Design of Structural Connections

Division of Structural Engineering
Design of
Structural
Connections
Bjrn Engstrm
Chalmers University of Technology
Gteborg, Sweden
Bjrn Engstrm
Content
Design philosophy
Structural purpose
Force paths at different levels
Mechanical behaviour design aspects
Basic force transfer mechanisms
Compression
Shear
Tension
Bending - torsion
fib Bulletin on Structural connections

Bjrn Engstrm
Design of structural connections
Design aspects:
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Structural behaviour for ordinary

and excessive loads
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Appearance and function in the

service state
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Structural fire protection
Load bearing function

Separating function
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Manufacture
Production of precast elements
Handling, storage and transportation of
precast elements
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Mounting of precast systems

Mounting should be possible
Tolerances
Accessibility
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Modular co-ordination
Traditional detail
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Alternative detail
Demountability
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Force paths structural level
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Diaphragm action
Fixed end
columns
Shear panels
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Shear
walls
Shear walls
Floor diaphragms
Floor diaphragms
Compression
Compression
Shear
Shear
Tension
Tension
Shear
Shear
Core
Core
Tension
Tension
Compression
Compression
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Force paths
structural subsystems
In-plane action of precast floor

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Force paths
structural subsystems
In-plane action of precast wall
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The force paths local level
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Alternative designs force paths
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Alternative
designs
force paths
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Design of the whole connection
The connection as part of the structural

system
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Design and detailing

for safe force paths
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Flow of forces
through the
connection and
further away
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Mechanical behaviour
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Mechanical response
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Need for movement
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Balanced design for ductility
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Anchorage for ductility
Avoid anchorage failures
Provide anchorage for rupture of the steel

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Unintended restraint
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Avoid unfavourable crack locations

Unfavourable
Preferred
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Alternative solutions
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Unintended composite action
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Force transfer in connections
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Basic force transfer mechanisms

Shear
Compression
w
N
Tension
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Transfer of compression
local compression,
compressive strength
in confined concrete
tension
stress dispersion
splitting effects
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Compression through several layers
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Design of bearings
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Design of soft bearings
Consider vertical resistance

Limit shear deformation for horizontal loads
Compression over the entire face of the bearing pad
Avoid direct contact in case of rotation
Avoid that the bearing protrudes outside the edges
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Design examples
Wall connection
with mortar joint
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Beam support
with soft bearing
Design examples
Beam column connection

with steel plates
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Hollow core floor wall connection
Bolted connections
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Failure modes of bolted

connection
Shear failure of bolt
Splitting of concrete
Combined bending
in bolt and crushing of
concrete
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Avoid splitting failure

Q
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Design of splitting reinforcement
Compare with local

compression
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Dowel action one-sided

Failure
mechanism
High
bending
stress
Q
x0
High
compression
VR = 2
Bending failure in bolt

crushing of concrete
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x0 =
f cc f sy
VR
3 f cc
Effect of eccentricity
eccentricity factor ke
Q
e
x0
11
0,8
0.8
fck/fyk
20/500
k e1( e ) 0.6
0.6
k e2( e )
VR = ke
x0 =
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f cc f sy
VR
3 f cc
0,4
0.4
0,2
0.2
0.18322
50/320
0
0
0.5
0,5
1
1,0
e/
1.5
1,5
2
2,0
2.5
2,5
2.5
Dowel action two-sided

VR = 2
Slip
x0 =
fcc
f cc f sy
VR
3 f cc
x0
2e
x0
fcc
Slip
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Different conditions
V1 = 2
x 0 ,1 =
fcc,min
f cc ,min f sy
V1 = 2
VR
3 f cc.min
fcc,min
VR
3 f cc.min
x0,1
x0,1
2e
x0,2
fcc,max
fcc,max
VR = 2
x0, 2 =
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x 0 ,1 =
f cc ,min f sy
f cc ,max f sy
VR
3 f cc ,max
Failure
mechanism
2e
Response in shear
Shear force
V1 = 2
x 0 ,1 =
fcc,min
f cc ,min f sy
VR
3 f cc.min
Second plastic hinge plastic mechanism

First plastic hinge
x0,1
2e
Shear slip
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fcc,max
Effect of restraint
VR = k r 2
f cc f sy
fcc
x0 =
VR
3 f cc
1 kr 2
x0
My,red
fcc
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Restraint and eccentricity

VR = ke ,r 2
x0 =
fcc
f cc f sy
VR
3 f cc
2
ke ,r = k r + 2
x0
e
fcc
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Effect of anchorage
VR = ( s As ) + 2
fcc
f r ,red = f s s
x0
x0
fcc
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f cc f s ,red
What happened here?
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II
III
Shear in joints
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Shear friction
Crack width
Crack
width
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Shear slip
Shear slip
Self-generated friction
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Influence of bond and anchorage

w
Fv
s
deformed bars
strain localisation
high steel stress
yields for
small slip,
friction dominates
Fv
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Influence of bond and anchorage

joint separation
Fv
s
induced
tension
Fv
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shear slip
plain bars
uniform strain
low steel stress
yields for
large slip,
friction + dowel
Compare with bolted connection

w
Fv
VR = ( s As ) + 2
s
fcc
f cc f s ,red
f r ,red = f s s
x0
x0
fcc
Fv
Shear friction in joint

Plain bars with end anchors
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Bolted connection
Plain bolt with end anchors
Different responses
External bars
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Internal reinforcement
When will the transverse bars yield?

w
Fv
s
Fv
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Depends on:
joint roughness
bond resistance of
transverse bar
Maximum crack width vs.

end slip response of transverse bar
Force in bar
Force in bar
Force in bar
Crack width
Maximum crack width
Bar yields in shear
friction
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Crack width
Maximum crack width
Bar yields not in shear friction
Increased joint separation

6
52
Joint profile with waveshaped undulations
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Joints with shear keys

shear stress
with shear keys
plain joints
slip
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Shear transfer clamping is needed
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Distributed ties provides clamping
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Concentrated ties provide clamping
Adequate between elements with high in-plane

stiffness that are arranged in the same plane
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Distributed ties are needed here
Inclined forces separate

the elements arranged
at a corner
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Example of distributed ties

between floor and wall
Shear resistance of joints depends

on overall design of the subsystem
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Design examples
Fv
High
compression
High
bending
stress
Response of plain dowel
Frictional resistance of concrete

interface
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Connections between wall

elements
monolithic
with shear keys
monolithic
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plain
with
shear-keys
plain
Connections between floor

elements
Uncracked joint
Vertical shear
capacity
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Cracked joints
Applications
beff
reinforcement
in concrete
filled sleeves
transversal ties
cast in-situ
concrete
beff
joint fill
2
4
1
transversal ties
longitudinal tie
Shear transfer in hollow

core floor
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Shear transfer in composite

beams
Transfer of tension
2
pl
Fsu
y
l ty
l t,pl
Anchorage with bond

Anchor head
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Headed bar
Concrete capacity
design approach
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Design of connection zone

The force must go further
Local compression
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Anchorage of headed bar
Hollow core floor connection
Tensile capacity is
needed for:
diaphragm action
in floor
shear friction
resistance of joints
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Bond stress development
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Bond stress development
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Inclined bond forces

N
b . tan
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Splitting cracks
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Anchorage failures
N Nmax
Splitting
Pull-out
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Nmax
Tensile force development

Tensile force
[kN]
140
Influence of embedment length

Tensile capacity
Yield capacity
120
N220
N290a
N500
H90b
H170
H210
H250
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
100
200
300
Position x [mm]
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400
500
Bond stress - slip relation

Force
.
40
mm
. . .
.
. .
.
.
. . .
.
. .
.
. .
.
.
.
.
Slip
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Bond, b
Bond stress
[MPa]
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
HSC
NSC
10
15
20
Passive end-slip [mm]
25
30
End slip
Reference point
Slip
F
Steel bar
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Steel bar in tension
Elastic response
Crack width [mm]
2,0
1.58184
w6 s
1,5
w8 s
32
25
20
16
12
10
8
6
1.5
w 10 s
w 16 s
1,0
w 20 s
w 25 s
0,5
w 32 s
0.5
0
0
8
1 10
100
8
2 10
200
8
3 10
300
8
4 10
400
8
5 10
8
5 .10
500
Steel stress [MPa]

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Yield penetration
2
pl
lty
Fsu
lt,pl
Plastic zone
Elastic zone
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Response of connections
Rupture
of bar
N
Fsu
Fsy
w
N
wy
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0,5 wu
wu w
This information was needed

w
Fv
s
When will the

transverse bars
yield?
Depends on:
joint roughness
bond resistance of
transverse bar
Fv
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Maximum crack width vs.

end slip response of transverse bar
Force in bar
Force in bar
Force in bar
Crack width
Maximum crack width
Bar yields in shear
friction
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Crack width
Maximum crack width
Bar yields not in shear friction
Examples
N [kN]
109
101
Prediction of end-slip
response of anchor bar
send [mm]
send,y =
0,468
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0,5send,u =
0,795
send,u =
1,59
Examples
Design of anchorage allowing
for full yield penetration
Effect of local weakening
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Examples
Estimation of tie bar stiffness
w
N
Design of loop
connection
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Prevention of progressive
collapse
Withstand accidental
loading
Reducing the risk of
accidental loading
Increase redundancy and
prevent propagation of
initial damage
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Analysis of collapse mechanisms

3,0
3,0
4,5
3,0
6,0
5,0
5,0
[m]
Tie force
Fsu
Fsy
wy
0,5 wu
wu w
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Crack width
B
l
Transfer of bending moment
Beam column
connections
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Column splice
connection
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Column base
connections
Floor connections:
no restraint, unintended restraint, full restraint, partial
continuity in the service state
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Example
Rebars d 10
c/c 300,
L = 200+300
50
2 rebars d=12
L = 5300
40
100
Thin plastic
30
60 70 sheet
Plywood board
100
100
30x50x60
under webs,
200
2 pc./slab end
Fs
Moment rotation response of connection at end support
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Transfer of torsional moment

q
Simply supported
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Firmly connected
Torsional restraint
at beam support
fib Bulletin on
Structural Connections
Encourage good practice in design of
structural connections
Design philosophy
Connections Structural system
Understanding of basic force transfer
mechanisms
Bjrn Engstrm

Design of Structural Connections

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Design of Structural Connections

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Division of Structural Engineering

Division of Structural Engineering

Basic force transfer mechanisms

fib Bulletin on Structural connections

Division of Structural Engineering