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TRIGONOMETRY
PYTHAGORAS
Can only occur in a right angled triangle
hypotenuse
h
h2 = a 2 + b 2
b
right angle
e.g.
x
7.65 m
9.4 cm
y
11.3 m
square
root
undoes
squaring
x2 = 7.652 + 11.32
x2 = 186.2125
x = 186.2125
x = 13.65 m (2 d.p.)
8.6 cm
smaller sides
should always
be smaller than
the hypotenuse
y2 + 9.4
8.62 = 9.4
y2 +2 8.62
2 2
- 8.62 y2 = 9.4-2 8.6
8.6
y2 = 14.4
y = 14.4
y = 3.79 cm (2 d.p.)
PYTHAGOREAN TRIPLES
- Special sets of whole numbers that fit into the Pythagoras equation
e.g.
x2
3, 4 and 5
5, 12 and 13 x 3
7, 24 and 25 x 5
6, 8 and 10
15, 36 and 39
35, 120 and 125
PYTHAGOREAN APPLICATIONS
e.g. A ladder 5 m long is placed
against the wall. The base of
the ladder is 2 m from the
wall.
Ladder (5 m)
Draw a diagram to show this
information and calculate
how high up the wall the
ladder reaches.
Base (2 m)
Wall
(x)
x522+=2x22=+5222
2 2
x2 -2
= 252 - 2-2
x2 = 21
x = 21
x = 4.58 m (2 d.p.)
Hypotenuse (H)
Opposite (O)
Always make
sure your
calculator is set
to degrees!!
A
Adjacent (A)
S H
C H
O
T
means divide
1. Calculating Sides
e.g.
7.65 m
x
H
O
29
O
x = sin29 x 7.65
x = 3.71 m (2 d.p.)
means multiply
O
50
6.5 cm A
h
O
h = tan50 x 6.5
h = 7.75 cm (2 d.p.)
e.g.
H
d = 455 sin32
d = 858.62 m (2 d.p.)
455 m
O
32
S H
2. Calculating Angles
-Same method as when calculating sides, except we use inverse trig ratios.
e.g.
23.4 mm
H
16.1 mm
O
sin-1
undoes
sin
2.15 m
A
A = 43.5 (1 d.p.)
A = sin-1(16.1 23.4)
S H
4.07 m
H
C H
B = 58.1 (1 d.p.)
TRIGONOMETRY APPLICATIONS
e.g.
A
C H
A
32 m
A
48 m
cosA = 32 48
A = cos-1(32 48)
A = 48.2 (1 d.p.)
e.g.
27
Wall
(x)
A
A
C
x = cos27 x 4.7
x = 4.19 m (2 d.p.)
VECTORS
- Vectors describe a movement (translation).
To describe vectors as a column vector:
- top number describes sideways movement (negative = left and positive = right)
- bottom number describe up/down movement (negative = down and positive = up)
e.g. Draw the vector q = 2
b
q
B
D
-2
BEARINGS
- Bearings are used to indicate directions
- Are measured clockwise from North
- Must be expressed using 3 digits (i.e. 000 to 360)
- Compass directions such as NW give directions but are not bearings
000
e.g. The compass points and their bearings:
315
045
e.g. Draw a bearing of 051:
NW
NE
N
270
51
SW
e.g. What is the bearing of R from N? 225
N
SE
S
180
Bearing = 180 + 37
= 217
37
090
135
-4 :
Calculate the magnitude and bearing of the vector
Magnitude: x2 = 42 + 62
x = 42 + 62
x = 52
x = 7.2 units (1 d.p.)
Bearing:
O
tanA = 6 4
A = tan-1(6 4)
A = 56
Bearing = 56 + 270
= 326
O
6
A 4
e.g. A plane flying at 500km/hr heads North. A wind blows from the west
at 50 km/hr.
Find the actual direction the plane ends up heading on.
Also calculate its final speed.
N 50 km/hr O
500 km/hr
A
Actual
flight path
(x)
Bearing:
O
T
tanA = 50 500
A = tan-1(50 500)
A = 5.7 (1 d.p.)
Bearing = 006
GRID REFERENCE
- Grid referencing is a six figure system of map co-ordinates used to give locations
- The first three figures refer to the horizontal scale.
- The last three figures refer to the vertical scale.
e.g.
On the horizontal scale we look for the 29 and then move 5 tenths further right
On the vertical scale we look for the 86 and then move 8 tenths further up
RAPID NUMBERING
- RAPID stands for Rural Address Property IDentification
- It accurately gives the location of rural properties
- It is based on the distance a property is from the beginning of the road
- The distance is measured in metres with the final measurement being divided by
10. If the property is on the right side, the number is rounded to the nearest even
whole number and if it is on the left side, to the nearest odd number.
e.g. What is the RAPID number for a property located 527 metres up the left
side of a road? 527 10 = 52.7
Left side means we round to nearest odd number = 53
3D FIGURES
- Pythagoras and Trigonometry can be used in 3D shapes
e.g. Calculate the length of sides x and w and the angles CHE and GCH
A
F
w
O
7m
O
T
w2 = 72 + 7.82
w = 72 + 7.82
w = 110
w = 10.5 m (1 d.p.)
Ax
H
x2 = 52 + 62
x = 52 + 62
x = 61
x = 7.8 m (1 d.p.)
6mA
5m
O
E
tanCHE = 5 6
CHE = tan-1(5 6)
CHE = 39.8 (1 d.p.)
O
T
Make sure
you use
whole answer
for x in
calculation
tanGCH = 7 7.8
GCH = tan-1(7 7.8)
GCH = 41.9 (1 d.p.)
B
F
7m
A
D
6m
5m
O
tanHCD = 5 7
HCD = tan-1(5 7)
HCD = 35.5 (1 d.p.)
F
7m
C
1. Define the line and plane
2. Look towards plane and line
3. Project line onto the plane
4. The angle is located between
the line and its projection
G
x
A
A
D
5m
H
6mO
O
T
tanEBH = 6 8.6
EBH = tan-1(6 8.6)
EBH = 34.9 (1 d.p.)
2. Sine Rule
a =
b
=
c .
SinA
SinB
SinC
a) Calculating Sides
e.g.
52 A
6m
b
B 46
p a
b) Calculating Angles
For the statement: 1 = 3 is the reciprocal true?
2
6
Yes as 2 = 6
1
3
SinA
a == SinB
b
== SinC
c .
SinA
a
SinB
b
SinC
c
e.g.
Calculate angle
A
6m
b
B 51
7ma
Sin
7
= Sin51
6
Sin
7
= Sin51
7 7
6
= sin-1( Sin51 7)
6
= 65.0 (1 d.p.)
3. Cosine Rule
-Used to calculate the third side when two sides and the angle between them
(included angle) are known.
a2 = b2 + c2 2bcCosA
a) Calculating Sides
e.g.
x2 = 61.59
A 37
x
a
11 m c
x = 61.59
x = 7.85 m (2 d.p.)
Remember to take square
root of whole, not rounded
answer
b) Calculating Angles
- Need to rearrange the formula for calculating sides
CosA = b2 + c2 a2
2bc
e.g.
24 m a
Q
13 m
b
17 m c
CosR = -0.267
R = cos-1(-0.267)
R = 105.5 (1 d.p.)
4. Area of a triangle
- can be found using trig when two sides and the angle between the sides
(included angle) are known
Area = abSinC
C
39
8m
a
89
9m b
Area = 89Sin39
Area = 22.7 m2 (1 d.p.)
52