fast
selection button on,
click
one end of a panel and then
the other end. Alternatively,
you can box around the full
panel to select it. The panel
will appear in the top right of
the screen. Ensure that the
panel is orientated correctly
by examining the red direction
arrows. These should always
point into the structure
indicating an external
pressure. If the panel needs
reoriented, click again on
one of the members of the panel and the panel with switch round. Note that there
is no need to fill in the Cpe or Zones values in the side data panel as these will
be automatically evaluated within the program.

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Continue to select the rest of the vertical panels on this level of the structure by
clicking on their start and end members, remembering to reorient each panel if
required so that all wind directions are indicating external pressure (pointing into
the structure).

Once all the panels for this level are picked, go back to the full structure and
select the next level by placing the structure in side view and zoom dynamic
windowing round it to filter to the upper inset storey.
Again, place the selected part structure
in plan view and with the
button
depressed, select each vertical panel in
turn, again ensuring the wind direction
is correct.

Carry out this procedure for all levels of the structure until all vertical panels have
been defined. Switch off the fast selection button for vertical panels.

6.2.12 Creating the Horizontal Panels

Panels should be defined at each change in level starting with the uppermost
panel and working downwards. As each lower level is defined the upper panel
areas already defined will automatically be omitted from the lower level, so that
only external areas will be included in the group.
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Switch on the fast

selection of wind
panels button
.
Placing the structure
in side view, window
around the uppermost
horizontal external
panel (roof).

Place this on plan. Select one member in the corner of the panel and one in the
opposite corner. This will highlight the whole panel. (Occasionally you may need
to add omitted members if the complete panel is not automatically selected
correctly.)
It is essential that the
panel in the window
on the right has the
same orientation and
colour arrangement as
the main panel.
Clicking on any
member of the panel
will reorient the panel.
This may need to be
carried out a couple of
times to get the panels
identically orientated.

Examining the whole structure, window the next roof level down, place it in plan
and pick the opposite corners to highlight the wind panel at this level. Note how
the program automatically omits the area covered by the upper roof previously
defined.
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The wind zones and Cpe factors for the above structure are shown below. (See
section 3.8 on how to display zones and factors.)

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6.2.13 Creating the Sloped Panels

Sloped roof panels are developed in the same way as horizontal panels by
selecting diagonally opposite corner members of a panel, again ensuring the
panel orientation is aligned with the plan view of the same panel in the main
frame. When the wind zone designation letters are displayed the letter will be
preceded by the pitch for sloped panels, eg, +19F.

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Occasionally a panel may not have members on all 4 sides, particularly on roofs,
and therefore is not a closed panel. You can close the panel by entering a Y in
the data entry area.

The sloped wind panel

at the front of this roof
does not close
automatically since
there are no horizontal
members across the
top of the sloped area
of roof.

By entering Y in the
Close Panels data
entry box, the full
area of the panel is
now considered for
wind loading.

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6.2.14 Refining and Altering the Wind Information

The Wind Analysis program
automatically calculates all the Cpe
factors, Zones and beta angles for all
panels in the whole structure. These
may be modified by the user if
necessary using the table opposite,
otherwise the table remains empty. The
user can also enter the funnelling factor
which is a ratio of the distance between
the structure being considered and the
adjacent structure, to b - the scaling
length. The factor only has an effect
between the ratios
of 0.25 and 1.0. A different factor may need to be entered for each wind direction.
The panel zoning can be refined by introducing additional nodes into the
members around a panel and redefining the wind panel. This will break the panel
into smaller areas resulting in redefinition of the zones and a more refined wind
loading.

Less refined roof zones

More refined roof zones

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Structures such
as that shown
can have the
wind loading
accurately
applied in a
short space of
time using the
Wind Analysis
program.

6.2.15 The Basic Rules of Wind Loading

1. Each wind load group applies a uniform wind load intensity normal to a
planar surface
2. A wind load group can only apply to one planar surface
3. All the members that define the panels in a planar surface should be added
to the wind load member group. This is different from the gravity area
loading application method where only the loaded members are added to the
group. The wind loading calculations determine which members of the
panels are loaded and which are not according to the direction of span.
4. Unlike the gravity area loading method, bracing members do not need to be
defined in a special bracing group, rather they are simply not added to the
wind loading group and therefore do not affect the distribution of wind area
loading.
5. A member can belong to more than one wind load group.
6. A panel must have three or four straight sides. A straight side of a panel can
be made up of any number of individual elements.

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6.2.16 Wind Loading Display Tools

There are several ways in which wind loading can be displayed. While you are
viewing a wind loading group the controls at the bottom of the screen allow you
to,
ON - View the wind load in multi-colour shading. The wind loads being
distributed to a single member are shown in the same colour. OFF The
wind load distribution lines are shown in grey with no coloured shading.
ON Show all the wind load groups simultaneously. OFF Only show
the wind load distribution diagram of the current group
ON View the wind loading with a single colour for each group. The
option must also be turned on. This is most useful when used along with
the Show all groups option.
When these three display
options are selected the wind
loaded surfaces are displayed
and the program performs a
hidden surface removal.

There are also several display tools on the top tool bar, which can be used at any
stage inside MasterFrame.
The 3D Model Manager load display options on the top tool bar are not
activated until this button is set to ON (pressed down)
Display all wind loading
Draw the wind loading in shaded colour
ON View the wind loading with a single colour for each group. The
and
option must also be turned on.
While the above options are turned on, this button highlights the members in
the wind loaded surfaces that the wind load is being distributed to.

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In screen resolutions
of 1024x768 and
higher, when the
Draw Wind load per
button is
intensity
used, a drop list of
wind directions W1
W8 appears at the top
right of the tool bar.
When an individual
wind direction is
selected, the surfaces
are colour coded
according to their Cpe
values. Shades of
green are used to
represent suction
while shades of blue
are used for positive
pressure. This will
assist in the validation
of the wind
application.

With the wind

drawing options
selected, the wind
zone letter
designations can be
displayed by
selecting the
button.
You can view each
wind direction in turn
W1 to W8.

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With the wind

drawing options
selected, the Cpe
values can be
displayed by
selecting the
button.
You can view each
wind direction in turn
W1 to W8.

6.2.17 Viewing and Validating the Wind Loading

The various loads applied to the structure using the 3D Model Manager wind
loading are internally translated to standard MasterFrame loads. These loads
and their values can then be viewed just like any other MasterFrame Loads.
By clicking on the
button on the top tool bar the frame load diagram is
displayed. The Frame Load Diagram enables you to view and print the applied
loads on the whole frame. You can select to view loads according to their
directions and density (D), load groups and loading cases.
The all groups drop list can be used to
select view the loads generated from
an individual wind direction.

MasterKey Wind Loading to BS 6399

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6.2.18 Conclusion
This concludes the wind load application using the 3D Model Manager and
MasterKey Wind Analysis.

MasterKey Wind Loading to BS 6399

20-31