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PYTHAGORAS &

TRIGONOMETRY

PYTHAGORAS
Can only occur in a right angled triangle
hypotenuse
h

Pythagoras Theorem states:

h2 = a 2 + b 2
b

right angle
e.g.

x
7.65 m

9.4 cm

y
11.3 m

square
root
undoes
squaring

x2 = 7.652 + 11.32
x2 = 186.2125
x = 186.2125
x = 13.65 m (2 d.p.)

8.6 cm

smaller sides
should always
be smaller than
the hypotenuse

y2 + 9.4
8.62 = 9.4
y2 +2 8.62
2 2
- 8.62 y2 = 9.4-2 8.6
8.6
y2 = 14.4
y = 14.4
y = 3.79 cm (2 d.p.)

PYTHAGOREAN TRIPLES
- Special sets of whole numbers that fit into the Pythagoras equation
e.g.

x2
3, 4 and 5
5, 12 and 13 x 3
7, 24 and 25 x 5

- Each of these sets can be


multiplied by numbers to
find further triples.

6, 8 and 10
15, 36 and 39
35, 120 and 125

PYTHAGOREAN APPLICATIONS
e.g. A ladder 5 m long is placed
against the wall. The base of
the ladder is 2 m from the
wall.
Ladder (5 m)
Draw a diagram to show this
information and calculate
how high up the wall the
ladder reaches.
Base (2 m)

Wall
(x)
x522+=2x22=+5222
2 2
x2 -2
= 252 - 2-2
x2 = 21
x = 21
x = 4.58 m (2 d.p.)

TRIGONOMETRY (SIN, COS & TAN)


- Label the triangle as follows, according to the angle being used.
to remember the trig ratios use
SOH CAH TOA
and the triangles

Hypotenuse (H)
Opposite (O)
Always make
sure your
calculator is set
to degrees!!

A
Adjacent (A)

S H

C H

O
T

means divide

1. Calculating Sides
e.g.
7.65 m
x
H
O
29
O

x = sin29 x 7.65
x = 3.71 m (2 d.p.)

means multiply
O

50
6.5 cm A

h
O

h = tan50 x 6.5
h = 7.75 cm (2 d.p.)

e.g.
H

d = 455 sin32
d = 858.62 m (2 d.p.)

455 m
O

32

S H

2. Calculating Angles
-Same method as when calculating sides, except we use inverse trig ratios.
e.g.
23.4 mm
H

16.1 mm
O

sin-1
undoes
sin

2.15 m
A

sinA = 16.1 23.4

A = 43.5 (1 d.p.)

cosB = 2.15 4.07


B = cos-1(2.15 4.07)

A = sin-1(16.1 23.4)
S H

4.07 m
H

C H

Dont forget brackets, and fractions can also be used

B = 58.1 (1 d.p.)

TRIGONOMETRY APPLICATIONS
e.g.

A ladder 4.7 m long is


leaning against a wall. The
angle between the wall and
ladder is 27.
Ladder (4.7 m)
Draw a diagram and find the
height the ladder extends up
the wall.

A
C H

A
32 m
A

48 m

cosA = 32 48
A = cos-1(32 48)
A = 48.2 (1 d.p.)

e.g.

27

Wall
(x)
A

A
C

x = cos27 x 4.7
x = 4.19 m (2 d.p.)

A vertical mast is held by a


48 m long wire. The wire is
attached to a point 32 m up
the mast.
Draw a diagram and find the
angle the wire makes with
the mast.

VECTORS
- Vectors describe a movement (translation).
To describe vectors as a column vector:
- top number describes sideways movement (negative = left and positive = right)
- bottom number describe up/down movement (negative = down and positive = up)
e.g. Draw the vector q = 2

vectors can start anywhere

b
q

e.g. Draw the vector b = 1

e.g. Write vector CD as a column


vector -2

B
D

e.g. Write vector AB as a column


vector 4

-2

BEARINGS
- Bearings are used to indicate directions
- Are measured clockwise from North
- Must be expressed using 3 digits (i.e. 000 to 360)
- Compass directions such as NW give directions but are not bearings
000
e.g. The compass points and their bearings:
315
045
e.g. Draw a bearing of 051:
NW
NE
N
270

51

SW
e.g. What is the bearing of R from N? 225
N

SE

S
180

Bearing = 180 + 37
= 217
37

090

135

MAGNITUDE AND BEARINGS OF VECTORS


- The magnitude of a vector is its length and is calculated using Pythagoras
- The direction of a vector (bearing) is calculated using Trigonometry
e.g.

-4 :
Calculate the magnitude and bearing of the vector

Magnitude: x2 = 42 + 62
x = 42 + 62
x = 52
x = 7.2 units (1 d.p.)
Bearing:
O

tanA = 6 4
A = tan-1(6 4)
A = 56
Bearing = 56 + 270
= 326

O
6

A 4

e.g. A plane flying at 500km/hr heads North. A wind blows from the west
at 50 km/hr.
Find the actual direction the plane ends up heading on.
Also calculate its final speed.
N 50 km/hr O

500 km/hr
A

Actual
flight path
(x)

Final Speed: x2 = 502 + 5002


x = 502 + 5002
x = 252500
x = 502.5 km/hr (1 d.p.)

Bearing:
O
T

tanA = 50 500
A = tan-1(50 500)
A = 5.7 (1 d.p.)
Bearing = 006

GRID REFERENCE
- Grid referencing is a six figure system of map co-ordinates used to give locations
- The first three figures refer to the horizontal scale.
- The last three figures refer to the vertical scale.
e.g.

A location has a grid reference of 295868. How is it found?

On the horizontal scale we look for the 29 and then move 5 tenths further right
On the vertical scale we look for the 86 and then move 8 tenths further up

RAPID NUMBERING
- RAPID stands for Rural Address Property IDentification
- It accurately gives the location of rural properties
- It is based on the distance a property is from the beginning of the road
- The distance is measured in metres with the final measurement being divided by
10. If the property is on the right side, the number is rounded to the nearest even
whole number and if it is on the left side, to the nearest odd number.
e.g. What is the RAPID number for a property located 527 metres up the left
side of a road? 527 10 = 52.7
Left side means we round to nearest odd number = 53

3D FIGURES
- Pythagoras and Trigonometry can be used in 3D shapes
e.g. Calculate the length of sides x and w and the angles CHE and GCH
A

F
w

O
7m

O
T

w2 = 72 + 7.82
w = 72 + 7.82
w = 110
w = 10.5 m (1 d.p.)

Ax
H

x2 = 52 + 62
x = 52 + 62
x = 61
x = 7.8 m (1 d.p.)

6mA

5m
O
E

tanCHE = 5 6
CHE = tan-1(5 6)
CHE = 39.8 (1 d.p.)

O
T

Make sure
you use
whole answer
for x in
calculation

tanGCH = 7 7.8
GCH = tan-1(7 7.8)
GCH = 41.9 (1 d.p.)

1. The Angle Between Two Planes


- is the smallest possible angle between the planes.
- is defined by the rays on each plane perpendicular to the line of intersection.
e.g. Find the angle between the planes CHEB and ABCD

B
F

7m

1. First define the two planes


2. Define the line of intersection
3. Define the rays perpendicular
to the line of intersection
4. The angle is located between
the two rays

A
D

6m

5m
O

tanHCD = 5 7
HCD = tan-1(5 7)
HCD = 35.5 (1 d.p.)

2. Angle Between a Line and a Plane


- is the smallest angle between the line and the projection of that line onto the
plane.
e.g.

Find the angle between the line BH and plane ABFE


B

F
7m

C
1. Define the line and plane
2. Look towards plane and line
3. Project line onto the plane
4. The angle is located between
the line and its projection

G
x
A
A

D
5m

H
6mO

Make sure you use whole


answer for x in calculation

First need to find length of projection (x)


x2 = 52 + 72
x = 52 + 72
x = 74
x = 8.6 m (1 d.p.)

O
T

tanEBH = 6 8.6
EBH = tan-1(6 8.6)
EBH = 34.9 (1 d.p.)

NON-RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLES


1. Naming Non-right Angled Triangles
- Capital letters are used to represent angles
- Lower case letters are used to represent sides
e.g.

Label the following triangle


c
A
B
b
C

The side opposite the angle


is given the same letter as
the angle but in lower case.

2. Sine Rule
a =
b
=
c .
SinA
SinB
SinC

a) Calculating Sides
e.g.

Calculate the length of side p

52 A
6m
b

B 46
p a

Only 2 parts of the rule are


needed to calculate the answer
p
=
6
.
Sin52
Sin46
Sin52
p =
6 Sin52
Sin52
Sin46
p = 6.57 m (2 d.p.)

To calculate you must have the angle


opposite the unknown side.
Re-label the triangle to help substitute info into the formula

b) Calculating Angles
For the statement: 1 = 3 is the reciprocal true?
2
6

Yes as 2 = 6
1
3

Therefore to calculate angles, the Sine Rule is reciprocated so the unknown


angle is on top and therefore easier to calculate.
You must calculate
Sin51 before dividing by
6 (cannot use fractions)

SinA
a == SinB
b
== SinC
c .
SinA
a
SinB
b
SinC
c

e.g.

Calculate angle
A
6m
b

B 51

7ma

Sin
7

= Sin51
6

Sin
7

= Sin51
7 7
6

To calculate you must have the side


opposite the unknown angle

= sin-1( Sin51 7)
6
= 65.0 (1 d.p.)

Re-label the triangle to help substitute


info into the formula

3. Cosine Rule
-Used to calculate the third side when two sides and the angle between them
(included angle) are known.
a2 = b2 + c2 2bcCosA
a) Calculating Sides
e.g.

Calculate the length of side x


13 m b

x2 = 132 + 112 21311Cos37

x2 = 61.59
A 37
x
a

11 m c

x = 61.59
x = 7.85 m (2 d.p.)
Remember to take square
root of whole, not rounded
answer

Re-label the triangle to help substitute info


into the formula

b) Calculating Angles
- Need to rearrange the formula for calculating sides
CosA = b2 + c2 a2
2bc
e.g.

Calculate the size of the largest angle

CosR = 132 + 172 242


21317

24 m a

Q
13 m
b

Watch you follow the


BEDMAS laws!

17 m c

Re-label the triangle to help substitute info


into the formula

CosR = -0.267
R = cos-1(-0.267)
R = 105.5 (1 d.p.)

Remember to use whole


number when taking inverse

4. Area of a triangle
- can be found using trig when two sides and the angle between the sides
(included angle) are known
Area = abSinC

e.g. Calculate the following area

C
39

8m
a
89

9m b

Area = 89Sin39
Area = 22.7 m2 (1 d.p.)

52

Re-label the triangle to help substitute info


into the formula
Calculate size of missing angle using
geometry (angles in triangle add to 180)

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