Canalizari Valsir

Technical manual
L02-345/0
Waste systems inside buildings
Characteristics, project design, calculation, installation and testing
TE SYSTEMS
[2.13]
L tot = 10log p
10 10
= 10log10 1010 8 =
90 dB
p0
This means that

halving the noise
power (or inten
And what happ
sity) is the equiv
ens if we multi
alent of reducing
ply the noise energ
the levels of noise
y (or intensity)
by 3 dB.
by a factor of ten?
2
g10
2 = 10log10 0,5 10 8 = 77 dB
p0
tot
This means that

doubling the noise
power (or inten
noise sources
sity) is the same
with noise energ
as increasing the
ies (or intensities
Lets now supp
noise levels by
) that are doub
ose that we halve
3 dB or difference
le compared to
the noise powe
the other.
pressure corre
s of 3 dB are equa
r (or intensity)
sponding to 80
lt
and
an we want to
dB and we halve
evaluate the reduc
it, we obtain:
tion in dB. If we
consider the same
2
1
noise
L = 10lo
p
NOISE IN WAS
the noise levels
are increased
[2.14]
by 10 dB!
The concepts
just dealt with

are clearly show
n in the curve
the sound powe
in Figure 2.1 wher
r is equivalent
e we see that:
multiplyin
to increasing the
g the sound powe
noise levels by
r by a factor of
3 dB;
halving
ten is equivalent
the sound powe
to increasing the
r is the equivalent
noise levels by
of reducing the
10 dB;
noise levels by
3 dB.
doubling
Figure 2.1 Differ
ence in dB betwe
en two sound
soun sourc
es with sound energ
ies of W and W
1
2 (or intensity J
and J )
2
22
OK_MT_L02_3
45-0.indd 22
20-02-2007
www.valsir.it
14:45:43
1.
VALSIR WASTE SYSTEMS
1.1
Valsir Polyethylene (PE) waste system
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
1.1.5
1.1.6
1.1.7
6
7
7
8
8
8
8
1.2
Material
Application field
Dimensions
Connection systems
Reference standards and quality marks
Marking
Packaging
Valsir Polypropylene (PP) waste system

1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.2.5
1.2.6
1.2.7
1.3
1.4
Material
Application field
Dimensions
Connection systems
Reference standards and quality marks
Marking
Packaging
9
9
10
10
10
12
12
12
Valsir Triplus waste system
13
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.3.5
1.3.6
1.3.7
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
Material
Application field
Dimension
Connection systems
Reference standards
Marking
Packaging
Valsir Silere waste system
16
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.4.4
1.4.5
1.4.6
1.4.7
Material
Application field
Dimension
Connection systems
Reference standards
Marking
Packaging
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
2.
NOISE IN WASTE SYSTEMS
19
2.1
Introduction
19
2.2
Sound
19
2.3
Noise and its measurement
21
2.4
Noise in buildings and Italian legislation
23
2.5
Noise in waste systems
26
2.6
The acoustic performance of the Valsir waste pipes
27
2.6.1
2.6.2
27
28
2.7
Test methods
The results
Developments in Standards
31
3.
PROJECT DESIGN OF WASTE SYSTEMS
32
3.1
The discharge of used waters
32
3.2
Traps
33
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.3
Siphonage
Auto-siphonage
34
35
Ventilation
35
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
35
40
46
47
54
Waste systems with primary ventilation

Waste systems with direct or indirect parallel ventilation
Waste systems with secondary ventilation
Waste systems with mixing branch
Guidelines for the choise of waste systems
3.4
Waste branches
55
3.5
Waste stacks
56
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3
3.5.4
3.5.5
56
60
61
62
64
Dividing the waste stack

Deviation of the waste stack
Connections to the stacks
Configuration of the stack base
Configuration of the stack vent
3.6
Waste manifolds
65
3.7
Inspections
66
3.8
Brackets
67
3.8.1
3.8.2
3.8.3
67
69
74
Preliminary considerations
Free anchoring
Rigid anchoring
4.
DIMENSIONING OF WASTE SYSTEMS IN COMPLIANCE WITH UNI EN 12056
76
4.1
Introduction
76
4.2
Calculation of flow rates
76
4.3
Dimensioning of waste branches
79
4.3.1
4.3.2
79
80
4.4
Dimensioning of branches without vent

Dimensioning of ventilated branches
Dimensioning of the waste stack
81
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
81
81
82
Dimensioning of stacks with primary ventilation

Dimensioning of stacks with parallel or secondary ventilation
Dimensioning of stacks with ventilation branches
4.5
Dimensioning of waste manifolds
83
4.6
Dimensioning examples
87
5.
INSTALLATION AND TESTING
109
5.1
Transport and storage
109
5.2
Connection of pipes and fittings
110
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
5.2.5
5.2.6
5.2.7
5.2.8
5.2.9
5.2.10
5.2.11
110
114
117
117
118
119
120
120
121
124
125
5.3
5.4
Connection by butt-welding
Connection with electro-fusion sleeve
Connection with expansion socket
Connection with screw-threaded fitting
Connection with screw-threaded fitting with flange bushing
Connection with flanged fitting
Connection with threaded fitting
Connection with contraction sleeve
Connection with push-fit socket
Connection with sliding sleeve
Connection with bi-joint sleeve
Fire-stop clip
126
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
126
127
127
128
Application field
Usage restrictions, safety measurements and preservation
Installation
Normative references
Testing
128
5.4.1
5.4.2
128
128
Pressure testing
Flush test
5.5
Laying of sewers or underground non pressure conduits
6.
APPENDIX
A.
Definitions
131
B.
Flow in waste manifolds
133
C.
The material
134
C1
C2
134
135
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
129
D.
Normative and legislative references
137
E.
Chemical resistance of HDPE and PP
138
F.
Technical informations on products
149
F1
F2
F3
F4
149
149
149
149
G.
High-density polyethylene (PE) drainage system

Polypropylene (PP) drainage system
Triplus drainage system
Silere drainage system
Measurement units
150
7.
CATALOGUE
154
7.1
Valsir Polyethylene (PE) waste systems
155
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4
156
185
197
201
7.2
7.3
7.4
Range
Accessories
Equipment
Spares
207
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
208
227
234
235
Range
Accessories
Equipment
Spares
239
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4
240
249
252
253
Range
Accessories
Equipment
Spares
255
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.4.4
256
263
266
267
Range
Accessories
Equipment
Spares
1.
1.1
Valsir Polyethylene (PE) waste system
No scrap material
Fast and extremely simple installation
Transport and handling operations simplified thanks to the reduced dimensions and the light weight of the products
Availability of a wide range of special parts that allow any type of installation to be carried out
Optimum compatibility with most chemical substances normally present in waste water, does not come under attack by
micro-organisms
Thanks to the extremely smooth internal surfaces the pressure losses are minimum; furthermore they guarantee the absence of deposits or
bacterial flora
Absence of problems caused by currents
1.1.1 Material
The pipes and fittings are produced with high density polyethylene, characteristics of which are in compliance with the European Standards
currently in force. The Valsir high density polyethylene pipes and fittings are black in colour with the addition of carbon black that ensures an
optimum resistance to exposure to the sun.
Table 1.1 Typical properties of the material
Property
Value
Measurement unit
Test method
Density at 23C
Melt Index 190 C/5,0 Kg
Modulus of elasticity
Tear unitary load
Ultimate elongation
Carbon black content
Thermal stability (OIT) at 200C
Melt temperature of crystals
Linear heat expansion coefficent
Flame resistance (France)
Flame resistance (Germany)
> 0,945
< 1,1
1000
22
350
2,0
20
130
0,20
M4
B2
g/cm3
g/10 min
MPa
MPa
%
%
min
C
mm/mC
Class
Class
UNI EN ISO 1183 2

UNI EN ISO 1133
ISO 527 2
ISO 527 2
ISO 6259 3
ASTM D 1603
EN 728
EN 728
UNI 7612
NF P 92 505
DIN 4102 / DIN 19535-10
1.1.2 Application field

The Valsir pipes and fittings in polyethylene meet the requirements of the UNI EN 1519 Standard and can be used inside buildings destined for
residential and industrial use and in particular for the following purposes:
a) waste pipes for domestic waste waters (low and high temperature);
b) ventilation pipes connected to the waste pipes previously indicated;
c) discharge of rain water inside the structure of the building.
1.1.3 Dimensions
The diameters, the wall thickness and relative tolerances of the Valsir pipes in high density polyethylene are indicated in the following table.
These values are in compliance with those set by the standards currently in force.
Table 1.2 Pipe dimensional characteristics
Nominal
diameter DN
External
diameter De
Minimum and maximum average

external diameter
Wall thickness s
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
32
32
32,0
32,3
3,0
40
40
40,0
40,4
3,0
50
50
50,0
50,5
3,0
56
56
56,0
56,5
3,0
60
63
63,0
63,6
3,0
70
75
75,0
75,7
3,0
90
90
90,0
90,9
3,5
100
110
110,0
111,0
4,2
125
125
125,0
126,2
4,8
150
160
160,0
161,5
6,2
200
200
200,0
201,8
6,2
250
250
250,0
252,3
7,7
300
315
315,0
317,9
9,7
+0,5
0
+0,5
0
+0,5
0
+0,5
0
+0,5
0
+0,5
0
+0,6
0
+0,7
0
+0,7
0
+0,9
0
+0,9
0
+1,0
0
+1,2
0
Series S
S 12.5
S 16
Our HDPE range was sized in order to cover the following series: DN32 to DN160 falls into the S 12.5 series, whereas DN200 to DN315 falls
into the S16 series.
The UNI EN 1519 Standard establishes different applications identified with a specific marking:
The B marking identifies pipes and fittings used inside or else outside the building but anchored to the wall. The use is limited to the S16
series, this series cannot in any case be destined to underground applications of any type.
The D marking identifies pipes and fittings underground used below the building at a distance no greater than 1 m from the same and
connected to the buildings waste system.
The BD marking identifies pipes and fittings destined for both uses as specified in the previous points. For this use nominal diameters equal
to or greater than 75 mm belonging to the S 12.5 series, are allowed.
1.1.4 Connection systems
Different methods can be used for connecting the pipes and/or fittings in polyethylene.
Connection by butt-welding
Connection with electro-fusion sleeves
Connection with expansion sockets
Connection with screw fittings
Connection with screw fitting and flange bushing
Connection with flanged fittings
Connection with threaded fittings
Connection with contraction sleeves
Connection with push-fit sleeves
For more information on connections refer to the chapter Installation and testing.
1.1.5 Reference Standards and Quality Marks

The Standards regarding the construction of the Valsir pipes and fittings in high density polyethylene and the relative quality marks are
indicated in the following table:
Table 1.3 Reference Standards and Quality Marks
Country
Standard
Italy
Germany
France
Norway Denmark Sweden
Switzerland
EN 1519 1
Quality mark
205
EN 1519 1 / DIN 19537 / DIN 19535 10

EN 1519 1 / NF P 92 505
31-02 M4
EN 1519 1 / NKB Rules No. 8

SN 592010 / SN 592012
Australia
MP52 Spec 005
SSIV N 21007 VSA 11013

SPEC. 05 LN: W262
1.1.6 Marking
The Valsir polyethylene pipes carry the following information:
Reference standard
Producer name
Material (PE)
Application field (B/BD)
The pipe series
The external diameter and wall thickness
The production line
The factory
The production period
The quality marks obtained in the various countries
The Valsir polyethylene fittings carry the following information:

The producer name
Material (HDPE)
The diameters and the nominal angle
The reference standard
Application field (B/BD)
1.1.7 Packaging
To facilitate the transport and warehousing operations of the Valsir pipes and fittings the packaging is arranged as follows.
- Pipes in light reinforced brackets.
- Fittings in cardboard boxes.
1.2

Totally waterproof seals thanks to the two lip elastomeric seal with support ring
No tools or particular utensils necessary
Great speed and ease of installation, transport and warehousing operations facilitated by the reduced sizes and the light weight of the
products
Availability of a wide range of special pieces, all push-fit which allow any type of system to be created.
Optimum compatibility with most chemical substances that are normally present in waste waters, does not come under attack by
micro-organisms
Thanks to the extremely smooth internal surfaces the pressure losses are minimum; furthermore they guarantee the absence of deposits
or bacterial flora
Absence of problems caused by currents
1.2.1 Material
The Valsir pipes and fittings in flame-retardant polypropylene are produced with a grey (RAL 7037) homo-polymer polypropylene which is
stabilized for exposure to UV rays. They are smooth, shiny and free of irregularities that would otherwise compromise the functional aspect.
Table 1.4 Typical
properties of the material
Property
Density at 23C
Melt Index 230/2,16
Tear unitary load
Ultimate elongation
Temperature Vicat B (50N)
Linear heat expansion coefficient
Flame resistance (France)
Flame resistance (Germany)
Value
Measurement unit
Test method
> 0,90
< 3,0
1650
22
500
160
95
0,11
M1
B1
g/cm3
g/10 min
MPa
MPa
%
C
C
mm/mC
Class
Class
UNI EN ISO 1183 2

UNI EN ISO 1133
ISO 527 2
ISO 527 2
ISO 6259 3
EN 728
ISO 306
UNI 8318
NF P 92505 NF P 92501
DIN 41021 DIN 1956010
The Valsir pipes and fittings in polypropylene meet the requirements of the UNI EN 1451 Standard and can be used inside buildings destined
for residential and industrial use and in particular for the following purposes:
a) waste pipes for domestic waste waters (low and high temperature);
b) ventilation pipes connected to the waste pipes previously indicated;
c) discharge of rain water inside the structure of the building.
The UNI EN 1451 Standard establishes different applications identified with a specific marking:
The B marking identifies pipes and fittings used inside or outside the building anchored to the wall. The use is limited to the S 20 series,
this series cannot in any case be destined to underground applications of any type.
The BD marking identifies pipes and fittings destined for use both inside the building and underground in the area of the building structure.
For this use nominal diameters equal to or greater than 75 mm are allowed.
1.2.3 Dimensions
The nominal diameters, the nominal wall thickness and relative tolerances of the Valsir polypropylene pipes are indicated in the following table.
These values are in compliance with those set by the standards currently in force.
Table 1.5 Dimensional characteristics of the pipes
Nominal diameter
DN
External diameter
De

external diameter
Wall thickness s
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
32
32
32,0
32,3
1,8
40
40
40,0
40,3
1,8
50
50
50,0
50,3
1,8
70
75
75,0
75,4
1,9
90
90
90,0
90,4
2,2
100
110
110,0
110,4
2,7
125
125
125,0
125,4
3,1
150
160
160,0
160,5
3,9
+0,4
0
+0,4
0
+0,4
0
+0,4
0
+0,5
0
+0,5
0
+0,6
0
+0,6
0

Different methods can be used for connecting the pipes and/or fittings in polypropylene.
Connection with push-fit socket
Connection with a slip sleeve
The connection of the pipes and fittings in polypropylene is made with push-fit sockets equipped with a particular seal that ensures the
connection is water-tight. The elastomeric double-lipped seals with support ring are pre-fitted in the factory in an appropriate housing present
in the connection socket. The double-lipped seal ensures greater seal if the pipe is oval and not perfectly straight; furthermore, with this seal, a
slight slope is also possible. The seals are made of materials which guarantee maximum seal and safety as well as offering a long working life
equal to that of the pipes and fittings. They are also in compliance with the DIN 4060 Standard Elastomeric seals for fittings in waste systems
and similar. They have been certified for dimension, requirements, methodology and control frequency. The production of the double-lipped
seals, single-lipped seals, OR, and special articles is certified with the Quality Mark PA-I (D). Single-socketed pipes in PP are supplied in the
following lengths 150, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000 mm. Valsir also offers pipes with sockets at both ends (except for De 90 for
lenght of 500 and 750 and De 160) for lengths of minimum 500 mm in order to avoid material wastage. Valsir also produces 5 m plain end
pipes of diameter up to De 125.
The dimensional characteristics of the sockets and seals are indicated as follows.
For more information on connection methods please refer to the chapter Installation and testing.
10
1
Figure 1.1 Connection with push-fit socket
Figure 1.2 Dimensional characteristics of the push-fit socket
Figure 1.3 Dimensional characteristics of the double-lipped seals

Table 1.6 Socket dimensions
Outside diameter
De
[mm]
32
40
50
75
90
100
125
160
Angle
Socket diameter
dsmin
Wall thickness
e2,min
Length Amin
Length Cmax
[mm]
32,3
40,3
50,3
75,4
90,4
110,4
125,4
160,5
[mm]
1,6
1,6
1,6
1,7
2,0
2,4
2,8
3,5
[mm]
24
26
28
33
34
36
38
41
[mm]
18
18
18
18
20
22
26
32
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
Table 1.7 Dimensions of the double-lipped seals
Outside diameter De
Outside diameter Dmin
Height bmin
Depth hmin
[mm]
32
40
50
75
90
110
125
160
[mm]
39,8
51,9
61,9
86,9
101,3
123,2
140,2
177,2
[mm]
4,6
6,7
6,7
6,7
6,9
7,8
8,6
9,6
[mm]
6,1
7,1
7,1
7,1
8,1
9,1
10,1
11,1
11
1.2.5 Reference standards and quality marks

The standards concerning the production of the Valsir polypropylene pipes and fittings and the relative quality marks are indicated in the
following table:
Table 1.8 Reference standards and quality marks
Country
Standard
Quality mark
Germany
EN 1451 1 / DIN 4102 1 / DIN 19560 10
France
EN 1451 1 / NF P 92 505 NF P 92 501
Austria
EN 1451 1
DIN 4102 B1
31-250 M1 - ATEC N 15/99-250
Schwer entflammbar B1
1.2.6 Marking
The Valsir polypropylene pipes carry the following information:
Producer name
Material (PP-H)
The standard reference
The application area (B)
Production period
Production line
The product marks.
The Valsir polypropylene fittings carry the following information:

name
Material (PP-H)
Connection diameters
Characteristic angle (for bends and branches)
Standard reference
Application field
Product marks
Production period.
Producer
1.2.7 Packaging
To facilztate the transport and warehousing operations of the Valsir pipes and fittings the packaging is arranged as follows.
Pipes:
- in reinforced wooden brackets for large packages;
- in piles tied together with plastic elements;
- in cardboard boxes for short lengths and reduced diameters.
Fittings:
- in cardboard boxes.
12
1.3
Elevated impact resistance even at low temperatures

Resistance to a vast range of chemical compounds even at elevated temperatures
Coupling system with pre-fitted single-lipped seal
Excellent sound-proofing characteristics
Thanks to its characteristics the Triplus system has noise levels of 12 dB(A) with flow rates of 2 l/s
The pipes are available in various lengths and with two sockets thus greatly reducing wastage
1.3.1 Material
The Triplus pipes is composed of three layers: an internal layer in copolymer polypropylene (PP), an intermediate layer in polypropylene with
inert mineral loads.
Property
Value
Measurement unit
Testing method
Density at 23C
> 1,02
g/cm3
UNI EN ISO 1183 2
Melt Index 230/2,16
< 5,0
g/10 min
UNI EN ISO 1133
1500
MPa
ISO 527 2
Tear unitary load
18
MPa
ISO 527 2
Ultimate elongation
100
ISO 6259 3
160
EN 728
12
dB(A)
UNI EN 14399
Noise level* Lsc,A at 2 l/s flow rate
* For more details on the results and the noise measurements refer to Noise in waste systems.

The Valsir Triplus pipes and fittings meet the requirements of the UNI EN 1451 Standard and can be used inside buildings (application area B)
for residential and industrial use and in particular for the following applications:
a) waste systems for transporting domestic waste waters (low and high temperature);
b) ventilation pipes connected to the waste systems previously indicated;
c) rain water systems inside the structure of the building.
13
1.3.3 Dimensions
The diameters, the wall thickness and the relative tolerances of the Triplus pipes are indicated in the following table.
Table 1.10. Pipe dimensional characteristics
External diameter
De

external diameter
Wall thickness s
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
40
40
40,0
40,3
1,8
+0,4
0
50
50
50,0
50,3
1,8
+0,4
0
70
75
75,0
75,4
2,6
+0,5
0
90
90
90,0
90,4
3,1
+0,6
0
100
110
110,0
110,4
3,4
+0,6
0
125
125
125,0
125,4
3,9
+0,6
0
150
160
160,0
160,5
4,9
+0,7
0
Nominal diameter
DN

Different methods can be used for connecting the pipes and/or fittings.
Connection
Connection
by means of a push-fit socket

by means of a sliding sleeve
The sockets of the Triplus pipes and fittings are equipped with single-lipped seals fitted into a groove and are pre-mounted in the factory.
Such a system facilitates insertion and guarantees a water-tight connection.
The elastomeric single-lipped seals are inserted in the groove that ensures a perfect connection and safety and a simple insertion. The life of
the seals is equal to that of the pipes and fittings. They are also in compliance with the DIN 4060 Standard Elastomeric seals for fittings in
waste systems and similar. They have been certified for dimension, requirements, methodology and control frequency.
1.3.5 Reference standards

The standards regarding the manufacture of the Triplus pipes and fittings and relative quality marks are indicated in the following table.
Country
Standard
Quality mark
Austria
EN 1451 1
TGM VAKU 21459 GEPRUFT
Norway Sweden
EN 1519 - 1/2
14
1.3.6 Marking
The Valsir Triplus pipes carry the following information:
Producer name
Brand name Triplus
Material (PP/PP-M/PP)
Production period
Production line
The product marks.
The Valsir Triplus fittings carry the following information:

Producer name
Brand name Triplus
Material (PP-M)
Production period.
1.2.7 Packaging
For easy and correct storage, the packaging is arranged as follows:
Pipes:
- in reinforced wooden brackets for large packs;
- in piles tied with plastic elements;
- in cardboard boxes for short pipes and reduced diameters.
Fittings:
- in cardboard boxes.
15
1.4
Excellent soundproofing characteristics. Thanks to its structure the Silere system guarantees a significant soundproofing performance
withflow rates of 2 l/s the noise levels are just 6 dB(A)
Elevated mechanical resistance. The Silere system is made up of pipes and fittings with a large wall thickness. They are therefore extremely
robust, and with equal loads they undergo less deformations than normal waste system currently available
Elevated corrosion resistance. The Silere fittings resist corrosion by acids, oxidizing agents and inorganic reducers
The Silere pipes possess extremely smooth internal and external walls free from scale so that waste systems that are installed with Silere
possess low pressure losses and are free from the formation of incrustations
The Silere waste system resists hot water in compliance with the German Standard DIN 1986 (working field from 0 to 95C)
The Silere waste system can transport waste waters with pH values between 2 and 12
The pipes are available in various lengths thus permitting the reduction of waste to a minimum
1.4.1 Material
The Silere pipes and fittings are made of polypropylene with a mineral load that resists water at elevated temperatures. Light grey in colour
RAL 7035.
Property
Value
Measurement Unit
Test method
Density at 23C
Elasticity modulus
Tear unitary load
Ultimate elongation
Crystal melting temperature
Linear heat expansion coefficient
Noise level* L sc,A at 2 l/s flow rate
1,60
2800
14
80
160
0,0810 4
6
g/cm3
MPa
MPa
%
C
mm/mC
dB(A)
UNI EN ISO 1183 2

ISO 527 2
ISO 527 2
ISO 6259 3
EN 728
UNI 8318
UNI EN 14399
* For more details on the results and the noise measurements refer to Noise in waste systems.

The Silere waste system including pipes, fittings and sealing elements are suitable for the transport and the discharge of waters with pH values
between 2 and 12 and a maximum temperature of 95C. Given the elevated soundproofing characteristics it can be applied in all systems
where it is necessary to respect the legislative requirements concerning acoustic pollution. In order to guarantee the excellent levels of silence
of the systems it is necessary to use soundproofing clips equipped with anti-vibration rubber.
The Silere pipes and fittings meet the requirements of the UNI EN 1451 Standard and can be used inside buildings (application area B) for
residential and industrial use and in particular the following purposes:
a) waste systems for transporting domestic waste waters (low and high temperature);
b) ventilation pipes connected to the waste systems previously indicated;
c) rain water system inside the structure of the building.
16
1.4.3 Dimensions
The diameters, wall thickness and relative tolerances of the Silere pipes are indicated in the following table:
Table 1.13 Dimensional characteristics of the pipes
Nominal diameter
DN
External diameter
De

external diameter
Wall thickness s
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
50
58
58,0
58,3
4,0
70
78
78,0
78,3
4,5
90
90
90,0
90,4
4,5
100
110
110,0
110,4
5,4
125
135
135,0
135,4
5,6
150
160
160,0
160,5
5,6
+0,5
0
+0,5
0
+0,6
0
+0,7
0
+0,7
0
+0,7
0

Different methods can be used for connecting the Silere pipes and/or fittings:
Connection by means of push-fit fitting
Connection by means of a sliding sleeve
Connection by means of a bi-joint sleeve
The sockets of the Silere pipes and fittings are fitted with a single-lipped seal inserted in a special housing and pre-fitted in the factory. Such
a system facilitates connection and guarantees the seal.
The elastomeric single-lipped seals are inserted in the groove that ensures a perfect connection and safety and a simple insertion. The life of
the seals is equal to that of the pipes and fittings. They are in compliance with the DIN 4060 Standard Elastomeric seals for fittings in waste
systems and similar. They have been certified for dimension, requirements, methodology and control frequency.
1.4.5 Reference standards

The standards regarding the construction of the Valsir pipes and fittings and the relative quality marks are indicated in the following table:
Country
Norway Denmark Sweden
Austria
Australia
Standard
Quality mark
EN 1451 1
NKB Rules No. 19
EN 1451 1
MP52 Spec 005
TGM VAKU 18142 GEPRUFT
SPEC. 05 LN: W600
17
1.4.6 Marking
The Valsir Silere pipes carry the following information:

Producer name
Brand name Silere
The product marks
Production batch
Factory
Production date
1.4.7 Packaging
For easy and correct storage, the packaging is arranged as follows:
Pipes:
- in reinforced wooden brackets for large packs;
- in shrink film for short pipes.
Fittings:
- in shrink film.
18
The Valsir Silere fittings carry the following information:

name
Brand name Silere
Production period
The product marks
Producer
2.
2.1

Introduction
Noise is one of the main causes of the reduction in the quality of life in cities today. In fact, although the tendency in individual environments
shows a fall in the highest levels of noise in areas at greater risk, there has been a parallel amplification of trouble areas that has resulted in
the increase of the population exposed.
Noise pollution is the most widely debated argument today, however, the tendency is to analyse the causes of external noise such as, for
example, air and road traffic and to underestimate and overlook the causes of internal noise in buildings caused by technological installations
such as, lifts, heating and air-conditioning, and waste systems, which is the subject of this document.
To overlook the problem of noise in waste systems means, however, to ignore the Standards and Regulations in force that establish the
project boundaries and the restrictions in noise levels. If we focus our attention on the Italian market, the reference document regarding the
limits in noise levels for technological installations is the Decree dated December 5 1997 published in the Official Paper No. 297 on December
22 1997 that will be dealt with in the following chapters.
2.2
Sound
Table 2.1 Sound propagation velocity
Medium
Velocity c
[m/s]
Air
Helium
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Water
Salt water (marine)
Methyl alcohol
Bricks
Cement
Glass
Lead
Aluminium
Marble
Ice
Cork
Mahogany
Birch wood
Hard rubber
Soft rubber
331
970
1269
317
1441
1504
1240
3700
3100
6000
1200
5200
3800
3200
500
4000
3600
1400
70
The velocity in a gaseous medium is given by:
c = R T
[2.1]
where is the ratio between the specific heat at a constant pressure and the specific heat at a constant volume (for air in standard conditions
it is equal to 1,4), R is the characteristic constant of the gas and T is the absolute temperature [K].
In particular, for air, the equation in relation to the temperature in degrees centigrade [C], becomes:
c = 331,4 + 0,62T
[2.2]
19
Sound is the propagation of mechanical energy in a medium (elastic solid, gas or liquid) through fluctuation waves (sonorous waves) that
propagate at a typical speed depending on the medium.
The velocity in a liquid or in a solid is given by:
c= E
[2.3]
where E is the elastic modulus and is the density.

A sound wave is characterised by a wave length (measured in m) and a frequency f (measured in Hz) that are connected to the velocity of
propagation in the medium c (measured in m/s).
c = f
Not all sounds that exist in nature can be heard by the human ear. The field of sounds that can be heard by man is limited to a frequency range
of 20 Hz to 20 kHz approximately. We therefore define:
Infrasounds as pressure oscillations with frequencies below 20 Hz, that therefore cannot be heard by the human ear;
Sounds as pressure oscillations with frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 kHz;
Ultrasounds as pressure oscillations with frequencies above 20 kHz, that therefore can be heard by the human ear.
[2.4]
The sound intensity is the quantity of power J transported by the sound wave per surface unit perpendicular to the propagation direction and
it is represented by the following relation:
J=
peff2
c
[2.5]
where is the density of the medium in which the sound is propagated [Kg/m3].
The absolute sound intensity is not easy to measure, it is therefore preferable to measure the relative intensity of a sound that is to measure in
Bell or in tenths of a Bell (dB). The dB is a value that denotes the logarithm on a base of 10 of the ratio between the intensity J (or the pressure
p or the power W) of a sound and the reference intensity J0 (or the pressure p0or the power W0). The following are some definitions.
The sound pressure level:
p
L p = 20log10 (p p0 ) = 10log10
p0
[2.6]
The sound intensity level:
L J = 10log10 ( J J0 )
[2.7]
The level of sound power:
L W = 10log10 ( W W0 )
[2.8]
where p0 = 210-5 Pa corresponds to the lowest pressure perceptible by the human ear at a frequency of 1000 Hz, J0 = 10-12 W/m2 corresponds
to the sound intensity of a sound wave the pressure of which is equal to the minimum threshold of hearing p0e W0 = 10-12 W corresponds to the
power of a source that produces on a spherical surface of 1 m2 the pressure equal to the minimum hearing threshold p0.
The use of the dB as a measurement unit has some advantages:
the dB is the smallest difference of sound power that can be detected by the human ear;
the variability of acoustic pressures is very wide and the use of the logarithmic scale limits the scale thus simplifying it.
20
2.3
Noise and its measurement
Noise can be defined in different ways:

from a physical point of view it is the irrational mixing of sounds with different frequencies and intensities;
from a psychological point of view it is any type of unwanted sound (ANSI definition) or an acoustic phenomena that produces a hearing
sensation considered unpleasant.
To measure noise levels phonometers are employed and with such instruments it is possible to determine the noise intensity in dB. Since the
sensitivity of the human ear depends on the noise frequency (a sound of 20 dB is below the hearing threshold if issued at 100 Hz whereas
it can be heard if issued at 2500 Hz), the measurement of the noise intensity must be contemplated to keep in consideration the different
response of the human ear.
For the this reason the level of noise is expressed as 10 times the decimal logarithm of the sum of the squares of the ratios between the
components pi of the noise pressure (measured at different frequencies) and the reference pressure p0:
p 2
L = 10log10 k i i
p0
[2.9]
Table 2.2 Noise levels
Level in dB(A)
Description
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Hearing threshold
Whispered voice
Quiet office
Normal conversation
Car, orchestra
The inside of a car at 120 km/h
Pneumatic drill (pain threshold)
Plane
In the case of several noise sources, the total level is not given by the sum of the single levels expressed in dB but by expressing in dB the sum
of the squares of the noise pressures. To clarify this concept an example will be made.
Let us consider 2 sources of noise 80 dB each and we need to evacuate the total level of noise. The levels of noise pressure of the sources are
given by the following expression:
2
p
L = 10log10 = 80 dB
p0
[2.10]
from which, by inverting it, we get:

2
L
p
8
10
p = 10 = 10
0
[2.11]
The sum of the levels of pressure is given by the sum of the squares of the noise pressures and therefore:
p 2 p 2
L tot = 10log10 + = 10log10 108 +108 = 83 dB
p0 p0
[2.12]
21
The weights Ki assigned to each pressure component define the contemplation curve that can be of the A, B and C type. The A type curve is
the one that most commonly takes into consideration the response of the human ear and therefore such observations are indicated with the
symbol dB(A).
The following table gives an idea of the noise levels in relation to the source:
This means that doubling the noise power (or intensity) is the same as increasing the noise levels by 3 dB or differences of 3 dB are equal to
noise sources with noise energies (or intensities) that are double compared to the other.
Lets now suppose that we halve the noise power (or intensity) and we want to evaluate the reduction in dB. If we consider the same noise
pressure corresponding to 80 dB and we halve it, we obtain:
1 p 2
L tot = 10log10 = 10log10 0,5108 = 77 dB
2 p0
[2.13]
This means that halving the noise power (or intensity) is the equivalent of reducing the levels of noise by 3 dB.
And what happens if we multiply the noise energy (or intensity) by a factor of ten?
p 2
L tot = 10log10 10 = 10log10 10108 = 90 dB
p0
[2.14]
the noise levels are increased by 10 dB!

The concepts just dealt with are clearly shown in the curve in Figure 2.1 where we see that:
doubling the sound power is equivalent to increasing the noise levels by 3 dB;
multiplying the sound power by a factor of ten is equivalent to increasing the noise levels by 10 dB;
halving the sound power is the equivalent of reducing the noise levels by 3 dB.
Figure 2.1 Difference in dB between two sound sources with sound energies of W1 and W2 (or intensity J1 and J2)
22
2.4
Noise in buildings and Italian legislation
In recent years there has been an increase in the problems relating to noise emissions produced inside buildings that involve different aspects
from urban development to constructions techniques, from the distribution of rooms to the level of silence of plumbing systems.
Respect for the conditions of acoustic well-being in homes but also in the workplace has become an essential requirement in buildings.
Surroundings can be considered satisfactory from the point of view of acoustic comfort when the noise that the inhabitants have to support is
such as not to create damage to their health and to allow adequate conditions for relaxation and for work.
The sources of noise that influence life inside buildings are multiple:
external noises caused by automobile traffic, airplanes, etc.
noises caused by walking, by children playing or by particular lifestyles (diffusion of music or televisions at full volume, the use of musical
instruments), etc.
noises caused by installations such as air-conditioners, heating systems, pumps, drains, etc.
Figure 2.2 Noises in households
and their propagation mode can be:

by air, when the sound waves, either directly or through partition walls, are transmitted from the source to the listener;
structurally, when the sound waves that reach the listener, are generated by blows and vibrations produced on the structures of the building
in which the disturbed room is located.
Figure 2.3 The propagation of noise in households
23
The legislative document that establishes the fundamental principles for the protection of the household surroundings from acoustic pollution
(according to and to the effect of article 117 of the Constitution) is the ordinary law of Parliament n. 447 dated 26/10/1995 also known as The
Law on acoustical pollution (published on the Ordinary Supplement of the Official Gazette n. 254 dated 30/10/1995). The law, with the
intent of systematically regulating the subject of noise in buildings, has seen to the diffusion of documents for:
a) the definition of the authorities and the control organs;
b) the determination of the detection and measurement techniques of acoustic pollution;
c) the definition of the criteria for the design, execution and the renovation of building constructions;
d) the determination of the passive acoustic requirements and their components with the aim of reducing the human exposure to noise.
Point d) of the abovementioned list was confronted by the Decree of the President of the Ministers dated 5 December 1997 (published in the
Official Gazette n. 297 dated 22 December 1997) which, with the objective of reducing the human exposure to noise, establishes that:
1) the acoustic requirements of the internal sources of noise (technological systems),
2) the passive acoustic requirements of buildings and their working components (vertical and horizontal partitions).
In particular, the noise level of technological systems (services) must respect the following limits:
L ASmax 35 dB(A) for intermittently operating services (lifts, drains, bathrooms, hygienic services and taps);
L Aeq 25 dB(A) for continuously operating services (heating systems, aeration and conditioning).
Noise measurement must be carried out in the room with the most elevated level of noise and this room must not be the same as the room
where the noise originates.
Figure 2.4 Measurement of the noise levels of installations
The decree classifies the rooms in relation to the destined use according to the following table:
Table 2.3 Classification of household rooms (D.P.C.M. 5/12/1997)
24
Category
Destined use
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Residential buildings or similar

Office buildings or similar
Buildings for hotels, guesthouses or similar
Buildings for hospitals, clinics, or similar
School buildings or similar
Buildings for recreation or worship, or similar
Buildings for commercial activities, or similar
and for each type of room, establishes, not only the restrictions on the technological installations, but also the sizes that determine the
passive acoustical requirements of the building components and the internal sound sources. From the following table it can be seen that the
soundproofing power of walls, acoustical insulation of front walls and walking noise are taken into consideration.
Table 2.4 Limits established for each type of building (D.P.C.M. 5/12/1997)
Normalised level
of walking noise
Maximum level of
sound pressure
for technological
installations
Equivalent
continuous level
of sound pressure
for technological
insulations
D2m,nT,w
LnT,w
L ASmax
L Aeq
55
45
58
35
25
Residences, hotels and

guesthouses
50
40
63
35
35
Schools
50
48
58
35
25
Offices, places of
worship,recreational and
shopping activities
50
42
55
35
35
Apparent sound
proofing power of
room separation
elements
Facade
standardised
acoustic
insulation
Rw
Hospitals
Category
25
2.5
Noise in waste systems
We will now deal with waste systems for which the maximum permissible noise level limit is LASmax = 35 dB(A). The noises are created in the
stack that vibrates due to the falling of the liquid being discharged, which:
hits against the walls of the vertical stack,
hits against the walls of the horizontal pipes due to the effect of the direction change,
can suck in air upstream thus compressing the air downstream (syphon effect).
The great part of the noise is propagated inside the pipe itself but the vibrations generated are transmitted from the pipe walls to the anchor
systems and consequently to the building structures.
2
The propagation of noise in a waste system depends therefore:
on the characteristics of the anchor clips,
on the changes in direction,
on the absence of ventilation systems or inadequacy of the same,
on the composition of the building structure.
Figure 2.5 The transmission of noise in waste systems
but also on the propensity of the pipe to vibrate and this depends on
its structural characteristics and in particular:
the mass,
the elasticity that depends on the elastic modulus and the
geometry,
the capacity to dampen that depends on the structure of the pipe
(the possible combination of several materials).
Figure 2.6 Influence of the structure and the anchor clips on the noise
Therefore, in order to reduce the levels of noise in a waste system, it

is advisable to:
choose a pipe with good soundproofing characteristics,
make sure planning is carried out correctly,
make sure installation is carried out correctly by using suitable
products.
Figure 2.7 Influence of the pipe on noise

26
2.6
The acoustic performance of the Valsir waste pipes
In 1997 Valsir commenced a difficult undertaking in the research and verification of the acoustic insulation capacity of pipes destined for use
in the waste systems of buildings. The tests carried out in the Fraunhofer Institut fur Bauphysik in Stuttgart, recognised as being the best
laboratory for acoustic tests, evaluated the sound absorption capacity of the products and determined whether they met the requirements of
the laws and standards in force. The testing campaign, the last tests of which were carried out in July 2006, achieved excellent results and
allowed interesting comparisons to be carried out between the various product lines manufactured in the Valsir factories.
2.6.1 The test methods

The reference standards utilised for the tests are UNI EN 14366:2004 and DIN 4109:1989 (together with DIN 52219:1993) that specify the
measurement methods and the evaluation of the results. The test building is made up of a completely insulated room with thick walls made of
a sound absorbing material of high quality. It is a real buildings with four floors (with an internal height of 3050 mm), two of which, indicated in
the figure as EG and UG, are the reference floors for noise detection divided by a wall made of concrete with a weight of 220 Kg/m2 (250 Kg/m2
for the European Standard UNI EN 14366) to which a waste stack is anchored. The measurement floors are each divided into two rooms: the
front room is where the pipe is installed, the back room contains no installation and picks up the noise vibrations transferred to the partition
wall; the back rooms have a volume of 70,4 m3 (surface area of about 23 m2) while the front rooms are 52,6 m3 (surface area of about 17 m2).
DG
EG
EG
UG
UG
KG
Figure 2.8 Layout of test system
The waste flow (continuous) is ensured by means of a pumping station that guarantees a precision of 5% and which supplies different levels
of flow in relation to the internal diameter of the pipe as can be seen in Table 2.5 The acoustic pressure levels are measured in third octaves
with frequencies from 100 Hz to 5000 Hz.
Table 2.5 Measurement flow in relation to the dimensions of the waste pipe to be tested
Internal diameter of the pipe [mm]

Measurement flows [l/s]
70 Di < 100
100 Di < 125
125 Di < 150
0,5; 1
0,5; 1; 2; 4
0,5; 1; 2; 4; 8
27
2.6.2 The results

The testing campaign involved numerous tests being carried out in 1997, 1998, 2004 and 2006 and the excellent results obtained following the
development of the Silere and Triplus waste systems are indicated in the diagrams and tables which follow. The tests were carried out both
with 2 clips per floor and with 1 clip per floor as the latter represents the typical installation configuration in residential buildings.
Consider that the values obtained were rounded up to whole numbers as requested by the reference standards.
Table 2.6 Levels of noise pressure expressed in dB(A) measured on the ground floor behind the installation wall for Silere pipe 110x5,6 in compliance with DIN 4109 and UNI
EN 14366. The results were obtained by the Fraunhofer Institute in Stuttgart, using acoustically insulated pipe clips
Pipe
Silere
Reference standard
Test certificate
Anchorage
UNI EN 14366
DIN 4109
DIN 4109
P-BA 223/2006
P-BA 221/2006
P-BA 222/2006
2 clips per floor

2 clips per floor
1 clip per floor
Flow rate [l/s]

0,5
1
2
4
Levels of noise pressure dB(A)
-2
1
6
14
1
4
8
17
-1
2
6
14
Table 2.7 Levels of noise pressure expressed in dB(A) measured on the ground floor behind the installation wall for Triplus 110x3,6 in compliance with DIN 4109 and UNI EN
14366. The results were obtained by the Fraunhofer Institute in Stuttgart, using acoustically insulated pipe clips
Pipe
Triplus
Reference standard
Test certificate
Anchorage
UNI EN 14366
DIN 4109
DIN 4109
P-BA 227/2006
P-BA 225/2006
P-BA 226/2006
2 clips per floor

2 clips per floor
1 clip per floor
Figure 2.9 Layout of the test system

with 2 clips per floor
28
Flow rate [l/s]

0,5
1
2
4
Levels of noise pressure dB(A)
1
6
12
16
3
8
12
19
1
5
10
16
Figure 2.10 Layout of the test system

with 1 clip per floor
It can be observed that by eliminating an anchor clip the levels of sound pressure in the measurement room located behind the installation wall
of the waste stack are reduced by several dB. This behaviour is due to the fact that the vibrations that are transferred to the installation wall
through the clips are reduced. Negative values correspond to very low sound pressure levels that are not detected by the human ear and are
near to the detection threshold of the laboratory instruments (for more details see chapter 2.2).
For flow rates of 1 l/s (typical discharge of a dishwasher or a bathtub) and for flow rates of 2 l/s (typical discharge of a WC with a 7,5 l
cistern) the Silere waste system is more silent than the Triplus waste system by 6 dB(A) (values relative to the UNI EN 14366 standard) which
is the equivalent of reducing by more than half the levels of sound pressure. Triplus therefore is an optimum waste system with excellent
soundproofing characteristics but the top of the range is undoubtedly Silere which enables the achievement of levels that would be difficult to
reach by other waste systems present on the market today.
SC,A
Figure 2.11 Levels of noise pressure Lsc,A expressed in dB(A) measured on the ground floor behind the installation wall for Silere pipe 110x5,6
and Triplus pipe 110x3,6 in compliance with UNI EN 14366. The results were obtained by the Fraunhofer Institute in Stuttgart using acoustically
insulated pipe clips (certificate P-BA 223/2006 for Silere and certificate P-BA 227/2006 for Triplus)
Similar tests were carried out with the objective of evaluating the difference between the noise levels of the Silere system, traditional systems
in polypropylene (PP) and those in cast iron. The results achieved are shown in the following diagram and table and demonstrate the difference
in the noise levels compared to those obtained with cast iron expressed in dB(A).
29
Table 2.8 Difference in the levels of noise pressure L sc,A expressed in dB(A) measured on the ground floor behind the installation wall for Silere pipes 110x5,6 and Polypropylene
pipes 110x2,7 compared with the levels of noise of cast iron 100x3,5 in compliance with DIN 4109. The results were obtained by the Fraunhofer Institute in Stuttgart, using
acoustically insulated pipe clips (certificate P-BA 113/2004e).
Pipe
0,5
Cast iron
Polypropylene (PP)
Silere
+6
-1
+7
-1
+5
+1
+2
+1
From the results it is evident that the performance of the Silere pipes are very close to those in cast iron. With flows of 2 and 4 l/s the difference
is +1 dB(A) but for flows of 0,5 and 1 l/s the difference is even negative thus making Silere the best performing acoustically insulated waste
system.
From the information that has emerged from the previous paragraphs, the specific weight occupies an important role in order to obtain good
levels of acoustic insulation; despite the fact that cast iron has a specific weight of 7,2 g/cm3 and Silere has a specific weight of 1,6 g/cm3
the values obtained are due to the elasticity characteristics of the material and its molecular structure. The difference between Silere and
Polypropylene (PP) is important, differences of 8 dB(A) were noted for flows of 1 l/s and 4 dB(A) for flows of 2 l/s; this demonstrates that the
Silere waste system allows the creation of extremely efficient acoustically insulated systems as compared with traditional waste systems made
of Polypropylene (PP).
L sc,A
Flow rate [l/s]

1
2
Difference in the levels of noise pressure dB(A) compared with cast iron pipes

Figure 2.12 Difference in the levels of sound pressure Lsc,A expressed in dB(A) measured on the ground floor behind the installation wall for Silere 110x5,6 pipes
and Polypropylene (PP) 110x2,7 pipes compared with the levels of noise of Cast iron 100x3,5 in compliance with DIN 4109. The results were obtained by the
Fraunhofer Institute in Stuttgart, using acoustically insulated pipe clips (P-BA 113/2004e)
30
2.7
Developments in Standards
The introduction of the Law 447/1995 for protection against noise pollution contributed to strengthening the commitment to the creation of
techniques and methods that allow the estimation of the acoustic performance of building techniques with the aim of reducing the noise
transmitted and received by buildings.
The estimation of passive acoustic requirements is an extremely important subject for project designers that must choose, during the planning
phase, building and installation techniques that meet the limits set by the Decree Determination of the passive acoustic requirements of
buildings dated 5 December 1997.
The Standard that meets these needs is the UNI EN 12354 Standard Building acoustics Estimation of acoustic performance of buildings
from the performance of products divided into five parts:
Part 1: Airborne sound insulation between rooms
Part 2: Impact sound insulation between rooms
Part 3: Airborne sound insulation against outdoor sound
Part 4: Transmission of indoor sound to the outside
Part 6: Sound absorption in enclosed spaces
As for the estimation of the level of noise of installations, the project standard prEN 12354-5 Building acoustics Sound levels due to
service equipment is under development (at the time this handbook was being printed). The aim of this part of the Standard will be to
supply a practical approach to the estimation of the sound level caused by systems and their influence on the acoustic insulation of a building,
supplying some indications on the correct installation methods. The subject is very complex and difficult to deal with analytically because:
constructions possess an elevated number of structural types,
constructions possess an elevated number of system configurations,
the realisation techniques of the systems are varied and chaotic.
This document will contain calculation models to estimate the sound pressure level in buildings due to service equipment such as sanitary
installations, loading and discharging of water, mechanical ventilation systems, heating and cooling systems, boilers, lifts, pumps and other
auxiliary service equipment. The final part of the project standard prEN 12354-5 will describe the main systems in buildings, the type of noise
transmitted and calculation examples.
In particular, for waste systems, attempts are being made to implement analytical methods for estimating the levels of sound energy based on
the laboratory measurements carried out in compliance with the UNI EN 14366 Standard.
31
Each part of the standard proposes calculation methods for the estimation of the acoustic performance of buildings that in some cases are quite
difficult to implement and require specific calculation software.
3.
3.1
The discharge of used waters
The waste waters produced in buildings (houses, offices, hospitals, schools, hotels, etc.) can be differentiated in the following manner:
black waters that derive essentially from residential buildings and are the result of domestic activities or sanitary hygienic fixtures such as
pans and urinals;
grey waters that derive essentially from residential buildings and are the result of domestic activities or hygienic sanitary fixtures with the
exception of pans and urinals;
white waters that derive essentially from rain (atmospheric water) or from irrigating gardens, kitchen gardens and parks.
The waste system must be divided in order to separate the black and grey waters from atmospheric waters to avoid the risk of saturating the
system in the case of significant rainfalls that would lead to a heavy increase in the flow rate of the waste waters.
The waste system is made up of:

traps mounted directly onto the sanitary fixtures such as washbasins, bidets and sinks, positioned on the floor in the case of tubs and
showers, incorporated into the fixture in the case of pans and urinals:
waste branches made up principally of horizontal pipes that connect traps with the waste stack;
waste stacks made up principally of vertical pipes that connect the branches with waste manifolds;
waste manifolds made up of pipes that are characterised by small gradients as compared with horizontal pipes that collect the water
deriving from the waste stacks to transport it to the sewers. The waste manifolds can be placed underground or suspended from the
ceiling of the cellar or garage;
ventilation conduits made up essentially of vertical pipes that when connected to the waste network restrict pressure oscillations and
guarantee silence in the operation of the sanitary fixtures.
Figure 3.1 Structure of a waste system in a residential building
The waste system must be capable of guaranteeing:

a rapid discharge of the flow, the absence of deposits and sediments, the water seal and the seal against gas in order to protect hygiene
standards in the rooms and hence the health of the users;
the project pressure levels when in function thus allowing the re-integration of air that is drawn and pushed during the discharge.
32
3.2
Traps
The trap is the component that ensures the water seal thus preventing the escape of foul smelling gases into the room. The water seal is
obtained by means of trapping a certain quantity of water that acts as a water plug characterised by a certain height defined as water
guard. When the sanitary fixture is flushed, the weight of the liquid generates sufficient pressure on the inlet side of the trap to push the
stagnant water toward the exit side of the trap and therefore into the waste branch and in sequence, the waste stack. When the flush has
terminated, the pressure equilibrium between the two sides of the trap is re-established and a new water plug is created that ensures the
water seal of the system. The water guard of the trap, in accordance with the European Standard UNI EN 12056, should be no less than 50
mm in order to ensure the efficiency of the water plug, also when the waste system is in use and if pressure or back pressure is generated
inside the system network.
Another important consideration is linked to the fact that the presence of the water plug must be guaranteed also when the sanitary fixture
is not in use and when climatic conditions create the gradual evacuation of the water (especially during summer months). With an average
evaporation of the water of approximately 1,5 mm a day, the water seal can thus be guaranteed for about 30 days.
Figure 3.2 Water guard in the traps
When a sanitary fixture flushes large quantities into the waste system, phenomena of compression and back pressure are created that
influence the water plug in the trap.
These phenomena are caused by the pressure variations p that can either be positive (pressure overload) of negative (back pressure): positive
pressures pa + p act on the water contained in the trap and push it from the exit side toward the inlet side, negative pressures pa - p suck
the water from the inlet side toward the outlet side of the trap. These pressure changes set the water tap in the trap in motion and modify its
configuration; if the waste system is not correctly dimensioned, the variations in pressure can be of such an entity as to move the water plug
until it has been completely removed thus causing the escape of foul-smelling gas.
Figure 3.3 Movements of the water plug in the trap
33
3.2.1 Siphonage
Take a look at the system layout indicated in Figure 3.4 When sanitary fixture B is flushed, a water plug in the stack is created which moves
downwards thus provoking a pressure that is greater than the atmospheric pressure further down. Such a difference could be such as to push
the water in the trap into fixture C causing the emission of foul-smelling gas into the room; this phenomenon is called siphonage caused by
compression.
Simultaneously the water plug generates back pressure in fixture A which, if of a significant entity, sucks the water from the trap thus
eliminating the water seal from the same and in doing so, causing the emission of a foul-smelling gas into room; this phenomenon is called
siphonage caused by aspiration.
Of course these phenomena can be more or less serious and are in general influenced by factors such as:
insufficient water guard in the trap;
insufficient diameter of the waste stack;
absence of a ventilation system;
incorrect configuration at the base of the stack.
Figure 3.4 Effects of siphonage
Figure 3.5 Siphonage caused by back pressure

(point A) and compression (point C)
34
3.2.2 Auto-siphonage
Auto-siphonage occurs in horizontal waste branches when they are too long or when the trap is too narrow. In this case the phenomenon is not
caused by the water plug generated by one of the fixtures but by the flushing of the fixture itself. Auto-siphonage may lead to the removal of
the trap seal causing the emission of foul-smelling gas into the room in question. To explain this phenomenon we can see what happens when
attempting to transfer liquid (petrol, oil, wine, etc.) from one container to another with the use of a small diameter tube. Once all of the liquid
has been transferred, no trace of it is left inside the tube and that is exactly what happens inside a waste branch and the trap of the sanitary
fixture. Restrictions on the length of waste branches are defined in the European Standard UNI EN 12056-2 and are indicated in the chapter on
system dimensioning. Auto-siphonage is identified when the trap of the fixture being flushed makes a noise that is similar to human snoring.
When such a noise is issued from the trap of a fixture not currently in use, then the cause is aspiration siphonage; compression siphonage on
the other hand is identified by a gurgling sound that is generated inside the trap when one of the fixtures in the system is being used.
3
Figure 3.6 Auto-siphonage of a sanitary fixture
Ventilation
The maintenance of the pressure levels inside the waste system network and the elimination of the effects of siphonage are guaranteed by
suitable vent systems of the conduits. Vent systems are made up of pipes connected to the waste system that ensure a flow of air to limit the
variations in pressure and guarantee the silent operation of the sanitary fixtures. During flushing the flow pushes the air in front and creates a
back pressure, this back pressure calls on new air by means of the vent stack.
The European Standard UNI EN 12056 defines different configurations of the vent systems both for the waste stacks and the waste branches.
In practice, it is possible to use numerous alternative solutions to the basic configurations defined by the standard and that offer numerous
variations that are suitable for resolving system requirements.
3.3.1 Waste systems with primary ventilation

This is the most economical and widely used system. Ventilation is guaranteed by the extension of the waste stack to the roof; this end piece
of pipe-work is defined as the waste stack vent header. As an alternative to the roof extension it is possible to use vent valves that guarantee
the inlet of air into the stack but impede the discharge of foul-smelling gas into the room.
Primary ventilation systems have the following characteristics:
It is the most simple and economic system.
The primary ventilation system eliminates the effect of aspiration siphonage but not compression siphonage. While the back pressure
above the fixture is compensated for by the inlet of air through the stack vent, the increase in pressure at the base of the stack cannot
be compensated, therefore, other particular configurations in the waste manifold are necessary depending on the number of floors
present in the building.
The European Standard UNI EN 12056 requires that the stack vent be no smaller in diameter to the waste stack.
Waste branches must be no longer than 4 m and must have a minimum slope of 1% (for more details refer to the chapter on waste
system dimensioning).
35
3.3
Figure 3.7 Waste system with primary ventilation
It is possible to create ventilation manifolds to which the waste stacks are connected before exiting onto the roof. In this case
dimensioning is carried out by considering the ventilation manifold as a waste manifold with a filling degree of 50%.
It is not recommended to connect more than three waste stacks to the same ventilation manifold.
Figure 3.8 Waste system with ventilation manifold

36
3.3.1.1 Primary ventilation system for 2-storey buildings (h 4 m)

For buildings with maximum 2 storeys in which the distance between the highest and lowest discharge point is h 4 m then the fixtures can
be connected directly to the stacks even if the waste manifold is suspended from the ceiling of the underground floor. The functioning of this
type of configuration is guaranteed by the fact that the pressure that is generated at the base of the stack is of such an entity as to have no
effect on the sanitary fixtures connected on the ground floor.
Figure 3.9 Primary ventilation, 2-storey building (h 4 m), manifold in the pavement of the underground floor
Figure 3.10 Primary ventilation, 2-storey building (h 4 m), manifold on the ceiling of the underground floor
37
3.3.1.2 Primary ventilation systems for 3- to 5-storey buildings (h 12 m)

For buildings with as many as 5 storeys in which the distance between the highest and lowest fixture is h 12 m a pressure is generated that
is cancelled at about 3 m in height from the base of the stack. To avoid that the pressure has a negative effect on the fixtures nearest the stack
base, it is necessary to connect them to the waste network in a different manner depending on the position of the manifold.
If the manifold is in the pavement of the underground floor, the fixtures on the ground floor can be connected directly to the stack since the
pressure does not interfere with their functioning.
If the manifold is connected to the ceiling of the underground floor then the fixtures on the ground floor must be connected to the waste
manifold at over 1 m from the base since, in this case, the pressure that is generated would interfere with their functioning.
Figure 3.11 Primary ventilation, 35 storey building (h 12 m), manifold in the

pavement of the underground floor
38
Figure 3.12 Primary ventilation, 35 storey building (h 12 m), manifold on

ceiling of underground floor
3.3.1.3 Primary ventilation system for buildings with over 5 storeys (h > 12 m)
For buildings with over 5 storeys in which the distance between the highest and the lowest fixture is h > 12 m a pressure is generated that is
then cancelled above 3 m in height from the base of the stack. To prevent the pressure having a negative influence on the fixtures nearest the
stack base it is necessary to connect the latter to the waste manifold by dividing the stack. To aid the ventilation of the second waste stack it is
necessary to connect it to the main stack by means of a piece of pipe-work called loop vent. The loop vent guarantees the flow of air required
to limit the pressure differentials inside the second waste stack when one of the fixtures is use.
In any case Valsir recommends a parallel ventilation system in buildings made up of over 5-6 floors.
2m
Figure 3.13 Primary ventilation, building with over 5 storeys (h > 12 m),
manifold in pavement of underground floor
Figure 3.14 Primary ventilation, building over 5 storeys high (h > 12 m),
manifold in ceiling of the underground floor
39
3.3.2 Waste system with direct and indirect parallel ventilation

This is a system made up of a vent stack that runs parallel to the waste stack. In systems with a direct parallel vent, the vent stack is connected
to the waste stack, in systems with an indirect parallel vent, the vent stack is connected to the waste branches. Again, in this case, the waste
stack is extended to the roof (relief) or it ends in the room with an aeration valve. Depending on the number of floors that need to be served, the
vent stack may have intermediate connections with the waste stack that ensure a sufficient circulation of air within the network.
Characteristics of parallel vent systems:
Not as economical as primary vent systems.
Suitable for buildings with more than 2 storeys.
The parallel vent system eliminates the aspiration and compression effect of the traps in that it allows the air to circulate from the
base up to the relief vent, by means of the vent stack.
As compared with primary vent systems, with parallel vent systems it is possible to increase the waste flow rates by 3040% without
increasing the diameter (see chapter on waste system dimensioning).
The European Standard UNI EN 12056 sets a minimum diameter for the parallel vent stack in relation to the diameter of the waste
stack (see chapter on waste system dimensioning).
If the parallel vent is direct, the waste branches must have a maximum length of 4 m and a gradient of at least 1%, if indirect, the
branches can be as long as 10 m with minimum gradients of 0,5% (for greater detail refer to the chapter on waste system
dimensioning).
Figure 3.15 Waste system with parallel vent (direct and indirect)
Figure 3.16 Waste system with parallel vent (direct and indirect) with variations
40
3.3.2.1 Direct parallel vent system for buildings with 3 to 5 storeys (h12 m)
For buildings with up to 5 storeys the parallel vent stack is connected near the base of the stack and at the top, at the relief vent. To avoid the
possibility of foam rising, the ground floor must be connected in a different manner depending on the position of the manifold.
If the manifold is in the pavement of the underground floor, the ground floor fixtures can be connected directly to the stack.
If the manifold is attached to the ceiling of the underground floor, then the ground floor fixtures must be connected to the waste manifold at
over 1 m in height from the base to avoid the possibility of foam rising.
1m
Figure 3.17 Direct parallel vent, 35 storey building (h 12 m), manifold in the
pavement of the underground floor
Figure 3.18 Direct parallel vent, 35 storey building (h 12 m), manifold in the
ceiling of the underground floor
41
3.3.2.2 Direct parallel vent system for buildings with over 5 floors (h>12 m)
For buildings with more than 5 floors the parallel vent stack must be connected on each floor by means of intermediate vent connections. If
there is an elevated number of floors, the use of intermediate connections can be avoided as long as they are made at intervals of at least
every four floors. As with primary vents, again in this case, the fixtures nearest to the base of the stack must be connected to the waste stack
by means of a second stack (division) and to favour the ventilation it is necessary to connect it to the main stack by means of a vent loop.
Connection to the manifold must be made at a distance of at least 2 meters from the base of the stack. Also for the fixtures connected to the
second stack, connection to the vent stack by means of intermediate connections is necessary. In chapter 3.5.1 criteria are indicated for the
division of the stack in relation to the number of floors that need to be served.
h > 12m
2m
2m
Figure 3.19 Direct parallel vent, building with over 5 floors (h > 12 m), manifold
in the pavement of the underground floor
42
Figure 3.20 Direct parallel vent, building with over 5 floors (h > 12 m), manifold
in ceiling of the underground floor
3.3.2.3 Indirect parallel vent system

The geometrical configuration of the indirect parallel vent stack does not depend on the number of floors; it is connected to the waste branches
and is used when the distance between the most distant fixture and the waste stack exceeds 4 m. This system is employed when the fixtures
are arranged in rows, in buildings such as schools, barracks, etc. In any case, to avoid the rising of foam, the connection of each floor to the
waste stack must observe the criteria as indicated for direct parallel vent systems (see chapter 3.5.1). When the length of the branches exceeds
10 m it is recommended to use intermediate vents connected halfway along the waste branches (see Figure 3.25)
Figure 3.21 Indirect parallel vent, 35 storey building (h 12 m), manifold in

the pavement of the underground floor
Figure 3.22 Indirect parallel vent, 35 storey building (h 12 m), manifold in

the ceiling of the underground floor
43
Figure 3.23 Indirect parallel vent, building with over 5 floors (h >12 m), manifold
in the pavement of the underground floor
44
Figure 3.24 Indirect parallel vent, building with over 5 floors (h >12
Figure 3.25 Indirect parallel vent, intermediate ventilation of the branches with
lengths of over 10 m
45
3.3.3 Waste systems with secondary ventilation

This type of system is made up of a vent stack that runs parallel to the waste stack. A ventilation network is connected to the waste stack and
to all of the fixtures by means of a spigot bend or trap (branch ventilation). As with the other systems, the waste stack is extended to the roof
(relief vent) or else ends in the room by means of an aeration valve and as with parallel ventilation systems, depending on the number of floors
to be served, the ventilation stack can have intermediate connections with the waste stack that ensure a better circulation of the air inside the
network.
Characteristics of secondary ventilation systems:
Expensive, not only because of the quantity of material required, but also due to the complexity of the system.
Suitable in very tall buildings where fixtures are used contemporarily.
Suitable where the sanitary fixtures and the stacks are positioned along the same wall in that any windows, doors, openings, spigots,
would compromise the possibility of ventilating the fixtures by connecting them to the vent stack.
As with the parallel ventilation system it is possible to increase the flow rates of the waste stack by 30-40% as compared with
primary ventilation systems and the flow rates of the branches by 50% (see the chapter on waste system dimensioning).
The European Standard UNI EN 12056 sets a minimum diameter for parallel vent stacks in relation to the diameter of the waste stack
(see the chapter on waste system dimensioning).
The diameters of the vent pipes of the branches are specified in the European Standard UNI EN 12056 (see chapter on waste system
dimensioning).
The branches can reach 10 m with minimum gradients of 0,5% (for more details refer to the chapter on waste system
dimensioning).
Figure 3.26 Waste system with secondary ventilation
46
3.3.4 Waste systems with ventilation branch

This type of waste system is made with special fittings called ventilation branches that do not require the use of systems with parallel or
secondary vent as described previously and they enable a reduction of the diameter of the waste stack without influencing the flow rate. To
install this type of waste system several technical rules should be followed. While the dimensioning of the branches and manifolds must be in
compliance with the methods established by the European Standard UNI EN 12056-2, the calculation of the stacks requires the application of
particular rules that are described in the chapter concerning the dimensioning of waste systems.
Characteristics of systems with ventilation branches:
Suitable in very tall buildings (hotels, barracks, apartment and office blocks) or wherever there are high flow rates and fixtures are
used contemporarily.
Economically advantageous in buildings with more than 7-8 floors.
Enables an increase in the flow rates of the waste stacks of 45-55% as compared with parallel or secondary ventilation systems.
Significantly reduces pressure fluctuations inside the stack, thanks to the particular configuration of the ventilation branch.
Each ventilation branch is equipped with 6 connections that enable various connection configurations of the sanitary fixtures.
The stacks can have a diameter of DN 100 (De 110 mm) or DN 150 (De 160 mm) depending on the dimensions of the ventilation
branch used.
As many as 8 WC can be connected to the ventilation branch.
Each waste stack must be dimensioned according to the flow rates indicated in the following table.
Table 3.1 Maximum flow rates of waste in the stacks with ventilation branches
Stack diameter
De
[mm]
110
160
Maximum project flow

in the stack Qww
[l/s]
8,7
18,1
Maximum number
of connectable
equivalent*
apartments
45
195
* A standard apartment is intended as being a household composed of a kitchen with sink and dishwasher (max. load 6 Kg) and a bathroom with washbasin, bathtub, washing
machine, bidet and WC (with 9 l cistern) with a total flow of 6,7 l/s. The calculation is made with a factor of simultaneous use of K=0,5.
47
DN
[mm]
100
150
Total flow
dischargeable in the
stack DU
[l/s]
303
1310
Figure 3.27 Waste system with ventilation branches
The system with ventilation branches allows to discharge flows that are greater than any other waste system described in previous chapters.
The UNI EN 12056-2 Standard determines the maximum flow that a waste stack can discharge in relation to the ventilation system in use, the
comparison between the system with ventilation branch is therefore immediate.
Table 3.2 Comparison with different waste systems, waste stack diameter DN 100 (De 110)
Waste system
Primary ventilation with square branch
Parallel or secondary ventilation with square branch
Ventilation branch
48
Max. flow rate Qmax [l/s]

DN 100 (De 110)
4,0
5,6
8,0
DN 150 (De 160)

9,5
12,4
18,1
3.3.4.1 The ventilation branch

The particular geometrical configuration of the ventilation branch guarantees the functionality of the entire waste system and ensures an
optimum distribution of ventilation air inside the stack.
The following are the aspects that are typical of this type of fitting:
Reduces the velocity of the waste flow.
Ensures an optimum ventilation both of the stack and the waste branches thus restricting pressure fluctuations (both compression
and back pressure).
Avoids the formation of hydraulic plugs thus maintaining a flow, originating at the waste branch, that is stable and regular at the inlet
of the stack.
Prevents the inlet of foam or the formation of return flows from the stack toward the waste branches.
Must be soundproofed if the installation generates noise levels greater than those established by the legislation in force.
Figure 3.29 Ventilation branch connections
The ventilation branch has an attachment for the waste stack with a diameter of DN 100 (De 110 mm) or else DN 150 (De 160 mm) and 6
connections for the waste branches:
3 upper connections of DN 100 (De 110 mm) for sanitary fixtures such as the urinal, WC,washbasin, bidet, shower, bathtub, sink or any other
type of sanitary fixture with adischarge unit of DU 2,5 l/s.
3 lower connections of DN 65 (De 75 mm) with any type of sanitary fixture with a dischargeunit of DU 1,5 l/s (WCs are therefore
excluded).
The maximum load of the ventilation branch must be DU 25 l/s with a maximum load of the connections DN 100 equal to DU 15 l/s
and of connections DN 65 equal to DU 6 l/s (see Figure 3.31).
Waste branches with diameters greater than DN 100 are not allowed.
Waste branches with diameters smaller than DN 100 or DN 65 can be made with the use of reducers; it is not possible to connect waste
branches with diameters greater than the diameters of the connections.
The connections of the ventilation branch can all be used simultaneously with the exception of the configurations indicated in Figure 3.31
where the contemporary use of the opposite lateral connections DN 100 and DN 65 is not allowed.
49
Figure 3.28 Ventilation branch in operation
DU 25
DU 15
DU 15
DU 15
DU 6
DU 6
DU 6
Figure 3.30 Maximum load of the connections and of the entire ventilation branch
Figure 3.31 Connections branch allowed
50
3.3.4.2 Project requirements for the waste stack with ventilation branches
In designing a system with ventilation branches it is necessary to remember some fundamental basic technical rules in order to achieve an
efficient waste system.
The distance between two ventilation branches must be no greater than 6 m, if this is not possible then two 45 bends should be used
followed by a vertical section with a length equal to twice the diameter of the waste stack (for stack diameters DN 100 it is 200 mm,
for stack diameters DN 150 it is 300 mm) followed again by 2 45 bends that bring the stack onto a straight axis. This shift maintains
flow speed at a low level thus guaranteeing the correct functioning of the waste system. No sanitary fixture can be connected to the
vertical shift section.
The waste stacks must be created while keeping the diameter constant; it is not possible therefore to use diameter DN 100 branches together
with DN 150 diameter branches within the same stack.
The waste stack must end on the roof with no changes in diameter. The use of internal aerators inside the building is not recommended in
that, in this case, they would not ensure the required flow of air to the ventilation.
Figure 3.32 Maximum distance between ventilation branches and termination of the waste stack on the roof (example for
stack diameter DN 100)
The first floor must always be connected to the second stack (division) by means of a single branch at no less than 2 m from the base of the
stack and it must have a vent loop that ends at no less than 2 m from the base of the stack. The diameter of the connection section
and of the vent loop must be equal to the diameter of the main stack.
After the connection point of the second stack to the horizontal section, the waste manifold begins, the diameter of which must be calculated
in compliance with the indications of the European Standard UNI EN 12056-2.
51
Figure 3.33 Distances and connection technique of first floor (example for
stack DN 100)
Should it be necessary to carry out stack deviations there should be areas free of connections in proximity to the changes in direction. With
the first direction change it is necessary to respect the requirements already mentioned for the connection of the first floor; with the
second direction change the length k of the area free of connections is the function of length L of the deviation.
For deviations L < 10 m the length k=0,5 m, for deviations L 10 m the length k=2 m.
The horizontal deviation section must have a minimum gradient of 0,5% and maximum of 5%.
If the height H of the stack before the direction change is greater than 10 m, the maximum number of WCs that can be connected to the
ventilation branches of the first stack of the direction change goes from 8 to 6.
Figure 3.34 Stack deviations (example for stack DN 100)

52
The waste branches must be dimensioned in compliance with the criteria established by the European Standard UNI EN 12056-2 that also
determines the maximum lengths of the sections. As with parallel and secondary vents it is possible to design waste branches greater
than 4 m as long as a ventilation network is created for the branches.
Each branch is connected to the waste stack by means of a ventilation branch, if necessary it is also possible to connect the waste branches
directly to the stack by using a square branch as long as the maximum diameters indicated in the table are observed.
It is not possible to connect WCs to these branches.
Table 3.3 Maximum diameter of the waste branches connected directly to the stack
Diameter of the stack
Maximum diameter of the branches
DN 100 (De 110 mm)

DN 150 (De 160 mm)
DN 60 (De 63 mm)
DN 100 (De 110 mm)
Figure 3.35 Ventilation of branches and connection of fixtures with singlke branch
(example for stack DN 100)
53
3.3.5 Guideline in the choice of the waste system

For a rapid identification of the diameter of the waste stack in relation to the system chosen it is possible to employ the diagram in Figure
3.36. Once the project flow rate has been determined the waste stack diameter is rapidly chosen in relation to the type of system: primary
ventilation, parallel or secondary ventilation, ventilation with ventilation branches. Vice versa, once the ventilation system has been determined
it is possible to evaluate the maximum project flow in relation to the diameter of the stack.
Example
Lets suppose we have a project flow of 7,1 l/s. With a primary ventilation system the diameter of the stack must be 150 mm, with a
primary or secondary ventilation system the diameter must be 125 mm, while with a system with a ventilation branch the diameter
can be reduced to 100 mm.
Figure 3.36 Choice of the waste system

54
3.4
Waste branches
The waste branches are made up of mainly horizontal pipes that connect the sanitary fixtures to the waste stacks. When installing waste
branches, several basic rules should be observed:
The diameter and the length of the pipes must be such as to guarantee the absence of siphonage and auto-siphonage problems. If there is
a risk of such phenomena being generated then a ventilation network should be provided.
The gradient of the branches must be in the direction of the waste flow.
Changes in direction must be minimised and at any rate must be made with a wide radius to avoid slowing down the flow rate of the waste.
Avoid using diameters that are smaller than the connection to the siphon.
The meeting point of several waste pipes in a branch must be made without the use of 90 angles.
The passage toward greater diameters must be made by employing eccentric reducers and keeping the upper part of the pipes straight.
For greater detail on project requirements for waste branches refer to the chapter on waste system dimensioning.
Figure 3.37 Installation of branches
Figure 3.38 Examples of waste branches
55
3.5
Waste stacks
3.5.1 Division of waste stacks

In previous chapters we noted in some cases the necessity of dividing the waste stack whether it is ventilated with a direct, indirect, parallel
or secondary ventilation system. The division of the stack and its height depend on the total number of floors connected to the waste system
and the position of the manifold.
Valsir suggests using the configurations indicated in the following tables, these are not the only solutions but are just some of the
numerous project choices that can be adopted.
In the tables, depending on the number of floors connected to the waste system, it is possible to verify if the stack needs to be divided and to
determine the number of floors that can be connected to the main stack and those that need to be connected to the second stack. Furthermore,
since in some cases even the second stack can reach elevated heights, another division will have to be made.
Table 3.4 Configuration of the waste stack with manifold in the pavement of the underground floor
Floors
(incl. ground floor)
Stack division?
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
56
Number of floors
connected to the main
stack
3
4
5
5
6
7
7
8
9
9
10
11
11
12
13
13
14
15
15
16
17
17
18
Number of floors
connected to the
second stack
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
Further division of the

second stack?
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Table 3.5 Configuration of the waste stack with manifold on the ceiling of the underground floor
Stack division?
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Number of floors
connected to the main
stack
3
4
4
4
5
6
6
7
8
8
9
10
10
11
12
12
13
14
14
15
16
16
17
Number of floors
connected to the
second stack
0
0
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
Further division of the

second stack?
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Some examples relative to waste systems with direct parallel ventilation are shown in the following figures. The same configurations are valid
for systems with indirect parallel and secondary ventilation. An example made up of 10 floors connected to the waste system necessitates
the division of the stack. If the manifold is laid in the pavement of the ground floor, the 8 highest floors are connected to the main waste stack
while the last 2 floors are connected to the second stack. In this case, the intermediate connections to the vent stack can be made every 2-3
floors. If the manifold is attached to the ceiling of the underground floor, the number of floors connected to the second stack increases to 3,
due to the increased risk of foam rising.
Figure 3.39 Example of system with 10 floors with direct parallel ventilation (manifold in pavement and on ceiling)
57
Floors
(incl. ground floor)
A building made up of 14 floors connected to the waste system also requires the main stack to be divided. If the manifold in laid in the
pavement of the underground floor, the 11 highest floors are connected to the main stack while the last 3 are connected to the second stack.
The intermediate connections to the vent stack can be made every 2-3 floors. If the manifold is on the ceiling of the underground floor then 10
floors must be connected to the main stack, while the remaining 4 floors must be connected to the second stack.
Figure 3.40 Example of system with 14 floors with direct parallel ventilation (manifold in pavement and ceiling)
An finally, let us consider a building made up of 20 floors connected to the waste system. If the manifold is laid in the pavement of the
underground floor then the last 14 floors must be connected to the main stack while the remaining 6 must be connected to the second stack.
We have a different configuration if the manifold is on the ceiling of the underground floor, the main stack is connected to the last 14 floors
while the remaining 6 must be connected to the secondary stack. It is necessary, however, to divide the stack by moving the first two floors to
another independent stack. In this case, it is possible to create the intermediate connections to the ventilation every 4 floors.
58
Figure 3.41 Example of 20-storey building with direct parallel ventilation (manifold in pavement and ceiling)
59
3.5.2 Waste stack deviation

Where, for reasons of space or building configuration, it is necessary to
made deviations of the stack, these must respect some fundamental
requirements:
the deviation must be no greater than 1 m so that in the oblique
piece the flow does not undergo accelerations that would create
noise caused by the impact against the stack near the change in
direction;
the bends used to create the deviation must be no greater than
45; the use of bends with bigger angles would increase the
noise in proximity to the change in direction.
Figure 3.42 Deviation of the waste stack under
If the deviation of a stack with a diameter of DN1 requires changes in

direction greater than 45 or horizontal pieces longer than 1 m, then
the following restrictions will have to be observed:
the horizontal section must be dimensioned like a waste manifold,
keeping flow velocity no smaller than 0,6 m/s to avoid the
separation of the solid substances in the flow;
the stack lying below must have a diameter of DN2 at least equal to
the waste manifold.
Figure 3.43 Deviations of the waste stack greater than 1 m and

direction changes greater than 45
Stack deviations can also be used as systems for decelerating the

waste flow in order to reduce the levels of noise in the system. In this
case the deviation of the stack must be re-established in a short piece
bringing the waste stack in axis. The pipe-work for decelerating must
be carried out by using:
45bends,
a vertical section with a length equal to 2 times the nominal diameter
of the stack.
Figure 3.44 Deceleration by means of stack deviation
60
3.5.3 Connections to the stacks

The type of attachment chosen for connecting the branches to the stack not only influences the waste flow rates but also the noise level of the
system. Connection to the stack can be made with a square branch or an angle branch and the choice must be made by keeping in mind the
following considerations.
Solution A
Solution B
Solution C
Figure 3.45 Stack connection types
The square branch, characterised by connection angles between 87 and 88,5, is the most recommended solution in that
it facilitates the circulation of air, keeps the flow velocity down and allows low noise levels as compared with other solutions.
Solution B
The angle branch, characterised by smaller angles than the square branch (for example 45), even though it enables higher
flow rates (about 30% greater) is not recommended in that it limits the circulation of air and increases the level of noise. In fact the
flow is accelerated and hits the vertical walls of the stack in the emission area. This solution, furthermore, is more expensive than
the previous solution in that it requires the use of a 45 bend.
Solution C
If possible, reduced angle branches should be excluded since there is the risk of hydraulic closure in the emission zone with
consequent aspiration of the siphons connected to the branching. Again in this case the flow is accelerated in the oblique section
causing an increase in the noise level due the flow hitting against the walls of the stack.
61
Solution A
3.5.4 Configuration of the stack base

The base of the stack is the point in which the waste flow undergoes a sudden change in direction passing from the stack to the manifold.
At this point pressure overloads and elevated noise levels can be generated if it is not properly arranged. The base of the stack can be made
in different ways, with a 90 bend or else with two 45 bends. It can be sunk in the concrete or else it can cross the floor without coming into
contact with the concrete, in any case there are recommended solutions and solutions that, on the other hand, should be avoided.
Figure 3.46 Different solutions for stack base not laid in concrete
Figure 3.47 Different solutions for stack base laid in concrete
Solution A
This solution should be avoided in that the pressure generated and the level of noise reach the highest values. From a technical
point of view, this is a very simply solution but there is also a high risk of siphonage.
Solution B
The deviation is made by means of two 45 bends installed consecutively, this solution allows the reduction of pressure
overload and noise levels but it should be used only where there are problems of space.
Solution C
This is the most suitable configuration. It is made by placing a section of pipe with a length that is two times the nominal
diameter of the stack, between the two 45 bends. This solution greatly reduces the pressure overloads and it is characterised
by noise levels that are lower than solution A, by at least 30%.
62
Solution D, E, F The difference of these configurations changes because of the fact that the stack base is completely covered by concrete.
Obviously the levels of the pressure inside the stack do not change as compared with the cases already mentioned while the noise
level, however, is significantly reduced thanks to the effect of the concrete (elevated mass). The noise level of these configurations is
reduced by about 70-80% as compared with the previous solutions; solution F reaches levels of noise of 80-90% below those
of solution A.
If it is necessary to connect sanitary fixtures beyond the base of the stack, then connections should be made at a distance of at least 10 times
the nominal diameter of the pipe to avoid the negative effect of pressure fluctuations on the traps.
Figure 3.48 Connection of fixtures beyond the

stack base
63
3.5.5 Configuration of the stack relief vent

The vent stacks terminate above the roof by means of aeration terminals (aerators) that are arranged in such a way as to prevent rain water
entering the stack and to facilitate the inlet of air. The aeration terminal must have a distance L from the roof of at least 30 cm, which in snowy
areas must be suitably increased. If the stack exits onto a terrace then the distance L from the surface must be at least 200 cm.
Figure 3.49 Ventilation terminal
If it is not possible to exit onto the roof, then a particular aeration valve must be used that is equipped with a membrane that prevents foulsmelling gas to escape but also allows air to enter the system.
Figure 3.50 Installation of the terminal on the roof
Figure 3.51 Aeration valve
Figure 3.52 Installation of the aeration valve

64
3.6
Waste manifolds
The waste manifolds are made up of horizontal pipes that are surface-mounted inside the building (for example on the ceiling of the garage) or
else in the ground to which the waste stacks are connected and possibly the sanitary fixtures on the ground floor.
In designing the waste manifolds, besides observing the requirements set by UNI EN 12056 and dealt with in the chapter on waste system
dimensioning, also the following aspects should not be overlooked:
The lay-out of the waste manifold must be chosen in relation to the building structure and keeping in mind any obstacles of an architectural
nature.
If the conduits cross through structural parts of the building it is recommended to make a hole that is larger than the diameter of the conduit
to avoid the natural movements of the ground caused by the weight of the building having a negative effect on or damaging the
conduits. Pipes made of plastic are, in fact, ideal in these conditions due to their excellent elasticity.
The pipes that make up the manifold must be as straight as possible and the bends must be made with a wide radius and avoiding 90
angles.
The flow must guarantee a speed (minimum 0,6 m/s) that will prevent the formation of deposits and therefore the gradient values must
always be adopted while keeping these aspects in mind.
The gradient values must be between 1% and 5%; 2% is considered the ideal gradient.
The diameter of the manifold must be no smaller than the diameter of the biggest section of the stack that leads into it.
Figure 3.53 Waste manifold
65
3.7
Access fittings
In order to flush and clean the waste network, it is necessary to provide suitable access fittings positioned in areas that are easily accessible.
The opening of the access fitting must be suitably sized and in any case, must be no smaller than the waste pipe diameter and the space
surrounding the fitting must guarantee ease of use of the instruments necessary in cleaning operations.
Figure 3.54 Access fittings
Figure 3.55 Access trap
The access fittings must be installed in the following positions:

at each change in direction with angles greater than 45 (Figure 3.57);
at the base of every stack (Figure 3.56 and Figure 3.57);
at every confluence of conduits (Figure 3.57);
on linear conduits, every 15 m for pipes up to DN 100 and every 30 m for pipes over DN 100;
at the end of the internal waste system by means of an access trap (Figure 3.55 and Figure 3.57).
Figure 3.56 Access types for stack bases
Figure 3.57 Positioning of the access fittings
66
3.8
Brackets
3.8.1 Preliminary considerations

All materials are subject to expansion or contraction caused by an increase or decrease in temperature. Plastic materials are characterised by
the most elevated variations in length as compared with other materials such as steel or cast iron but on the other hand they react better if
such variations are restricted, such as with pipes that are laid in concrete.
Figure 3.58 Waste manifold
L = L T
[3.1]
where is the linear heat expansion coefficient of the material.

If such a variation in length were obstructed, then a tensile stress would be generated in the material (with T < 0) or else compression (with
T>0) given by:
= ET
[3.2]
where E is the elasticity modulus of the material.

In calculating the expansion/contraction of the material it is necessary to consider the difference between the installation temperature of the
pipe and the maximum/minimum temperature expected when the system is in operation.
Table 3.6 Characteristic of different materials
Pipe
Cast iron
Steel
Silere
Polypropylene PP
Polyethylene PE
Linear heat expansion

coefficient [mm/mC]
Elasticity modulus E
[MPa]
E
[MPa/C]
0,010
0,012
0,080
0,110
0,200
105000
206000
2800
1300
1000
1,05
2,47
0,22
0,14
0,20
67
The variation in length L of a pipe of length L due to a variation in temperature T between the installation temperature of the pipe and the
current temperature is given by:
Plastic pipes (such as polyethylene, polypropylene, Silere) have elevated thermal expansion coefficients and therefore, undergo elevated
variations in length but the stress that is generated in the wall of the pipe, preventing it from expanding or contracting, is very low. The plastic
pipes can, therefore, be completely covered with concrete without them being damaged by stress that is generated within their structure when
they are subject to temperature fluctuations.
The effects of thermal expansion and contraction of plastic materials influences the installation methods of waste systems that require different
rules depending on the type of anchoring to be used:
Free anchoring. This installation is adopted for surface-mounted pipes that are either suspended from the ceiling or anchored to the walls.
This type of anchoring can be carried out by means of expansion sleeves or else by means of compensation systems with flexible clips.
Rigid anchoring.This installation is adopted for pipes laid in concrete or else for pipes installed with fixed point pipe clips.
Figure 3.59 Heat expansion/contraction of pipes
Example 1
Calculate the linear thermal expansion for a 6 m long polyethylene pipe laid at a temperature of 15C and subjected to a maximum
working temperature of 55C.
By using the equation shown previously, we have:
L = LT = 0,26(55 15) = 48 mm
[3.3]
The same result can be obtained from the diagram in Figure 3.59. If it were a Silere pipe then expansion would be reduced by half:
L = LT = 0,086(55 15) = 19 mm
[3.4]
Example 2
If the same pipe in the previous example were subjected to a working temperature of -10C,what would the maximum contraction be?
L = LT = 0,26(10 15) = 30 mm
[3.5]
and for Silere we would have:
L = LT = 0,086(10 15) = 12 mm
68
[3.6]
3.8.2 Free anchoring

3.8.2.1 Anchoring by means of expansion sleeves or sockets
For systems made with electro-fusion polyethylene pipes, installation requires the use of suitable expansion sleeves; for push-fit systems such
as polypropylene, Triplus and Silere, the function of the expansion sleeve is taken on by the sockets of the pipes and fittings themselves.
This type of anchoring requires the use of fixed point clips and guide clips. The fixed point clips guide the pipes variations in length in the
direction of the expansion sleeve (or the socket) while the guide clips allow the pipe to move but prevent if from flexing. Both fixed point and
guide clips must be dimensioned in order to resist the weight of the pipe when full with water.
Figure 3.60 Expansion sleeve (polyethylene)
Figure 3.61 Sockets of push-fit systems

(polypropylene, Silere, Triplus)
To allow for soundproofing levels of the Triplus and Silere waste systems, the use of Valsir soundproofing clips is required.
Figure 3.62 Standard pipe and anti-vibration clip
69
In the following tables the distances to be observed both for fixed point and guide clips are suggested, in any case the distances of the clips
are characterised by the following rules:
Sections of pipe or branches that are laid in concrete act as fixed points.
For horizontal conduits (manifolds) the distance between the clips must be 10 times the external diameter of the pipe with a maximum of
2 m.
For vertical conduits (stacks) the distance between the clips must be 15 times the external diameter of the pipe with a maximum of 3 m and
in any case at least one guide clip for each floor.
Pf
Ps
LPf
LPs
Fixed point
Guide point
Distance between two consecutive fixed points
Distance between two consecutive guide points

Figure 3.63 Ceiling anchoring by means of expansion sleeves or sockets
Table 3.7 Distances for clips for anchoring to ceiling by means of expansion sleeves or sockets
70
Diameter De [mm]
LPs [m]
LPf [m]
50
63
75
90
110
125
160
200
250
315
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,9
1,1
1,3
1,6
2,0
2,0
2,0
A fixed point is made at every expansion

sleeve or every socket.
For electro-fusion polyethylene systems the
maximum distance is 6 meters whereas for
push-fit systems it is 3 meters.
Figure 3.64 Wall anchoring by means of expansion sleeves or sockets
Table 3.8 Distances of clips for wall anchoring by means of expansion sleeves or sockets
Diameter De [mm]
LPs [m]
LPf [m]
50
63
75
90
110
125
160
200
250
315
1,0
1,0
1,1
1,4
1,7
1,9
2,4
3,0
3,0
3,0
A fixed point is made at every expansion

sleeve or every socket.
For electro-fusion polyethylene systems the
maximum distance is 6 meters whereas for
push-fit systems it is 3 meters.
71
3.8.2.2 Pipe support by means of a flexible arm

Pipe support by means of a flexible arm takes advantage of the flexing capacity of the pipe to absorb the variations in length, thus avoiding
the employment of expansion sleeves; it is, therefore, a suitable method for polyethylene waste systems, for which the connections must be
welded.
Anchoring with a flexible arm enables compensation of the variation in length L [mm] of a pipe length L by means of flexing a section of the
perpendicular conduit of length LBf.
The length of the flexible arm LBf is given by the following equation:
L Bf =
L De
100
[3.7]
with L and De expressed in [mm] and LBf expressed in [m].

As the flexible arm is itself subject to variations in length, the section of pipework L must be capable of absorbing them. The section of pipework
L that is free of brackets and acts as a compensator must have a length of HBf calculated by using the same equation but considering the length
to be compensated as LBf.
L3Bf
HBf =
L
[3.8]
3
with LBf, L and HBf expressed in [m].
The brackets must observe the distances seen previously and employed for the anchoring by means of expansion sleeves or sockets.
Figure 3.65 Anchoring by means of flexible arm
72
Figure 3.66 Length of flexible arm
Example 3
Calculate the length of the flexible arm of a polyethylene pipe De 110 mm, 6 m in length, subject to a variation in temperature of +50C.
L = LT = 0,2650 = 60 mm
[3.9]
from which the flexible arms are easily calculated:
L Bf =
60110
= 0,81 m
100
[3.10]
HBf =
0,813
= 0,29 m
6
[3.11]
The same results are obtained by the diagram in Figure 3.66.
73
With a variation in temperature of +50C the expansion of the pipe is:
3.8.3 Rigid anchoring

3.8.3.1 Anchoring by means of fixed point pipe clips
Rigid anchoring by means of fixed point pipe clips is employed in waste systems made of polyethylene where the connections are welded
together. This takes advantage of the flexing capacity of the pipe to absorb the positive variations in length (expansion) and the elasticity of the
material to absorb the compression stress caused by negative variations in length (contractions).
This system is recommended for brief sections (5-7 m) and for restricted temperature variations (20-30C). For this type of anchoring, clips
should be used that are capable of resisting the elevated force that is unloaded, through the anchor screws, onto the building structure. For this
reason this type of method should be adopted for pipes with a diameter De smaller than 200 mm.
The maximum distances of the clips to be adopted in rigid anchoring are indicated in the following table.
Table 3.9 Distances of the clips for rigid anchoring
Diameter De [mm]
LPf [m]
50
63
75
90
110
125
160
200
250
315
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,9
1,1
1,3
1,6
2,0
2,0
2,0
Figure 3.67 Rigid anchoring by means of fixed point clips
74
3.8.3.2 Installation in concrete

The pipework can be laid directly in the concrete and a typical situation is that of the waste branches, for example inside the bathroom. Unlike
metal conduits, the elevated elasticity of the plastic material allows the complete absorption of the stress that is generated in the pipe due to
fluctuations in temperature.
When laying pipes directly in concrete work, several simple suggestions should be kept in consideration:
The sockets should be covered with paper or plastic film to avoid, for example, concrete entering the pipe during installation.
Small diameter deviations (for example reduced branches) should be covered with paper or insulated in such a way as to absorb the
dimensional variations; the forces that are generated could be of an elevated entity and could unload onto the deviation itself.
The discharge network should be anchored if possible, to avoid movement of the same and hence loosening of the pipes or fittings from the
sockets when the cement is being poured.
The pipework that crosses through outer walls can be subjected to elevated levels of stress due to movements and settling of the ground; in
these cases, it is recommended to cover the section with insulation.
Figure 3.68 Insulation of the socket laid in concrete
Figure 3.69 Insulation of a reduced branch laid in concrete
75
4.
4.1
Introduction
The standard that regulates the dimensioning of gravity waste systems inside buildings is the European Standard UNI EN 12056 composed
of five parts. This standard is applied to systems for discharge of waste water operating by gravity inside buildings for residential, industrial,
commercial, institutional and industrial use. The standard describes the main systems but does not deal with them in detail given the complexity
and vast nature of the system configurations in existence today. Part 2 of the standard, that will be dealt with in this chapter, establishes the
principles to follow for project design and calculation.
The standard classifies the system into four types, which are in turn divided by the type of ventilation adopted. The type suggested by Valsir
and adopted by the greater part of European countries among which, Germany, Switzerland, Ireland, is the waste system with single waste
stack and partially full waste branches. In this case the sanitary fixtures are connected to the waste branches that are dimensioned for a filling
degree equal to 0,5 (50%).
The dimensioning process of a waste system can be divided up into the following phrases:
calculation of the flow rates in relation to the drainage units of the sanitary fixtures connected;
determination of the diameters of branches that connect the sanitary fixtures to the waste stacks;
determination of the diameters of the waste stacks;
determination of the diameters of the waste manifolds.
In the following paragraphs the waste flows will be based on the nominal diameters of the pipework; the European Standard UNI EN 12056
establishes a correlation between the nominal diameters and the minimum internal diameters, this enables us to define a corresponding table
for the various product lines manufactured by Valsir:
Table 4.1 Correspondence between nominal diameters and external diameters of the waste pipe for different product lines
4.2
DN
di, min
30
40
50
56
60
70
80
90
100
125
150
200
225
250
300
26
34
44
49
56
68
75
79
96
113
146
184
207
230
290
De [mm]
Polyethylene
32
40
50
56
63
75
Polypropylene
32
40
50
Triplus
Silere
40
50
58
75
75
78
90
110
125
160
200
90
110
125
160
90
110
125
160
90
110
135
160
250
315
The dimensioning of a waste system is bases on the total flow rates Qtot that circulate in the various sections deriving from the sanitary fixtures;
the continuous flow fixtures (for example the waste water of cooling systems) and any waste waster pumps.
Q tot = Q ww +Qc + Qp
where:
Qww
Qc
Qp
76
is the flow rate of the waste waters caused by sanitary fixtures [l/s],
is the continuous flow rate [l/s],
is the pumping flow rate [l/s].
[4.1]
If the system does not have continuous flow rates or waste water pumps, then the total flow rate for each section of the waste system is given
exclusively by the flow rate of the sanitary fixtures and therefore the previous equation becomes:
Q tot = Q ww
[4.2]
The waste flow of the waste waters Qww in a section of the system is not the algebraic sum of the flows of all of the sanitary fixtures that lead
into that section, but it is obtained by means of a simple formula that takes account of the factor of contemporary use of the fixtures.
In a building it is reasonable to assume that not all of the sanitary fixtures will be discharged contemporarily, therefore, the flows that are
flushed into the waste system are less than the algebraic sum of the flows of the single fixtures. The levels of simultaneous use obviously
depend on the type of building: a household has a usage frequency of the sanitary fixtures that is lower than that of hospitals or restaurants.
The formula for calculating the flow rate of the waste waters in relation to the type of building is the following:
Q ww = K
DU
[4.3]
where:
K is the factor of contemporary use (or frequency factor) defined in the table that follows, DU is the sum of the drainage units of the sanitary
fixtures that flow in that section of the system. The drainage unit DU (Drainage Unit) is the average flow rate of a sanitary fixture expressed in
litres per second [l/s].
It is important to remember that the value Qww must correspond, minimum, to the flow rate of the sanitary fixtures with the biggest drainage
unit.
Table 4.2 Coefficient of contemporary use as a function of use and type of building
Use
Building type
Intermittent
Frequent
Very frequent
Special
Coefficient K
Homes and offices

Hospitals, schools, restaurants, hotels
Public bathrooms and showers
Laboratories
0,5
0,7
1,0
1,2
With the following diagram or table it is possible to identify the flow rate of the waste waters as a function of the coefficient of contemporary
use and the sum of the drainage units of the sanitary fixtures that flow in the section of the system.

Figure 4.1 Flow rate of waste waters in relation to the coefficient of contemporary use and the sum of the drainage units
77
Table 4.3 Flow rate of waste waters in relation to the coefficient of contemporary use and the sum of the drainage units
Du [l/s]
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
6,0
8,0
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Qww [l/s]
K = 0,5
K = 0,7
K=1
K = 1,2
0,5
0,5
0,6
0,6
0,7
0,7
0,8
0,9
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,7
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,2
2,5
2,7
3,0
3,2
3,4
3,5
3,7
3,9
0,7
0,8
0,8
0,9
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
2,0
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,8
3,0
3,1
3,5
3,8
4,1
4,4
4,7
4,9
5,2
5,4
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,3
1,4
1,6
1,7
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,2
2,4
2,8
3,2
3,5
3,7
4,0
4,2
4,5
5,0
5,5
5,9
6,3
6,7
7,1
7,4
7,7
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,9
2,1
2,2
2,4
2,5
2,7
2,9
3,4
3,8
4,2
4,5
4,8
5,1
5,4
6,0
6,6
7,1
7,6
8,0
8,5
8,9
9,3
DU [l/s]
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
Qww [l/s]
K = 0,5
K = 0,7
K=1
K = 1,2
4,0
4,2
4,3
4,5
4,6
4,7
4,9
5,0
5,2
5,5
5,7
5,9
6,1
6,3
6,5
6,7
6,9
7,1
7,4
7,7
8,1
8,4
8,7
8,9
9,2
9,5
9,7
10,0
5,6
5,9
6,1
6,3
6,5
6,6
6,8
7,0
7,3
7,7
8,0
8,3
8,6
8,9
9,1
9,4
9,6
9,9
10,4
10,8
11,3
11,7
12,1
12,5
12,9
13,3
13,6
14,0
8,1
8,4
8,7
8,9
9,2
9,5
9,7
10,0
10,5
11,0
11,4
11,8
12,2
12,6
13,0
13,4
13,8
14,1
14,8
15,5
16,1
16,7
17,3
17,9
18,4
19,0
19,5
20,0
9,7
10,0
10,4
10,7
11,1
11,4
11,7
12,0
12,6
13,1
13,7
14,2
14,7
15,2
15,6
16,1
16,5
17,0
17,8
18,6
19,3
20,1
20,8
21,5
22,1
22,8
23,4
24,0
The Standard proposes the values for the drainage units DU for various types of sanitary fixtures for domestic use; these values must be
considered if there is no information on hand regarding the products that will actually be installed.
Table 4.4 Typical flow rates for various types of sanitary fixtures (domestic)
Sanitary fixture
Washbasin
Bidet
Shower without plug
Shower with plug
Urinal with cistern
Urinal with flush valve
Wall urinal
Bathtub
Kitchen sink
Dishwasher (domestic)
Washing machine, max. load 6 Kg
Washing machine, max. load 12 Kg
WC with 6 l cistern
WC with 7,5 l cistern
WC with 9 l cistern
Floor drain DN 50
Floor drain DN 70
Floor drain DN 100
78
DU [l/s]
0,5
0,5
0,6
0,8
0,8
0,5
0,2
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
1,5
2,0
2,0
2,5
0,8
1,5
2,0
4.3
Dimensioning of waste branches
The dimensioning of the waste branches depends on whether there is a ventilation system for the branch itself. The Standard establishes not
just the nominal diameters in relation to the waste flow but also the restrictions on the geometry of the branches.
Figure 4.2 Branch and characteristic dimensions
4.3.1 Dimensioning of branches without vent

The restrictions on the geometry and characteristics of the branches indicated in Figure 4.2 are specified in the following table.
Table 4.5 Geometrical restrictions on branch without vent
Characteristic
Restriction
L4m
H1m
1%
3
The maximum flow rates allowed in relation to the nominal diameters are indicated in the following table.
Table 4.6 Maximum flow rates and nominal diameters of the branches without vents
Branch DN
Maximum flow rate Qmax

[l/s]
40
50
60
70
80
90*
100
0,50
0,80
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,25
2,50
Typical sanitary fixture

Washbasin, bidet, urinal without cistern
Shower, bathtub, sink, dishwasher, washing machine max. load 6 Kg
Washing machine max. load 12 Kg
WC with cistern up to 7,5 l
WC with 9 l cistern
* In the presence of a WC the minimum diameter allowed is DN 90 as long as there are no more than two WCs on the same branch and the total change in direction is no greater
than 90, if this is not the case then diameter DN 100 should be used.
79
Branch length (between the trap attachment and the waste stack)
Difference in height (between the trap attachment and the horizontal section)
Minimum gradient of the horizontal section
Maximum number of 90 bends (excluding the trap bend attachment)
4.3.2 Dimensioning of ventilated braches

In the case of ventilated branches the geometrical restrictions and the characteristics specified in Figure 4.2 are reduced to the values indicated
in the table.
Table 4.7 Geometrical restrictions on ventilated branches
Characteristic
Restriction
Branch length (between the trap attachment and the waste stack)
Difference in height (between the trap attachment and the horizontal section)
Minimum gradient of the horizontal section
Maximum number of 90 bends (excluding the trap bend attachment)
L 10 m
H3m
0,5%
No restriction
The following table indicates the maximum flow rate allowed in relation to the nominal diameters and the minimum diameters required for the
vent pipe of the branch.
Table 4.8 Maximum flows and nominal diameters of the branches and vent pipes
Branch DN
Max flow rate Qmax [l/s]
Vent DN
Typical sanitary fixture
50
60
70
80
90*
100
0,75
1,50
2,25
3,00
3,40
3,75
40
40
50
50
60
60
Washbasin, bidet, urinal without cistern

Shower, bathtub, sink, dishwasher, washing machine
WC
* In the presence of a WC the minimum diameter allowed is DN 90 as long as there are no more than two WCs on the same branch and the total change in direction is no greater
than 90, if this is not the case then diameter DN 100 should be used.
80
4.4
The diameter of the waste stack is chosen as a function of the type of vent adopted (primary, parallel, secondary) and the type of fitting used
for attachment to the stack (square branch or angle branch).
4.4.1 Dimensioning of stacks with primary ventilation

The diameter of the stack depends on the flow to be discharged and the type of fitting used for attachment of the branch to the stack.
Table 4.9 Flow rates of the waste stack with primary ventilation
Waste stack and relief vent*

DN
Angle branch
Square branch
60
70
80
90
100**
125
150
200
0,5
1,5
2,0
2,7
4,0
5,8
9,5
16,0
0,7
2,0
2,6
3,5
5,2
7,6
12,4
21,0
* Waste stack relief vent is the extension of the waste stack above the highest branch attachment. The extension must have the same diameter as the waste stack.
** Minimum dimension allowed if waste water from at least one WC flows through the branch.
4.4.2 Dimensioning of stacks with parallel or secondary ventilation

The diameter of the waste and vent stack depends on the flow to be discharged and the type of fitting used for attachment of the branch to
the stack.
Table 4.10 Flow rate of the waste stack with parallel or secondary ventilation

Vent stack DN
60
70
80
90
100*
125
150
200
50
50
50
50
50
70
80
100
Angle branch
Square branch
0,7
2,0
2,6
3,5
5,6
7,6
12,4
21,0
0,9
2,6
3,4
4,6
7,3
10,0
18,3
27,3
* Minimum dimension allowed if waste water from at least one WC flows through the branch.
The dimensions of the vent stack must be increased if the length of the conduits or the number of bends is elevated; in this case
Valsir suggests increasing the diameters indicated by the UNI EN 12056 Standard by adopting the dimensions indicated in the
following table.
Table 4.11 Diameters (increased) of the vent stacks
Waste stack DN
Vent stack DN
60
70
80
90
100
125
150
200
50
56
60
60
70
90
100
150
81
Waste stack DN
4.4.3 Dimensioning of stacks with ventilation branches

The dimensioning of waste systems with ventilation branches is more or less the same as the calculations adopted for traditional waste
systems as described in the European Standard UNI EN 12056, The only difference regards the calculation of the waste stacks that, being of
a defined dimension (DN 100 or else DN 150), require exclusively the verification of the waste flow rates.
The dimensioning process therefore, involves the following phases:
calculation of the flow rates in relation to the drainage units of the sanitary fixtures attached;
determination of the diameters of the branches connecting the sanitary fixtures to the waste stacks;
verification of flow rates that can be discharged and, if necessary, the division of the system into more than one waste stack;
determination of the diameters of the waste manifolds.
The verification phase of the waste stacks involves comparing the maximum flow rates that can be discharged by the system (8,7 l/s for stack
diameters DN 100 and 18,1 l/s for stack diameters DN 150) with those required. Furthermore, the restrictions on geometry and flow rates as
defined in the chapter dedicated to project design, must be kept in consideration.
82
4.5
Dimensioning of waste manifolds
The waste manifolds are dimensioned in relation to the flow to be discharged, the gradient of the conduit and the filling degree to be achieved,
The formulae that can be applied for the calculation are many, in the diagrams and in the following tables the Chzy-Bazin formula was used
with a roughness coefficient of about 0,16 m1/2 (corresponding to an equivalent roughness of 1 mm as suggested by the European Standard
UNI EN 12056)*.
For the choice of diameter it is possible to use:
a) the tables created with specific filling degrees,
b) the diagram of the flow rates together with the corrective factors of flow and velocity for the different filling degrees.
To use the tables and the diagram take a look at the examples at the end of this chapter.
Table 4.12 Velocity and flow of the waste pipes in relation to the gradient and for a filling degree h/Di=0,5 (50%)
DN = 80
DN = 90
DN = 100
DN = 125
DN = 150
DN = 200
DN = 225
DN = 250
DN = 300
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
0,8
1,2
1,5
1,7
1,9
2,1
2,2
2,4
2,5
2,7
0,4
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,0
1,4
1,7
1,9
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,8
2,9
3,1
0,5
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,7
2,4
2,9
3,3
3,7
4,1
4,4
4,7
5,0
5,3
0,5
0,7
0,9
1,0
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,6
2,6
3,7
4,5
5,2
5,9
6,4
6,9
7,4
7,8
8,3
0,6
0,9
1,1
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,7
1,8
1,9
2,0
5,3
7,5
9,1
10,6
11,8
12,9
14,0
14,9
15,8
16,7
0,7
1,1
1,3
1,5
1,7
1,8
2,0
2,1
2,2
2,4
9,9
14,0
17,2
19,8
22,2
24,3
26,2
28,0
29,7
31,4
0,8
1,1
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
2,1
2,3
2,4
2,6
13,6
19,3
23,6
27,3
30,5
33,4
36,1
38,6
40,9
43,2
0,9
1,2
1,5
1,7
2,0
2,1
2,3
2,5
2,6
2,8
18,2
25,7
31,4
36,3
40,6
44,5
48,0
51,3
54,5
57,4
1,0
1,5
1,8
2,1
2,3
2,5
2,7
2,9
3,1
3,2
33,9
48,0
58,8
67,8
75,8
83,1
89,7
95,9
101,8
[cm/m] [m/s]
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
0,4
0,5
0,7
0,8
0,9
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,1
1,2
107,3
DN = 80
DN = 90
DN = 100
DN = 125
DN = 150
DN = 200
DN = 225
DN = 250
DN = 300
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[cm/m] [m/s]
0,5
0,4
1,1
0,4
1,3
0,5
2,3
0,6
3,5
0,7
7,1
0,8
13,4
0,9
18,4
0,9
24,5
1,1
45,7
1,0
0,6
1,6
0,6
1,9
0,7
3,2
0,8
5,0
1,0
10,1
1,1
18,9
1,2
26,0
1,3
34,6
1,6
64,6
1,5
0,7
2,0
0,7
2,3
0,9
3,9
1,0
6,1
1,2
12,4
1,4
23,2
1,5
31,9
1,6
42,4
1,9
79,1
2,0
0,8
2,3
0,9
2,6
1,0
4,5
1,1
7,1
1,4
14,3
1,6
26,8
1,7
36,8
1,9
49,0
2,2
91,3
2,5
0,9
2,6
1,0
3,0
1,1
5,1
1,3
7,9
1,5
16,0
1,8
29,9
2,0
41,2
2,1
54,7
2,5
102,1
3,0
1,0
2,8
1,1
3,2
1,2
5,5
1,4
8,7
1,7
17,5
2,0
32,8
2,1
45,1
2,3
60,0
2,7
111,9
3,5
1,1
3,0
1,1
3,5
1,3
6,0
1,5
9,4
1,8
18,9
2,1
35,4
2,3
48,7
2,5
64,8
2,9
120,8
4,0
1,2
3,2
1,2
3,7
1,4
6,4
1,6
10,0
1,9
20,2
2,3
37,9
2,5
52,1
2,7
69,2
3,1
129,2
4,5
1,2
3,4
1,3
4,0
1,5
6,8
1,7
10,6
2,0
21,4
2,4
40,2
2,6
55,3
2,8
73,4
3,3
137,0
5,0
1,3
3,6
1,4
4,2
1,6
7,2
1,8
11,2
2,2
22,6
2,5
42,3
2,8
58,2
3,0
77,4
3,5
144,4
*Further details on the formula adopted are found in the appendix.

83
DN = 80
DN = 90
DN = 100
DN = 125
DN = 150
DN = 200
DN = 225
DN = 250
DN = 300
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
1,4
2,0
2,5
2,9
3,2
3,5
3,8
4,1
4,3
4,5
0,5
0,6
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,4
1,7
2,3
2,9
3,3
3,7
4,1
4,4
4,7
5,0
5,2
0,5
0,7
0,9
1,0
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
2,8
4,0
4,9
5,7
6,3
7,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
9,0
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
4,4
6,3
7,7
8,9
9,9
10,9
11,7
12,6
13,3
14,0
0,7
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,7
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,3
8,9
12,6
15,5
17,9
20,0
21,9
23,6
25,3
26,8
28,2
0,8
1,2
1,5
1,7
1,9
2,1
2,2
2,4
2,5
2,7
16,7
23,7
29,0
33,5
37,4
41,0
44,3
47,3
50,2
52,9
0,9
1,3
1,6
1,8
2,0
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,7
2,9
23,0
32,5
39,8
46,0
51,4
56,3
60,9
65,1
69,0
72,7
1,0
1,4
1,7
2,0
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,8
3,0
3,1
30,6
43,2
52,9
61,1
68,3
74,9
80,9
86,4
91,7
96,6
1,2
1,6
2,0
2,3
2,6
2,8
3,1
3,3
3,5
3,6
57,0
80,6
98,7
113,9
127,4
139,6
150,7
161,1
170,9
180,2
[cm/m] [m/s]
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
0,4
0,6
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,2
1,3
1,4
DN = 80
DN = 90
DN = 100
DN = 125
DN = 150
DN = 200
DN = 225
DN = 250
DN = 300
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
1,7
2,4
2,9
3,4
3,8
4,1
4,5
4,8
5,0
5,3
0,5
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,9
2,7
3,4
3,9
4,3
4,8
5,1
5,5
5,8
6,1
0,5
0,8
0,9
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
3,3
4,7
5,8
6,6
7,4
8,1
8,8
9,4
10,0
10,5
0,6
0,9
1,0
1,2
1,3
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
5,2
7,3
9,0
10,4
11,6
12,7
13,7
14,7
15,6
16,4
0,7
1,0
1,3
1,5
1,6
1,8
1,9
2,1
2,2
2,3
10,4
14,8
18,1
20,9
23,3
25,6
27,6
29,5
31,3
33,0
0,9
1,2
1,5
1,7
1,9
2,1
2,3
2,4
2,6
2,7
19,6
27,7
33,9
39,1
43,7
47,9
51,7
55,3
58,7
61,8
0,9
1,3
1,6
1,9
2,1
2,3
2,5
2,6
2,8
2,9
26,9
38,0
46,6
53,8
60,1
65,8
71,1
76,0
80,6
85,0
1,0
1,4
1,7
2,0
2,2
2,5
2,7
2,8
3,0
3,2
35,7
50,5
61,8
71,4
79,8
87,5
94,5
101
107,1
112,9
1,2
1,7
2,0
2,3
2,6
2,9
3,1
3,3
3,5
3,7
66,5
94,1
115,2
133,1
148,8
163
176
188,2
199,6
210,4
[cm/m] [m/s]
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
0,4
0,6
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,3
1,4
[cm/m]
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
84
DN = 80
DN = 90
DN = 100
v
DN = 125
v
DN = 150
v
DN = 200
v
DN = 225
v
DN = 250
DN = 300
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
38,9
55,0
67,4
77,8
87,0
95,3
103,0
110,1
116,7
123,1
1,2
1,6
2,0
2,3
2,6
2,8
3,1
3,3
3,5
3,7
72,5
102,6
125,6
145,1
162,2
177,7
191,9
205,2
217,6
229,4
[m/s] [l/s] [m/s] [l/s] [m/s] [l/s] [m/s] [l/s] [m/s] [l/s] [m/s] [l/s] [m/s] [l/s] [m/s]
0,4
0,6
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,8
2,6
3,2
3,7
4,1
4,5
4,8
5,2
5,5
5,8
0,5
0,6
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,4
2,1
3,0
3,7
4,2
4,7
5,2
5,6
6,0
6,3
6,7
0,5
0,7
0,9
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
3,6
5,1
6,3
7,2
8,1
8,9
9,6
10,2
10,8
11,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,3
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
5,7
8,0
9,8
11,3
12,6
13,8
15,0
16,0
17,0
17,9
0,7
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,3
11,4
16,1
19,7
22,7
25,4
27,9
30,1
32,2
34,1
36,0
0,8
1,2
1,5
1,7
1,9
2,1
2,2
2,4
2,5
2,7
21,3
30,1
36,9
42,6
47,6
52,2
56,4
60,3
63,9
67,4
0,9
1,3
1,6
1,8
2,1
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,8
2,9
29,3
41,4
50,7
58,6
65,5
71,7
77,5
82,8
87,9
92,6
1,0
1,4
1,7
2,0
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,8
3,0
3,1
DN = 80
DN = 90
DN = 100
DN = 125
DN = 150
DN = 200
DN = 225
DN = 250
DN = 300
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[l/s]
1,7
2,4
2,9
3,4
3,8
4,1
4,5
4,8
5,1
5,3
0,4
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,9
2,8
3,4
3,9
4,4
4,8
5,2
5,5
5,8
6,2
0,5
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
3,3
4,7
5,8
6,7
7,5
8,2
8,8
9,4
10,0
10,6
0,5
0,7
0,9
1,0
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,6
5,2
7,4
9,1
10,5
11,7
12,8
13,8
14,8
15,7
16,5
0,6
0,9
1,1
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,7
1,8
1,9
2,0
10,6
14,9
18,3
21,1
23,6
25,9
27,9
29,9
31,7
33,4
0,7
1,1
1,3
1,5
1,7
1,8
2,0
2,1
2,2
2,4
19,8
28,0
34,3
39,7
44,3
48,6
52,5
56,1
59,5
62,7
0,8
1,1
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
2,1
2,3
2,4
2,6
27,3
38,6
47,3
54,6
61,0
66,9
72,2
77,2
81,9
86,3
0,9
1,2
1,5
1,7
2,0
2,1
2,3
2,5
2,6
2,8
36,3
51,3
62,9
72,6
81,2
88,9
96,1
102,7
108,9
114,8
1,0
1,5
1,8
2,1
2,3
2,5
2,7
2,9
3,1
3,2
67,8
95,9
117,5
135,7
151,7
166,2
179,5
191,9
203,5
214,5
[cm/m] [m/s]
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
0,4
0,5
0,7
0,8
0,9
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,1
1,2
Table 4.18 Corrective multiplying factors of flow and velocity for the values in Figure 4.3
h/Di
KQ
Kv
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
2,00
2,07
1,89
1,63
1,32
1,00
0,69
0,42
0,20
0,05
1,00
1,09
1,10
1,09
1,05
1,00
0,93
0,83
0,69
0,50
85
Figure 4.3 Diagram of flows and velocity as a function of gradient for filling degree h/Di=0,5 (50%)
86
4.6
Dimensioning examples
Example 1. System with primary ventilation

Consider the waste system shown in Figure 4.4 The waste stack and manifold need to be dimensioned. The building, which is residential, is
composed of 12 apartments laid out over 3 floors and the underground floor is used as a washroom. The waste system is composed of 2 waste
stacks equipped with a primary vent, to which the branches are connected by means of square branches. The waste manifold has a gradient
of 1% and must be dimensioned for a filling degree of 50%.
4
A
Figure 4.4 Waste system layout
Each apartment has the following fixtures:

2 WCs with 7,5 litre cisterns
1 Shower
1 Bathtub
3 Washbasins
1 Sink
1 Dishwasher
The washroom is equipped with:
2 Washing machines 6 Kg
2 Sinks
87

By using the Table 4.4 it is possible to calculate the total flow rate coming from each apartment and from the washroom.
Table 4.19 Bathroom
Sanitary fixture
WC with 7,5 litre cistern
Shower
Bathtub
Washbasin
Sink
Dishwasher
Total
Quantity
DU
DU
2
1
1
3
1
1
2,0
0,6
0,8
0,5
0,8
0,8
4.0
0,6
0,8
1,5
0,8
0,8
8,5
Quantity
DU
DU
2
2
0,8
0,5
1,6
1,0
2,6
Table 4.20 Washroom
Sanitary fixture
6 Kg washing machine
Sink
Total
It is not possible to dimension the waste branches in that there is no drawing available with the horizontal distribution of the fixtures, we
proceed, therefore, with the calculation of the waste stacks.
Dimensioning of the waste stacks
In theory, each section of the stack can be dimensioned in relation to the flow that is conveyed from all of the apartments in question and
therefore, the upper part of the stack, in which the flows are discharged from two apartments, could have a smaller diameter than the lower
part of the stack, into which the flows of 6 apartments are discharged.
In reality, the European Standard UNI EN 12056 requires that the relief vent stack (extension of the waste stack with the end terminating in
the open air) has the same diameter as the waste stack. As each waste stack represents, due to the lower branches, a relief vent stack, it is
necessary to dimension the diameter for the maximum flow and, therefore, for the 6 apartments.
The total flow is:
DU = 68,5 = 51,0 l/s
[4.4]
and, therefore, the project flow, given by the equation [4.3], is:
Q ww = K
DU = 0,5
51,0 = 3,6 l/s
[4.5]
considering that the building is residential and the contemporary use degree is K=0,5.
From tha table 4.9 we find that the diameter of the two stacks (equipped with square branch) must be DN 100, this is the diameter that, in fact,
ensures a flow rate no smaller than 3,6 l/s. DN 100 is also the minimum diameter allowed when waste water is being drained from WCs.
Dimensioning of the waste manifolds

Before dimensioning the waste manifold, it is necessary to first calculate the flow rates discharged in the various sections:
Table 4.21 Distribution of flow in the waste manifold
88
Section
Users served
DU [l/s]
Qww[l/s]
AB
6 apartments
51,0
0,5 51,0 = 3,6
BC
6 apartments + washroom
51,0 + 2,6
0,5 53,6 = 3,7
CD
12 apartments + washroom
51,0 + 2,6 + 51,0
0,5 104,6 = 5,1
The choice of diameter of the various sections can be made by following the tables. For a specific case, for a filling degree of 50% use table
4.12 from which the minimum diameter must be identified, for the gradient of 1%, that ensures a flow no smaller than the one calculated.
For the sections AB and BC diameter DN 125 is necessary, that ensures required flows of 3,6 and 3,7 l/s, whereas for the section CD a diameter
of DN 150 is necessary, that ensures a flow rate of 7,5 l/s > 5,1 l/s.
The same result can be obtained by means of figure 4.3 as indicated.
Figure 4.5 Choice of diameters of waste stacks
The final layout of the system is shown in the following figure.
Figure 4.6 Dimensions of waste system

89
Example 2. Waste branches

The waste branch needs to be dimensioned (intermittent use K=0,5) for connection of the fixtures indicated in Figure 4.7 made up of 8 WCs
(with 9 l cisterns) and 10 washbasins.
Figure 4.7 Arrangement of the sanitary fixtures
In order to calculate the diameters of the branches it is necessary to define the flows deriving from each sanitary fixture through Table 4.4.
For the series of WCs, which in sequence are united inside the branch, the diameters are indicated in the table. Keeping in mind that the project
flow can be no less that the sanitary fixture with the greatest drainage unit, a branch with one diameter DN 100 is obtained.
Table 4.22 Series of WCs
N.
Sanitary fixture
DU [l/s]
DU [l/s]
QWW [l/s]
Branch DN
WC (9 litre cistern)
2,5
2,5
2,5
100
2,5
5,0
0,5 5,0 = 1,11 assumed flow 2,5*
100
2,5
7,5
0,5 7,5 = 1,37 assumed flow 2,5*
100
2,5
10,0
0,5 10 = 1,58 assumed flow 2,5*
100
2,5
12,5
0,5 12,5 = 1,76 assumed flow 2,5*
100
2,5
15,0
0,5 15,0 = 1,93 assumed flow 2,5*
100
2,5
17.5
0,5 17,5 = 2,09 assumed flow 2,5*
100
2,5
20,0
0,5 5,0 = 2,23 assumed flow 2,5*
100
* Remember that, if the project flow is smaller that the flow of one of the sanitary fixtures served, then the latter value is used as the project flow rate. In the specific case, the
project flow of 2,3 l/s is less than the drainage units of the WC (with cistern capacity of 9 l) and, therefore, the value must be equal to the flow of the WC itself, that is 2,5 l/s.
90
For the series of washbasins the diameters are indicated in the following table. In this case, the branch is characterised by a variable diameter
that goes from DN 40 to DN 60 where it leads into the stack. Remember, that if the length of the branch exceeds 4 m it is necessary to vent it
(indirect parallel or secondary ventilation).
Table 4.23 Series of washbasins
N.
Sanitary fixture
DU
[l/s]
DU
[l/s]
QWW
[l/s]
Branch
DN
Washbasin
0,5
0,5
0,5
40
Washbasin
0,5
1,0
0,5 1,0 = 0,5
40
Washbasin
0,5
1,5
0,5 1,5 = 0,61
50
Washbasin
0,5
2,0
0,5 2,0 = 0,71
50
Washbasin
0,5
2,5
0,5 2,5 = 0,79
50
Washbasin
0,5
3,0
0,5 3,0 = 0,87
60
Washbasin
0,5
3,5
0,5 3,5 = 0,94
60
Washbasin
0,5
4,0
0,5 4,0 = 1,00
60
Figure 4.8 Definition of the diameters of the branches
91
Example 3. System with direct parallel ventilation

Here the task is to dimension the waste system of a residential building made up of 5 equally designed floors and shown on the plan in Figure
4.9. In the figure the technical areas are indicated (red blocks) available for the installation of the waste stacks. The manifold is laid in the
pavement of the underground floor (garage) with a gradient of 1,5% and must be dimensioned for a filling degree of 50%. The waste system is
made with direct parallel ventilation for the black water stacks and primary ventilation of the grey waters. Connection of the branches (which
are not ventilated) is made with square branches.
In the figure the technical areas are numbered and the rooms have been classified in relation to the type of sanitary fixtures installed:
Bathroom type B1
1 WC with 9 litre cistern
1 Bidet
1 Shower
1 Washbasin
1 Sink
1 Washing machine 6 Kg
Bathroom type B2
1 Bidet
1 Washbasin
1 Bathtub
Kitchen type C1
1 Sink
1 Dishwasher
Figure 4.9 Representative plan of building floors
92

With the use of Table 4.4 it is possible to calculate the total flow coming from each sanitary fixture and for the three room types identified in
the project.
Table 4.24 Bathroom - type B1
Sanitary fixture
WC with 9 litre cistern
Bidet
Shower
Washbasin
Sink
Washing machine 6 Kg
Total
Quantity
DU [l/s]
DU [l/s]
1
1
1
1
1
1
2,5
0,5
0,6
0,5
0,8
0,8
2,5
0,5
0,6
0,5
0,8
0,8
5,7
Quantity
DU [l/s]
DU [l/s]
1
1
1
1
2,5
0,5
0,5
0,8
2,5
0,5
0,5
0,8
4,3
Quantity
DU [l/s]
DU [l/s]
1
1
0,5
0,8
0,5
0,8
1,3
Table 4.25 Bathroom - type B2
Sanitary fixture
Bidet
Washbasin
Bathtub
Total
Table 4.26 Kitchen - type C1
Sanitary fixture
Washbasin
Dishwasher
Total
Dimensioning of the waste branches
Table 4.27 Choice of diameters of the branches
Sanitary fixture
Shower
Sink
Bathtub
Washing machine 6 Kg
Dishwasher
Bidet
Washbasin
DU [l/s]
Branch DN
2,5
0,6
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,5
0,5
100
50
50
50
50
50
40
40
After choosing the diameters it is possible to trace the routes on the drawing, paying attention that the restrictions imposed are observed Table
4.5 and, where possible, connecting the pipes to branches with angles below 90.
93
The choice of the waste branch diameters is made through Table 4.6 by simply comparing the flows of the sanitary fixtures with the maximum
flow allowed for each diameter.
Figure 4.10 Branches of room types B1 and B2
Figure 4.11 Branches of room type C1
94
Dimensioning of waste stacks

With the use of the drawing we find that there are 8 waste stacks numbered with the same numbering as the technical areas and there are
three types; the stacks for the black waste waters (bathrooms) which we will identify with the abbreviation T1 and T2 in relation to the type of
bathroom served and those that transport the grey waste waters (kitchens) that we will label T3.
Table 4.28 Identification of the types of stacks
Stack type
Room served
Stacks
T1
Bathroom type B1
T2
Bathroom type B2
T3
Kitchen type C3
For each stack the maximum waste flows must be calculated by summing the flows of the rooms served.
2; 4; 7
3; 6
1; 5; 8
Table 4.29 Waste flows of the stacks
Stack type
DU [l/s]
T1
DU = 55,7 = 28,5
T2
DU = 54,3 = 21,5
T3
DU = 51,3 = 6,5
Qww [l/s]
0,5 28,5 = 2,7

0,5 21,5 = 2,3 assumed flow 2,5*
0,5 6,5 = 1,3
* Remember that, if the project flow is smaller that the flow of one of the sanitary fixtures served, then the latter value is used as the project flow rate. In the specific case, the
project flow of 2,3 l/s is less than the drainage units of the WC (with cistern capacity of 9 l) and, therefore, the value must be equal to the flow of the WC itself, that is 2,5 l/s.
From Table 4.10 we find that the stack types T1 and T2 must be made with pipe diameters DN 100 in that, despite the project flow rates being
relatively low, there are WCs connected to them and the standard requires a minimum diameter of DN 100. The diameter for the direct parallel
vent stack is, on the other hand, DN 70 (see Table 4.11). From table 4.9 we see that the stack types T3 must be made with pipe diameters DN
70 with extension of the relief vent stack to the roof to guarantee the primary ventilation.
Figure 4.12 Dimensioning of waste stacks

95
Dimensioning of the waste manifolds

Once the configuration of the waste manifold has been defined on the plan, we proceed with the calculation of the diameters of the various
sections. The layout of the waste manifold and the identification of the various sections is shown in Figure 4.13.
Figure 4.13 Configuration of the waste manifold
The waste flow deriving for the stacks is calculated for the single sections:
Table 4.30 Distribution of the flows in the waste manifold
Section
Stacks served
DU [l/s]
AB
T1 + T2
50,0
0,5 50,0 = 3,5
HB
T3
6,5
0,5 6,5 = 1,3
BC
T1 + T2 + T3
56,5
0,5 56,5 = 3,8
LC
T1
28,5
0,5 28,5 = 2,7
CD
T1 + T2 + T3 + T1
85,0
0,5 85 = 4,6
MD
T3
6,5
0,5 6,5 = 1,3
DE
T1 + T2 + T3 + T1 + T3
91,5
0,5 91,5 = 4,8
NE
T3
6,5
0,5 6,5 = 1,3
EF
T1 + T2 + T3 + T1 + T3 + T3
98,0
0,5 98,0 = 4,9
FG
T1 + T2 + T3 + T1 + T3 + T3 + T1 +T2
148,0
0,5 148,0 = 6,1
Qww [l/s]
Comparing the flows with those indicated in Table 4.12 for a gradient of 1,5% the diameters necessary for each section are determined as
indicated in Table 4.31 and in Figure 4.14.
Table 4.31 Dimensions of the sections of the waste manifold
96
Section
Diameter DN
AB
HB
BC
LC
CD
MD
DE
NE
EF
FG
125
80
125
100
150
80
150
80
150
150
Figure 4.14 Dimensions of the waste manifold
97
Example 4. System with direct parallel ventilation and stack division

We need to configure and dimension the waste stack, with direct parallel ventilation, of a residential building, composed of 13 equally designed
floors. Each floor drains a total of 10 l/s (WCs included) into the stack through a square branch. The waste manifold is laid in the pavement of
the underground floor.
Configuration of the waste stack

In the table shown in the section dedicated to the project design of waste systems, and, in particular, in the chapter concerning the configuration
of stacks with parallel and secondary ventilation, we obtain the following information:
The stack must be divided;
The top 10 floors are connected to the main stack;
The last 3 floors are connected to the secondary stack;
Further division of the secondary stack is not necessary;
The intermediate connecting sections between the waste stack and the ventilation stack can be made every 2-3 floors.
Figure 4.15 Configuration of the waste stack
98

The secondary stack must have the same diameter as the main stack to ensure a good ventilation (vent loop), therefore, the choice of the
diameter is based on the flows drained into the main stack. The flow in the main stack is:
DU = 1010 = 100 l/s
[4.6]
since there are 10 floors draining into it. The project flow, given by the equation [4.3], is then:
Q ww = K
DU = 0,5
100 = 5 l/s
[4.7]
considering that the building is residential with a degree of contemporary use of K=0,5.
From Table 4.10 we find that the diameter of the main stack and of the secondary stack is DN 100. This diameter ensures a flow of at least 5,6
l/s and it is therefore the minimum diameter that can be applied in the presence of WCs.
Dimensioning of the vent stack

Since the ventilation is the same for both stacks, primary and secondary, its diameter depends on the total flow that would be created if there
were only one waste stack.
Since we presume that all 13 floors are drained into it, the total flow is:
DU = 1310 = 130 l/s
[4.8]
the project flow is:
Q ww = K
DU = 0,5
130 = 5,7 l/s
[4.9]
In this case, from Table 4.10 the diameter that ensures a flow of 5,7 l/s is DN 125 that requires a vent stack of diameter DN 90
(see Table 4.11). The dimensions of the system are indicated in the layout shown in the following figure.
Figure 4.16 Dimensions of the waste system

99
Example 5. System with direct parallel ventilation divided between two waste stacks
Imagine a residential building characterised by two waste stacks (with square branch) having in common one direct parallel vent stack. The
sum of the drainage units DU of the stacks is 117 l/s and 196 l/s respectively. Calculate the diameters of the two waste stacks, of the vent
stack and of the relief vent stack.
Figure 4.17 System layout
The project flow of the two waste stacks is given by:
Q ww,1 = K
DU = 0,5
117 = 5,41 l/s
[4.10]
Q ww,2 = K
DU = 0,5
196 = 7,00 l/s
[4.11]
considering that the building is residential with a degree of contemporary use of K=0,5.
From Table 4.10 we find that the diameter of the stacks are DN100 and DN 125 respectively.
Dimensioning of the vent stack

Since the ventilation is shared by both stacks, its diameter depends on the total flow that would result if there were just one single stack.
The hypothetical total flow transported in one single stack is:
DU = 117 + 196 = 313 l/s
[4.12]
and the project flow is:
Q ww = K
DU = 0,5
313 = 8,85 l/s
[4.13]
From Table 4.10 we find that the waste stack should have a diameter of DN 150 that requires a vent stack diameter of DN 100 (see Table 4.11).
As the diameter of the relief vent must be same as the diameter of the waste stack and, since in this case there is just one, (both waste stacks
lead into it), it must be made with a diameter of DN 150.
100
Figure 4.18 Dimensions of the waste system

101
Example 6. Primary ventilation system with vent manifold

Consider a residential building made up of 3 waste manifolds equipped with a primary ventilation but connected to each other before the outlet
onto the roof, by means of a ventilation manifold. In each stack, the waste flow is 30 l/s and the gradient of the vent manifold is 2%; dimension
the stacks and the vent manifold.
Figure 4.19 System layout

The flow in each stack is:
DU = 30,0 l/s
[4.14]
and the project flow is:
Q ww = K
DU = 0,5
30,0 = 2,74 l/s
[4.15]
considering the building is residential with a degree of contemporary use of K=0,5.

From Table 4.9 we find that the diameter to be employed is DN 100 both for the waste stack and for the ventilation section that connects the
stack to the vent manifold.
102
Dimensioning of the vent manifold

To dimension the vent manifold we adopt the dimensioning principles for waste manifolds with a filling degree of 50% guaranteeing a sufficient
flow of air to the horizontal section. To determine the diameters we hypothesise that the waste flows flow into the vent manifold.
Table 4.32 Hypothetical distribution of the flows in the vent manifold
Section
Users served
DU [l/s]
Qww [l/s]
AB
1 stack
30
0,5 30 = 2,74
BC
2 stacks
60
0,5 60 = 3,87
CD
3 stacks
90
0,5 90 = 4,74
The choice of the diameters of the various sections can be made by using the graphs or the tables. Specifically, for a filling degree of 50%
we use the Table 4.12 from which we must identify, for a gradient of 2%, the minimum diameter that ensures a flow no smaller that the one
calculated.
Table 4.33 Determination of the vent manifold diameters
Section
Users served
Qww [l/s]
Manifold diameter DN
AB
BC
CD
1 stack
2 stacks
3 stacks
2,74
3,87
4,74
100
125
125
Figure 4.20 Dimensions of waste system

103
Example 7. Waste system with ventilation branch

A waste stack must serve 25 floors of a building; verify if it is possible to make the system by using DN 100 ventilation branches connected on
each floor in the manner indicated in Figure 4.21.
Each floor is equipped with:
1 Bidet
1 Bathtub
1 Washbasin
1 Sink
Figure 4.21 Representative drawing of the building floors
Calculation of the flows

By using the Table 4.4 it is possible to calculate the total flow coming from each sanitary fixture and transported into the connections of the
ventilation branch.
Table 4.34 Flows transported into the ventilation branch
Sanitary fixture
Quantity
DU [l/s]
DU [l/s]
1
1
1
1
1
1
2,5
0,8
0,5
0,5
0,8
0,8
2,5
0,8
0,5
0,5
0,8
0,8

Bathtub
Bidet
Washbasin
Sink
Total
Branch
connection
Flow transported into the

connections [l/s]
DN 100
2,5
DN 60
3,4
5,9
We immediately verify that the restrictions on the flows transported into the connections and the ventilation branch (shown in the chapter on
project design) are observed:
Table 4.35 Observance of the project limits on the ventilation branch
Restriction on ventilation branch

Maximum flow in the ventilation branch
Maximum flow in the connection DN 100
Maximum flow in the connection DN 60
104
Maximum flow [l/s]
Flow calculated [l/s]
Observed
25
15
6
5,9
2,5
3,4
Yes
Yes
Yes
Verification of the waste stack

After checking that the connections of the ventilation branch are capable of dealing with the required flows the final verification is made by
controlling that the flow transported in the stack, respects the maximum limit of 8,7 l/s (for the ventilation branch DN 100).
The total flow is:
DU = 255,9 = 147,5 l/s
[4.16]
and, therefore, the project flow, given by the equation [4.3], is:
Q ww = K
DU = 0,5
147,5 = 6,07 l/s
[4.17]
We discover that the flow to be transported is less than the maximum flow in that 6,07 l/s < 8,7 l/s. The system can, therefore, be made by
using ventilation branches with diameter DN 100.

105
Example 8. Waste system with ventilation branch and stack division

A 42-storey building is made up of several waste stacks, one of which must serve two bathrooms per floor as shown in Figure 4.22;
the technical cavity allows the installation of ventilation branches with diameters DN 100.
Verify if it is possible to make the waste stack knowing that each floor is equipped with:
2 WCs with 9 litre cisterns
2 Bidets
2 Bathtubs
2 Washbasins
Figure 4.22 Drawing of bathrooms
Calculation of the flows

By utilising Table 4.4 it is possible to calculate the total flow coming from each sanitary fixture and transported though the connections of the
ventilation branch.
Table 4.36 Flows transported in the ventilation branch
Sanitary fixture
Bathtub
Bidet
Washbasin
Total
106
Quantity
DU [l/s]
DU [l/s]
1
1
2
2
2
2,5
2,5
0,8
0,5
0,5
2,5
2,5
1,6
1,0
1,0
Branch
connection
Flow transported into the

connections [l/s]
DN 100
DN 100
2,5
2,5
DN 60
3,6
8,6
The limits on flows transported in the connections and in the ventilation branch (shown in the chapter on project design) are respected:
Table 4.37 Observance of project limits on ventilation branch
Limit on ventilation branch
Maximum flow [l/s]
Flow calculated [l/s]
Observed
25
15
6
8,6
2,5
3,6
Yes
Yes
Yes
Maximum flow in the ventilation branch

Maximum flow in connections DN 100
Maximum flow in connection DN 60
Verification of the waste stack

The total flow transported from the 42 floors into the stack is:
DU = 428,6 = 361,2 l/s
[4.18]
and the project flow, therefore, given by the equation [4.3], is
Q ww = K
DU = 0,5
361,2 = 9,5 l/s
[4.19]
The flow to be transported is greater than the maximum flow that can be transported in a stack with a ventilation branch of diameter DN 100,
in fact 9.5 l/s > 8.7 l/s. In this case it is necessary to divide the stack and the floors. By reducing the floors connected to each stack to 21, it is
possible to verify if the system can function:
DU = 218,6 = 180,6 l/s
[4.20]
Q ww = K
[4.21]
DU = 0,5
180,6 = 6,72 < 8,7 l/s
4
In the following figure the division of the 42 floors into two stacks, with each stack being connected to 21 floors, is shown.

107
Figure 4.23 Division of the stack
108
5.
5.1

Transport and storage
During transport the pipes must be stacked in an orderly and rational manner, taking care that the full length is lying flat (suitably distanced
if they are socketed pipes) and that, during loading and unloading operations, they are handled in such as way as to avoid violent knocks,
abrasions and deformations. This recommendation is especially important during the winter months or at any rate in periods when the rigid
temperatures are such as to render the material more fragile.
On the building site, the pipes and fittings should be handled with just as much care and always in such a way as to avoid any possible alteration
of the products. In particular, for socketed systems, avoid that the seals inside the sockets become covered with earth, gravel, mud or any
foreign material in general.
Store the pipes in areas that are protected as much as possible (from bad weather, low temperatures, direct sunlight) placing them on
horizontal and uniform surfaces; in the case of socketed pipes place them so that they are conveniently lying on wooden brackets (or on
packaging elements if they are suitably structured or made of an appropriate material such wood, polystyrene or plastic, in general).
In order to avoid deformations or alterations in the geometry of the pipes and sockets of the socketed waste systems (which would compromise
the seals), especially in the case or prolonged storage, avoid the formation of stacks that are over 1,70 m in height for polyethylene, polypropylene
and Triplus pipes are over 1,50 m for Silere pipes.
Do not leave the polypropylene, Triplus and Silere pipes in the open and exposed to direct sunlight for excessively long periods (over 18 months);
the polyethylene is stabilised and therefore is not subject to exposure problems.
Figure 5.1 Packaging of polyethylene pipes and fittings
Figure 5.2 Packaging of polypropylene pipes and fittings
Figure 5.3 Storage of polyethylene pipes
Figure 5.4 Storage of polypropylene pipes
109
5.2
Connection of pipes and fittings
The type of connection that can be adopted, in relation to the type of waste system chosen, are numerous. Each one has different properties
and characteristics that can be classified in the following way:
a) Removable connections. These are connections that can be separated after assembly.
b) Non-removable connections. These are connections that cannot be separated once they have been installed.
c) Traction-resistant connections. These are connections that cannot be separated by traction.
d) Non-traction-resistant connections. These are connections that can be separated by traction in the pipe.
5.2.1 Connection by butt-welding
Applicability:
polyethylene waste systems
Conection type:
non-removable, resist traction
Figure 5.5 Connection by butt-welding
This is a type of connection that can be used in all installations that are pre-fabricated in the workshop, or on site. Welding of conduits or fittings
in systems that are in operation, is not recommended. Butt-welding consists of heating the material to cause the fusion of the surfaces to be
welded by means of a metal plate and of successively uniting the two surfaces with the use of the welding machine or else by hand (up to De
63 mm), by creating a suitable contact pressure. Butt-welding is characterised by a seam of material that surrounds the connection zone. The
heating time and the welding time depend on the thickness of the pipe (for a wall thickness of 10 mm, the heating time is about 2 minutes,
whereas the welding time is about 3,3 minutes).
For a correct welding remember that it is necessary to respect the following requirements:
The chemical and physical characteristics of the materials to be welded must be compatible.
The thickness and the diameters of the pipes to be welded must be the same.
In situations of humidity, wind or low temperatures (below zero) the welding area should by covered by a protective tent and suitably heated.
It is recommended, at any rate, to carry out a few welding tests beforehand.
The temperature of the end parts of the connections must be uniform when welding.
The connection heads to be welded must be clean and maintained clean during the welding process.
During welding and the other phases of the cycle (above all cooling) the connection must not, in any case, be subject to mechanical stress.
The ends of the connections that are not being welded must be closed off with plugs to avoid that the connection is cooled down due to the
passage of air in the pipes.
When welding large diameter pipes it is recommended to place the same on roll guides.
Manual butt-welding
The success of this operation is greatly influenced by the expertise and experience of the worker. It is therefore necessary that the latter
possesses sufficient experience and a good knowledge of the material and the welding process.
To weld by hand the following operations must be carried out:
a) Cut the connection to be welded in a perpendicular manner and with a clean cut, without shavings, by means of a fine-tooth pipe cutter
(Figure 5.6).
b) Place the two pieces on the thermo-plate that when fully heated must have a temperature of 210C 5C and press lightly until a uniform
seam of about 1 mm has formed around the whole circumference (Figure 5.7).
c) Remove the pieces from the plate, and in as short a time as possible, unite the two pieces and exercise an axial, increasing force without
rotation. To keep the pieces in axis a guide can be used (Figure 5.8).
d) Let the piece cool down. The connection should not be cooled artificially to accelerate the cooling time, for example, with cold water.
Furthermore, the connection should not be subject to mechanical stress if it has not cooled down completely.
110
Figure 5.6 Pipe cutting
Figure 5.7 Heating
Figure 5.8 Welding
Connection by butt-welding with welding machine

To weld with the use of a welding machine, the following operations are carried out:
a) Cut the connection to be welded in a perpendicular manner and with a clean cut, without shavings, by means of a fine-tooth pipe cutter
(Figure 5.9).
b) Block the pipes and/or fittings to be welded by using clamps, thus keeping them on a straight axis and perfectly aligned (Figure 5.10).
c) Proceed with the chamfering by introducing the chamfering tool in such a way as to clean the surfaces to be welded (Figure 5.11).
d) The first phase of the welding process, known as adaptation, is carried out by introducing the thermo-element between the pieces to be
welded and applying a compression force on them of several Kgs (the value is read on the dynamometer on the side of the machine);
during this phase, two separate seams of melted plastic material are created and they must have a height equal to about 1/3 of the
pipe thickness (Figure 5.12).
e) In the second phase, the heating phase, we have a complete and uniform heating of the contact surfaces of the pieces to be welded.
The force to be applied must be such as to keep the height of the seam of melted material unaltered. The pressure application time
depends on the thickness of the pipe (Figure 5.15).
f) At the end of the heating time it is necessary to remove the pieces to be welded from the thermo-element.
g) In as short a time as possible, to avoid a fall in the temperature of the melted surfaces, it is necessary to place the pieces together with
a welding force that depends on the diameter of the pipe (Table 5.1). Once the necessary force has been reached (the value is read
on the dynamometer on the side of the machine), the welding machine is blocked in position (Figure 5.13) and the joint is left for a
cooling time that depends on the thickness of the pipe (Figure 5.15).
h) Once the machine has been unblocked, the clamps can be opened and the joint can be extracted (Figure 5.14).
i) Leave the piece to cool. The connection should not be cooled artificially to accelerate the cooling time, for example, with cold water.
Furthermore, the connection should not be subject to mechanical stress if it has not cooled down completely.
111
Figure 5.10 Blocking of pieces to be welded
Figure 5.11 Chamfering of pieces to be welded
Figure 5.12 Heating
Figure 5.13 Welding
Figure 5.14 Unblocking of joint
112
Table 5.1. Force to be applied during the welding phase
De
Welding force [Kg]
40
50
56
63
75
90
110
125
140
160
200
250
315
6
7
8
9
10
15
22
28
35
45
57
90
140
g
in
eld
W
e
tim
gt
tin
a
He
e
im
Figure 5.15 Heating and welding times
113
5.2.2 Connection with electro-fusion sleeve
Applicability:
Connection type:
non-removable, resists traction
Figure 5.16 Connection with electro-fusion sleeve
This connection system can be applied to any type of installation both on existing systems and for transformations, repairs or pre-fabrication
work. This system requires the employment of particular sleeves, which contain an electrical resistance on the internal surface. The thermal
energy produced by the resistance under tension supplied by a particular welding machine provokes the heating of the material that melts and
welds together with the material of the sleeve. The electro-fusion sleeves have a central bar that, if removed, allows the sleeve to be slid over
the pipe thus allowing repair work (see Figure 5.17).
For a correct welding remember that it is necessary to respect the following requirements:
Before welding, the pipes, fittings and the electro-fusion sleeve must have a temperature close to the atmospheric temperature, therefore,
they must not be exposed directly to sun rays, neither before, nor during the welding process.
To weld, two types of welding machines can be utilised: the first can be used exclusively with Valsir products; the second, on the other hand,
is universal and can also weld other manufacturers sleeves.
Figure 5.17 Repair work
114
For a correct welding process the following phases should be observed:

a) Cut the pipe with a fine-tooth saw or pipe cutter (Figure 5.18).
b) The surfaces of the ends to be welded must be uniformly and totally scraped, over an area of at least 1 cm beyond the length of pipe that is
to be inserted into the sleeve (Figure 5.19). The absence of scraping, or an incorrect scraping, can provoke a superficial attachment
preventing the molecular penetration. Scraping tools such as abrasivepaper, files, emery millers, etc., are to be avoided at all costs.
c) Extract the sleeve from the package shortly before use and clean the inside with a clean cloth.
d) Insert the ends of the pipes and/or fittings to be welded into the sleeve, as far as the bar (Figure 5.20 and Figure 5.21).
It is necessary to ensure that the parts remain in position and are aligned during welding and successive cooling. Furthermore, avoid
any type of mechanical stress during the entire welding and cooling cycle.
e) The area where the welding process is carried out must be protected by unfavourable climatic conditions; in particular, the welding must
take place at temperatures between -5C and +40C.
f) Connect the sleeve to the welding machine (Figure 5.22). Connection must bemade only after inserting the pieces that are to be welded.
g) Once actuated, the welding machine will automatically start welding, producing an acoustic signal (Figure 5.23). The sleeves from diameter
40 to 160 mm are equipped with a detector that indicates when the fusion has been completed; if the welding has not been successful
this is indicated by the fact that the detector has not changed its colour from white to black (Figure 5.24). The same sleeve should
never be used for a new welding process; such a situation, in fact, could cause the temperature of the sleeve to increase
beyond the ignition temperature of the material with the risk of fire.
h) Once the welding has been completed, a cooling time must be observed (variable between 10 and 30 minutes depending on the diameter)
during which the connection must not undergo mechanical stress.
5
115
Figure 5.20 Positioning of electro fusion sleeve
Figure 5.21 Completion of introduction of electro

fusion sleeve
Figure 5.22 Electrical connection of the sleeve to

the welding machine
Figure 5.23 Start-up of welding process
Figure 5.24 Completion of the welding process

with cooling
Figure 5.19 Scraping of surfaces to be welded
116
5.2.3 Connection with expansion socket

Applicability:
Connection type:
removable, not resistant to traction
Figure 5.25 Connection with expansion socket
The expansion socket is employed to absorb the thermal expansions or contractions of the waste conduits. It is utilised on each floor for the
connection of the waste stacks or else in the installation of the waste manifolds. The particular profile of the internal seal allows the pipe to
slide, thus ensuring a perfect water seal.
Installation involves a few simple steps:
a) bevel the end of the pipe to be fitted to an angle of about 15;
b) lubricate the end of the pipe to be fitted, and the seal in the socket with Valsir lubricant (do not use oils or greases that could damage
the seal over time);
c) respect the employment restrictions indicated on the socket.
Figure 5.26 Installation of a waste manifold with an expansion socket
5.2.4 Connection with screw-threaded fitting

Applicability:
Connection type:
Figure 5.27 Connection with screw-threaded fitting
117
The screw-threaded fitting is employed for the connection of various prefabricated pieces or when the fast dismantling of parts of the pipework is
necessary. This type of connection does not allow resistance to loads by axial traction, in this case, the use of a flange bushing is necessary.
Figure 5.28 Screw-threaded fitting
5.2.5 Connection with screw-threaded fitting with flange bushing
Applicability:
Connection type:
Figure 5.29 Connection with screw-threaded fitting with flange bushing
The screw-threaded fitting with flange bushing is employed wherever there is

axial tensile stress or where there is the risk that the pipe may become removed
from the fitting. It is also recommended to use the screw-threaded fitting with
flange bushing for installation in the pavement or in slabs if the pipe length
exceeds 2 m.
Figure 5.30 Screw-threaded fitting with flange bushing
118
5.2.6 Connection with flanged fitting

Applicability:
Connection type:
removable, resistant to traction
Figure 5.31 Connection with flanged fitting
Connection with flanged fittings is mainly employed in industrial plants where the possibility of dismantling is required. The flanges (standardised
in compliance with VSM 18746/47 PN10 and PN16) are made with an aluminium alloy that is painted with epoxy powder that makes it corrosion
resistant. The employment of closed flanges allows the creation of access points for pipework of elevated diameters (De 200, 250, 315 mm).
Open flange
Flange adaptor
Flat seal
Closed flange
Nut and washer

Figure 5.32 Components of the flanged fitting
119
5.2.7 Connection with threaded fitting

Applicability:
Connection type:
removable, resistant to traction
Figure 5.33 Connection with threaded fitting
Connections with threaded fittings (also known as metal-plastic joints) can be utilised for connecting polyethylene pipes with pipework in
threaded steel. The threading of the fitting (from to 2 ) is created on an external ring in metal (with male threads) or internally (with female
threads) that is melted onto the inside of the polyethylene piece. The fitting is also available with a brass nipple that allows the connection of
female threaded elements from to 1 and, thanks to the particular construction in two pieces, presents an elevated versatility in assembly.
5.2.8 Connection with contraction sleeve
Applicability:
Connection type:
Figure 5.34 Connection with contraction sleeve
The contraction sleeve is a convenient connection possibility for the greater part of irregular and special materials, or for the connection of
different types of pipework, for example, pipes for laboratory sinks. Installation is very simple:
a) the rubber ring (included in the pack) must be placed on the end of the pipe, exactly half way along the length of the sleeve
(see length h2 in Figure 5.36);
b) push the contraction sleeve onto the end of the pipe;
c) heat the attachment at a low temperature (about 125C) in a regular manner, moving the flame constantly along the piece.
The sleeve will contract thus creating a water-tight connection (Figure 5.37).
d) The contraction sleeve cannot resist axial traction forces, it is therefore necessary to anchor the pipe with a fixed point anchor clip.
Contraction sleeve
Anchor clip
Figure 5.35 Application on laboratory sinks
120
Figure 5.36 Employment of contraction sleeve
Figure 5.37 Heating of the contraction sleeve
5.2.9 Connection with push-fit socket

Applicability:
polyethylene waste system
polypropylene waste system
Triplus waste system
Silere waste system
Connection type:
Figure 5.38 Connection with push-fit socket
121
Connections with push-fit sockets are extremely simple. The end of the pipe is pushed into the socket of another pipe or of a special piece; the
ring seal ensures a water-tight connection.
Even with such a simple procedure, there are still a few recommendations that should be observed in order to grant the installation the
necessary reliability.
a) The pipe should be cut with a fine-tooth saw, suitably guided to guarantee that the cut is perpendicular or, alternatively, it can be cut with a
normal pipe cutter (Figure 5.39).
b) The end of the pipes must be bevelled and chamfered to an angle of about 15 by using a suitable chamfering tool or else a fine file
(Figure 5.40). The surface, at any rate, should be smooth to avoid damaging the ring seal in the socket, into which the pipe will be
pushed.
c) The spigots of special pieces should not be cut with the scope of avoiding precarious connections (Figure 5.41).
d) Ensure the inside of the socket, the seal, and spigot of the piece to be inserted, are clean. The piece to be inserted should then be suitably
covered with Valsir lubricant or if not available with soapy water. Do not use oils or mineral grease (Figure 5.42).
e) The pipes must be correctly inserted in the socket; this depends on the possible dilation of the pipework. Insufficient depth may not
guarantee the seal of the connection or it could be subject to excessive misalignments. On the other hand, if the pipe is pushed in
as far as the bar, then this could impede the expansion of the pipework (Figure 5.43). For a correct installation, insert the pipe as far
as the bar and then extract it by about 10 mm such a space will compensate for any expansions (Figure 5.44); with fittings this
operation can be avoided .
f) Avoid excessive misalignments of the pipework. The seal would be forced to operate in precarious conditions that would not ensure a perfect
seal (Figure 5.45).
g) It is advisable to cover the joints to avoid cement penetrating the connection with the consequent risk of damage to the seal
(Figure 5.46). For small distributions inside bathrooms and kitchens, the pipes can also be laid directly in the concrete without
negative consequences. Where pipes are transporting fluids at generally elevated temperatures, it is preferable to make a covering
with heavy paper or cardboard in order to allow for expansion (Figure 5.47).
h) The pipes in waste stacks must be anchored to the wall to avoid them falling back into the socket and depriving the system of the
necessary space for expansion.
Figure 5.39 Pipe cutting with saw or pipe cutter
Figure 5.40 Chamfering with a chamfering tool or fine cut fil
Figure 5.41 Employment of fittings
122
Figure 5.42 Application of lubricant
Figure 5.43 Reduced or excessive insertion depth
Figure 5.44 Correct insertion depth
Figure 5.45 Excessive misalignment
123
Figure 5.46 Covering of push-fit socket
Figure 5.47 Covering of pipework operating at high temperatures
5.2.10 Connection with sliding sleeve

Applicability:
Triplus waste system
Silere waste system
Repair work can be carried out with the use of two sliding sleeves
and a piece of pipe. The same system can be utilised for inserting a
push-fit fitting onto an existing conduit, for example, in order to add
the drainage of a branch to a stack. The operations to be carried out
are as follows:
a) cut the conduit by a length equal to 3 times the external diameter of
the pipe plus the length of the fitting to be inserted (in the example, the
branch);
b) bevel the spigots of the cut pipe;
c) apply the Valsir lubricant to the seals and the spigots to be
inserted;
d) mount the fitting (in the example, the branch) and insert the sliding
sleeves onto the conduit;
e) cut a new piece of pipe and insert it into the remaining space;
f) position the sliding sleeves by placing them exactly over the
connection points.
Figure 5.48 Connection with sliding sleeve
Connection type:
Figure 3.49 Mounting of a branch with the use of sliding sleeves

124
5.2.11 Connection with bi-joint sleeve

Applicability:
Silere waste system
Connection type:
Figure 5.50 Connection with sliding sleeve
For the connection of smooth pipes (without sockets) it is necessary to employ a bi-joint sleeve. Such a system allows pieces of pipe to be
recovered. With the connection of normal pipes with sockets, it is necessary, in order to compensate for normal thermal expansion, to insert the
pipe fully into the socket and then to extract it, by about 10 mm. With the bi-joint sleeve this operation is no longer necessary. In fact, the special
seal that is housed in the socket, compensates for the thermal expansions and results in the saving of time and a greater guarantee of seal.
The connection is made in the following manner:
Figure 5.51
Figure 5.54
5. Completion of the
connection with insertion
of the pipe
Apply the Valsir lubricant
onto the lip seal fitted on the
opposite side.
Insert the pipe or fitting as
far as the bar in the opposite
side of the bi-joint sleeve.
2. Application of lubricant
on the bi-joint sleeve.
Apply the Valsir lubricant
onto the inside of the sleeve.
Do not use oils or grease.
Figure 5.55
Figure 5.52
3. Application of the lubricant

onto the mouth of the
connection gasket
Apply a small quantity of
Valsir lubricant over the mouth
of the connection gasket.
Figure 5.53
4. Insertion of bi-joint sleeve

onto the connection
gasket
Insert the sleeve over the
gasket as far as the bar and
make sure the gasket itself is
inserted properly.
1. Mounting of connection
gasket
Clean the end of the pipe
without chamfering it.
Control the state of the
sleeve and clean the ends.
Mount the connection gasket
onto the pipe to be inserted.
125
5.3
Fire-stop sleeve
Applicability:
Silere waste system
Figure 5.56 Fire-stop sleeve
When installing polyethylene or Silere waste pipes that pass through floors or walls, it is necessary to observe the safety regulations regarding
fire prevention. This requires the use of suitable fire-stop sleeves that are placed around the pipework in proximity to the passage through the
building structure, thus preventing the passage of flames; they are, in fact, made of a material that, when in contact with heat, expands, thus
obstructing the passage of flames, gas or heat through the hole that has been left by the pipe when it melts.
The Valsir fire-stop sleeves have an expansion ratio greater than 1:10 and present good acoustic characteristics. They are made of galvanised
sheet steel containing an internal covering of intumescent material, formed by intumescent graphite surrounded by a polyethylene matrix. They
are equipped with fastening clasps that can be freely positioned for an easy anchorage to the wall or ceiling. They are characterised by a clickon system for a simple and fast installation without the necessity of using special utensils.

The fire-stop sleeves are employed in sealing passages through walls and ceilings in the presence of inflammable pipes (in PVC, PP, PE, ABS)
of diameters in the range of 40 to 315 mm, with a pipe wall thickness of 1,8 to 16,2 mm employed in waste systems, water supply systems
or aspiration conduits (dust). They can be installed in the wall (two sleeves, one on each side, see 5.57) or else in the floor (one sleeve at
one side of the ceiling, see 5.58) and they are suitable for ceilings and walls that are fire-resistant, in concrete, brickwork, cellular concrete,
plasterboard walls, etc.
5
External
In-wall
External
In-wall
Figure 5.58 Floor installation
126
5.3.2 Usage restrictions, safety measurements and preservation

When creating a fire prevention sealing for the passage of pipes by utilising fire-stop sleeves, it is necessary to observe the
requisites of the national certifications issued for the product. They should be consulted to verify the restrictions imposed
regarding the dimensions of the opening, the type and the thickness of the wall or the floor, the maximum diameter of the pipe, etc.
Other aspects that should be kept in consideration for the employment of fire-stop sleeves are the following:
They are not suitable for sealing passages with metal pipes.
They are not suitable for use in highly corrosive environments.
Anchors or fastening devices that are not fire-resistant should not be used.
Preserve in the original packaging and away from humidity.
5.3.3 Installation
The installation of fire-stop sleeves involves the following steps:

a) Make the hole in the wall or floor by utilising a utensil of suitable dimensions. Then install the conduit.
b) If the existing space between the pipe and hole is large, it will need to be sealed with fire-prevention cement or alternatively, a fire-prevention
intumescent sealant can be used. The remaining space between the pipe and opening must be closed on one side of the wall with a
sealant in order to prevent the passage of smoke or gas during the first few minutes of the fire. The intumescent material of the fire
stop sleeve will close the opening when activated by the elevated temperature of the fire (see Figure 5.59).
c) The expansion of the intumescent material during the fire, completely closes off the pipes. It the pipes are very dirty and contain, for example,
cement residues, this closing action could be delayed. It is therefore necessary to clean the surface of the plastic pipes in the point
where the fire-stop sleeves must be installed (see Figure 5.60).
d) Position the fire-stop sleeve around the pipe and close the closing device by pressing on it until a click can be heard. To close the
fire-stop sleeve, utensils or screws are not required. Ensure that the sleeve is correctly positioned for the fastening of the blocking
clasps (see Figure 5.61).
e) The blocking clasps can be applied in different points of the sleeves metal structure. This makes it possible to distance the blocking
points according to the space available. The clasps must be positioned as symmetrically as possible (see Figure 5.62).
f) To fasten the sleeve only the fastening clasps provided should be used. The fire-stop sleeve will be capable of protecting against the
passage of fire only if it has been fastened correctly (see Figure 5.63).
g) For in-wall installation ensure that the hole is sufficiently large to contain the external diameter of the fire-stop sleeve. Insert the
fire-stop sleeve into the opening. For ceiling applications, the fire-stop sleeve must be installed flush with the lower ceiling surface.
For wall applications, insert a sleeve on each side and fill any remaining space around the installed sleeve with cement.
5
Figure 5.59 Sealing operation
Figure 5.60 Cleaning of pipe
Figure 5.62 Attachment clasps
Figure 5.63 Sleeve fastening
Figure 5.61 Sleeve closure
127
5.3.4 Normative references

The Standards and the relative Quality Marks are indicated in the following table:
Table 5.2. Reference Standards and Quality Marks
Country
Italy
Germany
England
England
America
France
5.4
Standard
Circolare n. 91 del Ministero dellinterno
DIN 4102 - 11
LPS 1132 - issue 4
BS 476
UL 1479
Arrt du aot 1999 du Ministre de l0 Interieur
Testing
The testing of waste systems involves tests and verifications that are carried out both during installation and on completion of the system. Valsir
proposes the tests contained in the Italian Standard UNI 9183:1987, that has been replaced by UNI EN 12056-1 and UNI EN 12056-5, in that in
the European Standards no reference is made to any type of test to verify the acceptability of the system.
5.4.1 Pressure testing

This test is carried out during installation and consists of:
a) isolating one section at a time;
b) filling the section in question with water;
c) increasing the internal pressure to 20 kPa and maintaining it for an hour;
d) during the test there must be no leaks of water whatsoever.
5.4.2 Flush test

This test is carried out once the system has been completed, and consists of:
a) flushing contemporarily the fixtures determined by the calculation of the maximum contemporary flow for each system stack;
b) verify that the drainage is regular and without returns, gurgling or variations in general;
c) verify that the pans are capable of discharging light objects such as paper, cigarette butts, matchsticks, etc.
128
5.5
Laying of sewers or non-pressure underground conduits
The polyethylene pipes of the type BD can also be laid underground. Particular attention needs to be paid to the trench that will house the
pipework, the dimensions of which must match the prescribed dimensions, as illustrated in the figures below. Suitable machinery must be
used in order to prevent possible subsiding. The bed of the trench where the pipework will be laid, must be perfectly flat, and free of stones
or similar objects. Before the pipework is laid, a layer of approximately 10 cm of sand and strained clay must be deposited on the bed of the
trench. Once the pipework has been laid, the same type of material (sand and strained clay) is used to fill in the trench to a height of 15-20 cm
above the upper side of the pipe. This layer must be suitably pressed in order to prevent any possible movement of the pipework. It is important
that the sand is pressed down immediately after the pipework has been laid: any subsiding that occurs where the ground has not been made
compact could cause the uncovering of the pipe. The depth at which the pipes are laid should take various factors into account, such as, the
possibility of heavy vehicles transiting over the spot, the problem of freezing, of the possibility of the pipe being compressed by the backfill; we
therefore advise observing the measurements shown in the figures below, they are, in fact, a result of tests and experience acquired over time.
The minimum filling height from the top side of the pipe must be 80 cm (Figure 5.64) if heavy vehicles are expected to transit over the pipes
then it is recommended to cover the trench with a light concrete casting once it has been filled in with sand, in order to improve distribution
of the compression forces (Figure 5.65). If two or more pipes are to be laid in the same trench, any possible contact between them should be
avoided; it is therefore recommended to leave a space of 10-15 cm between the pipes. To allow for any future maintenance work this space
will be filled in with sand.
The sections shown to the side, illustrate normal laying conditions. It is possible to create a trench where the pipe is laid in concrete; in this
case the behaviour of the conduit will be rigid and will not undergo deformations, unlike the previous examples where the pipes are flexible
(Figure 5.66). In underground waste conduits, thermal fluctuations are limited; that means that also the thermal expansions and contractions
are reduced. Therefore, it is possible to connect longer sections of pipe together without necessarily having to insert an expansion socket
every 6 meters. Where expansion sockets are employed on underground pipes, the insertion indications (0-20) shown on the fittings need not
be followed; it is recommended to insert the pipe as far as the bar, mark the depth and then extract it by 40 mm (Figure 5.67).
Figure 5.64 Laying of pipework in trenches with transit of light vehicles
Figure 5.65 Laying of pipework in trenches with transit of heavy vehicles
129
Figure 5.66 Laying of pipe in trenches with rigid solution
Figure 5.67 Application of expansion socket on underground pipe
130
A.
DEFINITIONS
Table A.1 Terms and definitions
Term
Definition
Valve that allows the inlet of air into the sewer system but impedes the outlet of air.
It has the scope of limiting the variations in pressure in the sanitary pipework.
Air flow Qa
Minimum air flow through a ventilation conduit or an aeration valve, measured with
a pressure fall of 250 Pascal, in litres per second [l/s].
Angle branch
Fitting with section equal to the pipe, that forms an angle equal to or smaller than
45 or that has a development along its own axis greater than or equal to the
internal diameter of the pipe.
Black waters
Waste water containing faecal matter or urine.
Continuous flow Qc
Flow of all the continuous flows (for example the cooling waters), in litres per
second [l/s].
Depth of the water seal H
Depth of the water that should be eliminated from a trap that is completely full,
before the gas and foul odours at atmospheric pressure can pass through the
trap.
Domestic sanitary fixtures
Fixed fixtures supplied with water, used for cleaning or washing. For example:
bathtubs, showers, washbasins, bidets, WCs, urinals, sinks, dishwashers and
washing machines.
Domestic waste water
Water contaminated by use and usually discharged by WCs, showers, bathtubs,

bidets, washbasins, sinks and floor drains.
Drainage unit DU
Average waste flow of a sanitary fixture, expressed in litres per second [l/s].
External diameter De
Average external diameter of the conduit in any transversal section.
Filling degree
Relationship between the height of the water h and the internal diameter Di.
Fitting bend
First fitting after the trap in the direction of the flow.
Floor drain
Waste accessory having the function of receiving the floor water through openings
in a grid or from pipes fitted to the body of the accessory. A drain may include a
trap.
Frequency coefficient K
Variable that takes into consideration the frequency of use of the sanitary
fixtures.
Grey waters
Waste water that does not contain faecal matter or urine.
Hydraulic capacity Qmax
Maximum flow of water allowed in a branch, a stack or a waste manifold, in litres

per second [l/s].
Industrial waste waters
Industrial waste water and water contaminated/polluted by production processes,

including water from cooling systems.
Internal diameter Di
Average internal diameter of the conduit in any transversal section.
Meteorological waters
Water deriving from non-contaminated precipatations.
Minimum internal diameter di,min
Minimum internal diameter allowed, taking into account the maximum

tolerances.
131
APPENDIX
Aeration valve
APPENDIX
Term
Definition
Mixed system
Waste system supplied with one conductor for the drainage of meteorological
water and waste water.
Nominal diameter DN
Numerical designation of the dimension, which is a suitably rounded-off number,

that corresponds approximately to the diameter expressed in millimetres.
Non-domestic sanitary fixtures
Special sanitary fixtures used in industrial kitchens, washrooms, laboratories,

hospitals, hotels, swimming pools, etc.
Pumping flow Qp
Pumping flow of waste water in litres per second [l/s].
Relief vent of the waste stack
Extension of a vertical waste stack above the connection of the highest branch,
with the end terminated in open air.
Separated system
Waste system supplied with separate conductors for the drainage of meteorological
water and waste water.
Square branch
Fitting with section equal to the pipe, that forms an angle greater than 45 or that
has a development along its own axis smaller than the internal diameter of the
pipe.
Stack deviation
Non-vertical part of a waste stack.
Total flow Qtot
The total flow is the sum of the waster water flows Qww, of the continuous flow Qc
and the pumping flow Qp, in litres per second [l/s].
Trap
Device having the scope of preventing the passage of foul-smelling air by means
of a water seal.
Vent stack
Main vertical ventilation pipe, fitted to a waste stack, having the task of limiting the
pressure fluctuations inside the waste stack.
Ventilation conduit
Conduit having the function of limiting the pressure fluctuations inside the waste
system.
Ventilation of a branch conduit
Ventilation conduit fitted to a waste branch.
Waste branch
Pipe that connects the sanitary fixtures to the waste stack or to a waste
manifold.
Waste conduit
Arrangement of pipes and fittings connected to a waste system with or without a

ventilation conduit.
Waste manifold
Sub-horizontal pipework, surface-mounted inside a building or underground to

which the waste stack and the ground floor sanitary fixtures are connected.
Waste stack
Main pipework (generally vertical) that transports the waste water deriving from
the sanitary fixtures.
Waste system
System composed of a waste conductor and other components for the collection
and drainage of waste systems by gravity. The rising systems of waste waters can
be considered part of gravity waste systems.
Waste water
Water contaminated by use and all water that flows in the waste system; for
example, domestic and industrial waste water, condensation water and also
meteorological waste if discharged into a waste water system.
Waste water flow Qww
Total project flow deriving from the sanitary fixtures in a waste system or in part
of it; in litres per second [l/s].
White waters
Waters deriving from non-contaminated precipitations or from garden, kitchen

garden or park irrigation systems.
132
B.
FLOW IN WASTE MANIFOLDS
The flow in waste manifolds, unlike the flow in pressure pipes for aqueducts, does not occupy the entire section but just a part of it; the
characteristics of the flow can be represented by different hydraulic formulae. The formula utilised in this text in the Chzy formula, as
shown:
[B.1]
Where:
v is the flow velocity [m/s],
R is the hydraulic radius of the pipe [m],
is the coefficient of loss which according to Bazin is given by the following formula:
87
1+
R
[B.2]
with the coefficient of roughness [m1/2].
The geometrical characteristics of a tube characterised by a free flow

are defined in Figure B.1 The first characteristic size is the hydraulic
radius R given by the relationship between section S and the wet
perimeter p, the second is the equivalent diameter Deq that is four
times the hydraulic radius.
Figure B.1 Typical dimensions of waste manifolds
S
p
[B.3]
Deq = 4R
[B.4]
R=
APPENDIX
These sizes can be expressed as a function of the filling degree of the pipe h/Di:
h
= 2arccos 1 2
Di
[B.5]
Di sen
1
4

[B.6]
R=
sen
Deq = Di 1
[B.7]
as can the section of the wet perimeter:
S = Di2
p = Di
sen
8
[B.8]
[B.9]
133
C.
THE MATERIALS
C.1
Polyethylene
Polyethylene was first discovered in the laboratories of the Industrial Chemical Industries, in England, by E. W. Fawcett and R. O. G. Gibson
that discovered traces of polyethylene in the form of a white powder obtained by the polymerisation of ethylene at elevated temperatures and
pressures. In 1933 l.C.I. obtained a patent and the industrial production started in 1938: they first produced low density polyethylene with
applications in household products. In the mid 50s two new patents were deposited for the manufacture of polyethylene, by Professor Ziegler
and the Phillips Petroleum Co.: the new industrial process allowed the creation of a polyethylene with the same chemical composition but
with a higher density by utilising catalysts and by working at low pressures and low temperatures. Other procedures and improvements were
introduced over the years thanks to research, the experience obtained and the technical and commercial requirements, to the extent that today
the raw material now available is extremely reliable, durable and versatile and is used in multiple fields for the widest of applications: fuel tans,
electric wire sheathing, gas pipelines, residential waste and sewer systems, bottles, food containers, stretch film, packaging, etc.
What is polyethylene?
Polyethylene is a thermoplastic resin obtained by the polymerisation of ethylene, C2H4, an unsaturated hydrocarbon, whose physical state under
normal conditions is gaseous. The polymerisation process consists of uniting the ethylene molecules to form long chains that then become solid
compounds that are the base resins, called polymers. The molecules that make up the polymers can be more or less ramified, close together
or far apart, and long or short. These characteristics determine the properties of the polyethylene.
The principal characteristics are therefore:
the density (which depends on the distance between the molecules);
the molecular weight (which depends on the length of the molecules);
the distribution of the molecular weight (which depends on the distance and the length of the molecules).
Polyethylene is usually divided into two families:
low density polyethylene (920 930 Kg/m3 )
high density polyethylene (945 965 Kg/m3 )
There is also a medium density polyethylene. In particular, low density polyethylene is characterised by a highly ramified structure, while high
density polyethylene is more linear. Additives are then added to the base resins in order to make them suitable for specific applications and
for different transformation processes.
APPENDIX
Characteristics
High density polyethylene (945 965 Kg/m3), characterised by a very crystalline molecular structure (slightly ramified molecules which are
close together), is also utilised for the manufacture of pipes and fittings for waste systems.
The Standards allow their use in gravity waste systems, at a maximum temperature of 95C for:
sanitary appliances;
washing machines, dishwashers;
large-scale kitchens, washrooms, industrial plants;
rainwater ducts;
aggressive fluids in schools, laboratories and industrial buildings (for the resistance to chemical agents verify compatibility in the enclosed
tables).
The reasons for the widespread use of this material can be found in its properties:
elevated mechanical resistance;
flexibility;
impact resistance (even at low temperatures);
corrosion resistance;
ease of installation;
elevated versatility;
elevated resistance to chemical agents.
In particular, as compared with metal pipes, polyethylene is easier to connect, offers greater flexibility, and greater resistance to corrosion.
As compared with other plastic materials, it offers a more ample operating temperature (-40C +95C), greater flexibility, a more elevated
mechanical resistance, and greater impact resistance. HDPE is not flame-retardant, the use of fire-stop sleeves is therefore necessary at each
passage through walls or ceilings.
134
C.2
Polypropylene
Polypropylene is one of the more recently discovered plastics and is obtained by polymerising propylene. It was first discovered in 1950
by Fontana who, operating in the presence of particular catalysers (Friedel - Crafts) created a type that was characterised by a disorderly
structure with an elevated molecular weight. The synthesis of isotactic polypropylene obtained by Giului Natta in 1954 - was an important
breakthrough for industrial purposes. Isotactic polypropylene is particular, in that the methylic radicals are all arranged on the same side of
the chain. Montedison commenced production in 1957 under the trademark Moplen. Later on, various European, American and Japanese
companies started production trading under different trade names.
What is polypropylene?
Polypropylene is one of multiple derivatives of propylene (CH3 CH = CH2). Depending on the polymerisation conditions and the type of catalyser
employed, the polymers can present a orderly configuration, so-called because the monomerical units present a distinguished configuration,
just as their succession law is distinguished. In fact, different types of propylene with extremely differentiated properties and applications are
known deriving from the different structure of the macromolecules; their properties are then influenced, not only by the molecular weight, but
also by the presence of ramifications along the molecular chain. It is important to note that polymers with an orderly arrangement (isotactic
and syndiotactic PP) have an elevated crystallisation degree, a relatively high melting temperature and good mechanical properties. On the
other hand, atactic polypropylenes do not tend to crystallise and have elastomerical properties that do not make it particularly interesting for
production purposes. Other products, among which trimer and tetramer are utilised as intermediates in the chemical industry. For industrial
applications, only isotactic polymers are taken into consideration in that, the others, even though they are interesting from a scientific point
of view, are not currently under development for commercial uses. Polypropylene is a thermoplastic resin, characterised therefore, by the
tendency to alter its aggregation state in relation to the temperature. Polypropylene, in fact, forms a plastic state when heated and returns
rigid when cooled; this characteristic enables the production of products by injection, extrusion, blown-extrusion and vacuum forming. It
is never employed in its pure state but additives are used with particular compounds, called loads, in order to obtain the mechanical
characteristics needed for the employment of various products. The toy industry was one of the first to employ PP to replace other materials,
above all thanks to the ease of molding of objects even of considerable dimensions such as the bodywork of pedal cars, sleighs etc. The
electro domestics industry is a huge consumer for the manufacture of components for polishing machines, coffee grinders, blenders, vacuum
cleaners, ventilators etc. The car industry uses it for producing containers for air filters, corrugated pipes, cooling fans. The chemical industry
uses it for the production of containers, tubs, pipes, valves, also for aggressive liquids. We recommend consultation of the Italian Standard 6/83
UNI ISO/TR 7471 pertaining to Chemical resistance toward fluids Pipes and fittings in polypropylene PP). The electronics industry employs
it for the bodywork of radios and recorders, supports or insulating bases. There is also a large quantity of objects that we use on a daily basis,
such as shelves, hinges for furniture, seats, and various containers that give an idea of the extreme versatility of polypropylene.
Characteristics
The isotactic polymer is characterised by a crystalline molecular structure which, in commercial products, is between 45% and 60%. It is
odourless, colourless, and slightly transparent which means that it is easily coloured in a vast range of dyes with elevated superficial shine.
APPENDIX
Although similar to high density polyethylene, it distinguishes itself, in normal conditions, by the following aspects:
lower density (900 950 Kg/m3 )
higher softening point
improved behaviour at elevated temperatures
greater rigidity and hardness
greater resistance to surface scratches and abrasion
Like high density polyethylene, it offers excellent dielectric properties independent of the frequency. High frequency heating is therefore not
possible. Due to the elevated insulating characteristics, polypropylene tends toward electrostatic charges; where this phenomenon is not
compatible with the employment of the product an antistatic modification is made. Where requested, particular loads are added to the
product in its pure state, to obtain characteristics that are coherent with its employment; for example, halogens (bromides) are added in order
to render the product flame-retardant. Improvement of the characteristics at low temperatures is achieved by copolymerisation with other
olefins (generally, ethylene). Polypropylene is resistant to a large number of chemical products. It is highly resistance, in fact, to detergents and
surface-active products, even at elevated temperatures, to watery solutions of inorganic salts, weak inorganic acids, alkaline solutions, alcohol
and some oils. Polypropylene is not compatible with strong oxidising agents such as chlorosulphonic acid, 100% oleum, fuming nitric acid and
halogenated hydrocarbon. Alteration phenomena may occur with the use of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons such as petrol and benzyl,
especially at high temperatures. It absorbs very little water (less than 0,02%) and such absorption is limited to the superficial layers. Finally, it
is worth highlighting that, due its elevated resistance to chemical agents, polypropylene is not suitable for solvent welding. In practice, gluing
can be carried out only with polychloroprene-based adhesives. The characteristics mentioned, combined with the particular technology used by
Valsir, make polypropylene a material that is extremely suitable for the manufacture of pipes and fitting for waste systems with push-fit fittings.
Polypropylene is resistant to almost all acids and mineral bases, even concentrated, at temperatures exceeding 60C. The behaviour of the
135
APPENDIX
product when in contact with different organic chemical agents depends on the entity with which such agents are absorbed by the polymer; this
entity in turn depends on the type of chemical agent and the temperature at which it comes into contact with the polymer itself. In general, the
higher the temperature the greater the quantity of agent that is absorbed by the polypropylene and therefore, the variations in the mechanical
characteristics of the polymer are more evident.
136
D.
NORMATIVE AND LEGISLATIVE REFERENCES
Reference
Title
Publication
Law regarding noise pollution
Official Document S.O. n. 254 dated

30 October 1995
Decree of President of Ministers

dated 5 December 1997 - Italy
Determination of passive acoustic requirements in buildings
Official Document n. 297 dated 22

December 1997

dated 14 November 1997 - Italy
Determination of limit values of noise sources

November 1997

dated 1 march 1991 - Italy
Maximum limits of noise exposure in households and external

environments

march 1991
UNI EN 12056-1
Gravity drainage systems inside buildings - General and

performance requirements
Year 2001
UNI EN 12056-2
Gravity drainage systems inside buildings - Sanitary pipework,

layout and calculation
Year 2001
UNI EN 12056-3
Gravity drainage systems inside buildings Roof drainage,

layout and calculation
Year 2001
UNI EN 12056-4
Gravity drainage systems inside buildings Wastewater lifting

plants - Layout and calculation
Year 2001
UNI EN 12056-5
Gravity drainage systems inside buildings Installation and

testing, instructions for operation, maintenance and use.
Year 2001
UNI EN 14366
Laboratory measurement of noise from waste water

installations
Year 2005
UNI EN 12354-1
Building acoustics Estimation of acoustic performance of

buildings from the performance of elements Airborne sound
insulation between rooms.
Year 2002
UNI EN 12354-2

buildings from the performance of elements Impact sound
insulation between rooms
Year 2002
UNI EN 12354-3
Building acoustics Estimation of acoustics performance of

buildings from the performance of elements - Airborne sound
insulation against outdoor sound
Year 2002
UNI EN 12354-4

buildings from the performance of elements - Transmission of
indoor sound to the outside.
Year 2003
UNI EN 12354-6

buildings from the performance of elements - Part 6: Sound
absorption in enclosed spaces
Year 2006
DIN 4109
Sound insulation in buildings - requirements and testing
Year 1989
DIN 52219
On-site measurement of noise emitted by water supply and

drainage systems
Year 1993
UNI 8199
Acoustics - Acoustic test of air-conditioning and ventilating

systems - Contract guide lines and method of measurement
Year 1998
APPENDIX
Ordinary Parliament Law n. 447

dated 26/10/1995 - Italy
137
E.
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF HDPE AND PP
The following table indicates the chemical resistance of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) in accordance with the
standard document ISO/TR 10358:1993.
Table E.1 Abbreviations utilised
Term or abbreviation
Dil.sol.
Sat.sol.
Sol.
Oper.sol.
Tg-s
Tg-l
Tg-g
Sosp
S
L
NS
Description
Diluted water solution, concentration <10% unsaturated
Saturated water solution prepared at 20C
Diluted water solution, concentration >10% unsaturated
Operating solution, that is, the usual concentration for industrial use
Technical grade, solid
Technical grade, liquid
Technical grade, gas
Suspension of solids in a saturated solution at 20C
Sufficient resistance
Limited resistance
Insufficient resistance
Table E.2 Chemical resistance
Concentration
T
[C]
HDPE
40%
20
Acetophenone
60
Acetophenone
20
Acetophenone
60
Acetophenone
20
Acetone
60
Acetone
20
Acetone
Butyl acetate
60
NS
Acetone
Butyl acetate
100
NS
Acetic acid
Compound
Acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Tg-l
Acetaldehyde
Silver acetate
Sat.sol.
Silver acetate
APPENDIX
Butyl acetate
Ethyl acetate
Tg-l
Tg-l
Ethyl acetate
Methyl acetate
Tg-l
Methyl acetate
Lead acetate
Dil.sol.
PP
COMPOUND
Concentration
T
[C]
Tg-s
20
60
20
60
Tg-s
Tg-l
Tg-l
<10%
HDPE
PP
20
60
20
60
20
20
Acetic acid
50
60
NS
NS
Acetic acid
60
20
Acetic acid
100
60
Acetic acid
40%
20
S
S
20
Acetic acid
60
Acetic acid
20
Acetic acid
60
60
Acetic acid
100
20
Acetic acid
60%
20
Sodium acetate
60
Acetic acid
80%
20
Sodium acetate
100
Glacial Acetic acid
>96%
20
Lead acetate
Lead acetate
Sat.sol.
Lead acetate
Sodium acetate
Vinegar
Vinegar
138
Sat.sol.
Oper.sol.
60
50%
20
20
Glacial Acetic acid
60
60
Glacial Acetic acid
100
S
S
NS
Compound
Adipic acid
Concentration
T
[C]
HDPE
PP
Sat.sol.
20
60
20
Adipic acid
Adipic acid
Sat.sol.
Adipic acid
Benzoic acid
Sat.sol.
Benzoic acid
Boric acid
Sol. dil.
Boric acid
Boric acid
Sat.sol.
Boric acid
Hydrobromic acid
20%
Hydrobromic acid
Hydrobromic acid
50%
Hydrobromic acid
Hydrobromic acid
Tg-g
Hydrobromic acid
Butyric acid
Tg-l
Butyric acid
Hydrocyanic acid
10%
Hydrocyanic acid
Citric acid
Sat.sol.
Citric acid
Hydrochloric acid
10%
Hydrochloric acid
20%
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
30%
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
36%
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid, dry gas
Tg-g
Hydrochloric acid, dry gas
HDPE
PP
Chlorosulphonic acid
20
NS
NS
60
NS
NS
100
60
Chromic acid
20
Chromic acid
60
Chromic acid
20
Chromic acid
60
Chromic acid
20
Chromic acid
60
Dichloroacetic acid
20
Diglycolic acid
60
Hydrofluoric acid
20
Hydrofluoric acid
60
Hydrofluoric acid
40%
20
20
Fluosilic acid
40%
20
60
Fluosilic acid
60
20
Formic acid
20
60
Formic acid
60
20
Formic acid
20
60
Formic acid
60
20
Formic acid
20
60
Formic acid
60
NS
20
Phosphoric acid
20
60
Phosphoric acid
60
20
Phosphoric acid
100
60
Phosphoric acid
20
20
Phosphoric acid
50
60
Phosphoric acid
60
20
Phosphoric acid
80
60
Phosphoric acid
100
20
60
20%
40%
50%
60
20
60
20
60
Tg-l
20
Sat.sol.
20
10%
20
60
10%
40%
Tg-l
< 50%
from 50% to
75%
from 25% to
85%
Phosphoric acid
60
20
Phosphoric acid
80
60
Phosphoric acid
100
Glycolic acid
20
Tg-g
Chloroacetic acid
Sol.
20
60
Glycolic acid
Sol.
20
50
Tg-g
NS
20
Phosphoric acid
Hydrochloric acid, damp

gas
gas
gas
Chloroacetic acid
Phosphoric acid
Concentration
APPENDIX
Hydrochloric acid
T
[C]
COMPOUND
20
60
139
Compound
Lactic acid
Concentration
T
[C]
HDPE
PP
10%
20
Propionic acid
60
Salicylic acid
20
Salicylic acid
60
Hydrogen sulphide
20
Hydrogen sulphide
60
Sulphuric acid
20
60
Lactic acid
Lactic acid
90%
Lactic acid
Maleic acid
Sol.
Maleic acid
Maleic acid
Sat.sol.
Maleic acid
Chloroacetic acid (mono)
>85%
Chloroacetic acid (mono)

Nitric acid
5%
Nitric acid
Nitric acid
20%
Nitric acid
Nitric acid
25%
Nitric acid
Nitric acid
30%
Nitric acid
60
20
60
20
60
20
Sulphuric acid
60
Sulphuric acid
100
20
Sulphuric acid
60
Sulphuric acid
Sulphuric acid
Sat.sol.
Tg-g
Up to 10%
15%
10% to 30%
PP
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
Sulphuric acid
60
NS
Sulphuric acid
60
20
Sulphuric acid
20
60
NS
Sulphuric acid
60
20
Sulphuric acid
100
60
NS
Sulphuric acid
NS
Sulphuric acid
Sulphuric acid
60
Nitric acid
50%
20
Sulphuric acid
60
NS
NS
Sulphuric acid
20
NS
NS
Sulphuric acid
Nitric acid
60
NS
NS
Fuming nitric acid
20
NS
Fuming nitric acid
60
10% to 50%
50% to 75%
Up to 30%
20
60
20
60
Sulphuric acid
100
NS
NS
Sulphuric acid
60
NS
NS
Sulphuric acid
100
NS
20
Sulphuric acid
60
20
Oxalix acid
60
Oxalix acid
100
tg-l
Oleic acid
Oxalix acid
Oxalix acid
Sat.sol.
Sat.sol.
Oxalix acid
Perchloric acid
Picric acid
Propionic acid
Sulphuric acid
60
NS
NS
Sulphuric acid
100
Sulphuric acid
NS
Sulphuric acid
20
Tannic acid
60
Tannic acid
Tannic acid
Tartaric acid
20
Sat.sol.
20
50%
20
Tartaric acid
60
Tartaric acid
Propionic acid
> 50%
20
Propionic acid
Tg-l
20
140
20
(2N) 20%
Propionic acid
S
S
96%
20
Oleic acid
>50%
Concentration
20
35%
Nitric acid
APPENDIX
HDPE
Nitric acid
Nitric acid
T
[C]
Compound
Chloroacetic acid (tri)

Chloroacetic acid (tri)
98%
Fuming
Sol.
Sol.
Sat.sol.
Up to 50%
NS
20
NS
60
NS
NS
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
T
[C]
HDPE
PP
Water
20
Water
60
Water
100
Compound
Chlorine water
Concentration
HDPE
PP
Amyl alcohol
60
Amyl alcohol
60
Amyl alcohol
100
20
60
20
Isopropyl alcohol
Chlorine water
60
NS
Isopropyl alcohol
Distilled water
20
Aluminium Chloride
Distilled water
60
Aluminium Chloride
Distilled water
100
Aluminium Chloride
Fresh water
20
Aluminium Chloride
Fresh water
60
Aluminium hydroxide
Fresh water
100
Aluminium hydroxide
Sea water
20
Aluminium hydroxide
Sea water
60
Aluminium hydroxide
Sea water
100
Aluminium nitrate
Mineral water
Sat.sol.
T
[C]
Compound
20
Aluminium nitrate
Mineral water
60
Aluminium nitrate
Mineral water
100
Aluminium nitrate
Hydrogen peroxide
Oper.sol.
10%
Concentration
Tg-l
Sosp.
Sosp.
Sosp
Sosp
Sat.sol.
Sat.sol.
Aluminium Chloroxide
60
20
60
20
NS
Sat.sol.
60
NS
NS
20
Potable water
60
Potable water
100
Aluminium potassium
sulphate
Aluminium potassium
sulphate
Aluminium potassium
sulphate
Aluminium potassium
sulphate
Brackish water
20
Aluminium Sulphate
Sat.sol.
Brackish water
60
Brackish water
100
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide
30%
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide
90%
Hydrogen peroxide
Potable water
Oper.sol.
Acrylonitrile
Tg-l
20
Acrylonitrile
Tg-l
20
Benzilic acid
Tg-l
20
60
20
60
Benzilic acid
Methanol
5%
Methanol
Methanol
Tg-l
Methanol
Amyl alcohol
Tg-l
20
60
20
Sosp.
Sat.sol.
Aluminium Sulphate
Aluminium Sulphate
Sat.sol.
Aluminium Sulphate
Amyl acetate
Tg-l
Amyl acetate
Ammonia
Sat.sol.
Ammonia
Ammonia
Sat.sol.
Ammonia
Ammonia gas
Sosp.
Ammonia gas
Tg-g
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
141
APPENDIX
20
20
T
[C]
HDPE
PP
Sodium bicarbonate
60
Sodium bicarbonate
100
20
Potassium dichromate
60
20
Ammonium acetate
60
Ammonium Sulphide
60
Compound
Ammonia gas
Concentration
T
[C]
HDPE
PP
Tg-g
20
60
Ammonia gas
Ammonium acetate
Sat.sol.
60
100
20
Sodium dichromate
60
20
Sulphuric anhydride
Sat.sol.
Sat.sol.
S
S
Ammonium acetate
60
20
Sodium dichromate
60
NS
Sodium dichromate
100
60
NS
Carbon dioxide, dry
Sulphur dioxide dry
20
Sulphur dioxide dry
60
Sulphur dioxide damp
20
Tg-l
Acetic anhydride
Sulphuric anhydride
Sodium antimonate
Tg-l
Sat.sol.
Sodium antimonate
Air
Tg-g
Air
Air
Tg-g
Air
Sodium arsenate
Sat.sol.
Sodium arsenate
Benzaldehyde
Tg-l
Benzaldehyde
Benzene
Tg-l
Benzene
Petrol
Oper.sol.
Petrol
Sodium benzoate
Sat.sol.
Sodium benzoate
Sodium benzoate
35%
Sodium benzoate
Ammonium bicarbonate
Sat.sol.
Carbon dioxide, dry
60
Beer
20
Beer
60
20
60
20
60
20
NS
60
NS
NS
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
NS
NS
Bromine gas
60
NS
NS
Bromine gas
100
20
Misenite
60
Misenite
20
Sat.sol.
60
20
Sodium hydrogen
sulphate
Sodium hydrogen
sulphate
Carbon disulfide
Tg-l
60
20
60
20
60
20
NS
60
NS
20
NS
60
NS
20
60
S
S
60
20
Potassium bicarbonate
60
100
142
S
S
Sat.sol.
Potassium borate
Sat.sol.
Potassium borate
Potassium bromate
Sat.sol.
Potassium bromate
Up to 10%
Potassium bromate
20
20
Sol.
Borax
Potassium bromate
Sat.sol.
Borax
Borax
60
Sodium bicarbonate
Sat.sol.
Carbon disulfide
Borax
Sat.sol.
Tg-g
S
S
Sat.sol.
20
20
Ammonium bicarbonate
40%
20
Acetic anhydride
APPENDIX
Concentration
20
Ammonium acetate
Compound
Bromine gas
Bromine liquid
Tg-g
20
NS
NS
Bromine liquid
60
NS
NS
Bromine liquid
100
Potassium bromide
Potassium bromide
Tg-l
NS
Sat.sol.
NS
20
60
Compound
Sodium bromide
Concentration
T
[C]
HDPE
PP
Sat.sol.
20
Cyclohexanol
60
Cyclohexanol
20
Cyclohexanone
60
Sodium bromide
Butane gas
Tg-g
Butane gas
Butyl-phthalate
Tg-l
Compound
Concentration
T
[C]
HDPE
PP
tg-s
20
60
20
60
NS
Tg-l
Cyclohexanone
20
Cyclohexanone
Tg-l
20
Butyl-phthalate
60
Ethyl chlorate
Tg-g
20
NS
Butyl-phthalate
100
Calcium chlorate
Sat.sol.
20
Butyl glycol
Tg-l
20
Calcium chlorate
60
Butylphenol
Sat.sol.
20
Ethyl chlorate
60
Ammonium carbonate
Sat.sol.
20
Magnesium chlorate
60
Magnesium chlorate
20
Sodium chlorate
60
Sodium chlorate
20
Iron chlorate
60
Iron chlorate
20
Sodium chloride
60
Sodium chloride
60
20
Sodium chloride
100
NS
60
Sodium chloride
20
20
Sodium chloride
60
60
Sodium chloride
100
NS
20
Chlorine gas dry
20
NS
60
Chlorine gas dry
60
NS
20
Chlorine gas wet
Sodium carbonate
60
Sodium carbonate
100
Ammonium carbonate
Bismuth carbonate
Sat.sol.
Bismuth carbonate
Calcium carbonate
Sosp.
Calcium carbonate
Magnesium carbonate
Sosp.
Magnesium carbonate
Potassium carbonate
Sat.sol.
Potassium carbonate
Sodium carbonate
Sat.sol.
Sodium carbonate
Sodium carbonate
25%
Sodium carbonate
Sodium carbonate
Sosp.
Zinc carbonate
Mercury cyanide
Sat.sol.
Mercury cyanide
Silver cyanide
Sat.sol.
Silver cyanide
Potassium cyanide
Sol.
Potassium cyanide
Potassium cyanide
Sat.sol.
Potassium cyanide
Sodium cyanide
Sodium cyanide
Sat.sol.
Sat.sol.
Sat.sol.
2%
20%
Tg-g
Tg-g
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
20
NS
Chlorine gas wet
60
NS
NS
Chlorine gas wet
100
NS
S
20
Chlor-ethanol
Tg-l
20
60
Chloroform
Tg-l
20
NS
NS
20
Chloroform
60
NS
NS
60
Chlor-methane
Tg-g
20
20
Ammonium chloride
Sat.sol.
20
60
Ammonium chloride
60
20
Calcium chloride
20
60
Calcium chloride
60
20
Calcium chloride
100
60
20
20
60
NS
60
Methylene chloride
S
Sat.sol.
Tg-l
Methylene chloride
Nickel chloride
Sat.sol.
20
S
143
APPENDIX
Zinc carbonate
Up to 50%
Sat.sol.
NS
T
[C]
HDPE
PP
60
Dichloroethylene
20
Dichloroethylene
60
Dimethylammine
20
Dimetholformammide
60
Dimetholformammide
20
Dioxane
60
Dioxane
20
Diottyl-phthalate
Sodium chloride
60
Diottyl-phthalate
Sodium chloride
100
Heptane
Compound
Concentration
Nickel chloride
Potassium chloride
Sat.sol.
Potassium chloride
Copper chloride
Sat.sol.
Copper chloride
Sodium chloride
Sat.sol.
Sodium chloride
Sodium chloride
Tin chloride (II)
10%
Sat.sol.
Tin chloride (II)

Tin chloride (IV)
Sol.
Tin chloride (IV)

Thionyl chloride
Tg-l
Thionyl chloride
Zinc chloride
Sat.sol.
Zinc chloride
Zinc chloride
58%
Zinc chloride
Mercury chloride
Sat.sol.
Mercury chloride
Cresylic acid
APPENDIX
Potassium chromate
Hexane
20
Hexane
60
Turpentine essence
20
NS
60
NS
20
Ethanolammine
60
Ethanol
20
Ethanol
60
Ethanol
20
Ethanol
60
Ethyl ether
Ethyl ether
tg-g
20
Tg-l
20
60
Tg-l
Tg-l
Tg-l
Tg-l
20
60
20
60
20
60
NS
NS
20
60
20
NS
Turpentine essence
60
NS
Turpentine essence
100
NS
Tg-l
20
40%
20
60
Tg-l
95%
Tg-l
20
60
20
60
Isopropyl ether
Tg-l
20
60
Petroleum ether
Oper.sol.
20
20
Petroleum ether
60
60
Ethyl methyl ketone
Tg-l
20
20
Phenol
Sol.
20
60
Phenol
60
20
Phenol
60
Phenol
20
NS
60
NS
20
60
20
60
40%
Dil.sol.
Tg-l
Decaline
Sol.
Dextrin
Sol.
Dextrose
144
60
Decaline
Dichloroethylene
60
Sol.
Dextrose
Heptane
20
PP
20
Chromo-potassium
sulphate
Chromo-potassium
sulphate
Dextrin
Tg-l
HDPE
Sat.sol.
Sodium chromate
T
[C]
20
Potassium chromate
Sodium chromate
20
Concentration
Tg-l
Potassium chromate
Potassium chromate
Compound
Tg-l
20
Phenol
Potassium ferrocyanide
5%
20
60
90%
20
Sat.sol.
20
60
20
60
20
60
Sat.sol.
Sodium ferrocyanide
Sodium ferrocyanide
Sat.sol.
Concentration
T
[C]
HDPE
PP
Sat.sol.
20
Ethylene glycol
60
Ethylene glycol
20
Ethylene glycol
60
Glucose
20
Glucose
Potassium fluoride
60
Hydroquinone
Copper fluoride
20
Hydroquinone
Copper fluoride
60
Hydrogen
20
Hydrogen
60
Calcium hydroxide
20
Calcium hydroxide
60
Magnesium hydroxide
20
NS
NS
Magnesium hydroxide
60
NS
NS
Potassium hydroxide
20
NS
Potassium hydroxide
60
NS
Potassium hydroxide
20
60
20
Potassium hydroxide
60
Compound
Sodium ferrocyanide
Sodium ferrocyanide
Ammonium fluoride
<20%
Ammonium fluoride
Potassium fluoride
Copper fluoride
Sat.sol.
2%
Copper fluoride
Sodium flouride
Sat.sol.
Sodium flouride
Fluorine gas dry
Tg-g
Fluorine gas dry

Fluorine gas wet
Tg-g
Fluorine gas wet

Formaldehyde
40%
Formaldehyde
Sodium phosphate acid
Sat.sol.
Sodium phosphate acid
Compound
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
Potassium hydroxide
60
Potassium hydroxide
100
20
Potassium hydroxide
60
Potassium hydroxide
100
100
20
60
Sat.sol.
20
Potassium hydroxide
Sodium phosphate
60
Potassium hydroxide
Sodium phosphate
100
Potassium hydroxide
Fructose
Isotyl-phthalate
Tg-l
Isotyl-phthalate
Natural gas dry
Tg-g
Natural gas dry
Sodium hydroxide
60
Sodium hydroxide
20
Sodium hydroxide
60
20
60
20%
Up to 50%
20
Sodium hydroxide
60
Sodium hydroxide
100
Sodium hydroxide
20
Sodium hydroxide
50
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide
20
Sodium hydroxide
60
20
60
20
10%
Sol.
Tg-l
Sol.
Gelatine
Ethylene glycol
Sat.sol.
60
Glycerine
Sat.sol.
20
Tg-l
Tg-g
Tg-g
Glycerine
Sat.sol.
20
Natural gas wet
Gelatine
Sol.
Sol.
1%
10% to 35%
40%
10% to 60%
20
60
20
60
20
Sodium hydroxide
60
Sodium hydroxide
100
Iodine
Iodine
Sat.sol.
APPENDIX
Sol.
20
Tg-l
60
Sodium phosphate
Fructose
60
PP
20
Phosphorus
HDPE
Sat.sol.
Tg-g
T
[C]
20
Ammonium phosphate
Phosphorus
Concentration
20
NS
NS
60
NS
NS
145
Compound
Iodine in alcohol
Concentration
T
[C]
HDPE
PP
Oper.sol.
20
NS
NS
60
NS
Iodine in alcohol
Ioduro di potassio
PP
n-butanol
60
NS
n-butanol
100
Ammonium nitrate
20
Calcium hypochlorite
(10% chlorine)
Calcium hypochlorite
(10% chlorine)
Sol.
20
60
Potassium hypochlorite
Sol.
20
60
Sodium hypochlorite
5%
Sodium hypochlorite
Sodium hypochlorite
10% to 15%
Sodium hypochlorite
Sodium hypochlorite
12,5% Cl
Sodium hypochlorite
Isotane
Tg-l
Isotane
Lanoline
Oper.sol.
Lanoline
Milk
Oper.sol.
Milk
Beer yeast
Sosp.
Beer yeast
Molasses
Oper.sol.
Molasses
Mercury
APPENDIX
HDPE
Sat.sol.
Potassium hypochlorite
T
[C]
Tg-l
Mercury
Sodium metaphosphate
60
S
S
60
20
60
20
60
NS
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
Ammonium nitrate
100
S
Silver nitrate
60
Silver nitrate
100
Calcium nitrate
60
20
60
60
Methylammine
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
Copper nitrate
60
Copper nitrate
100
Calcium nitrate
Potassium nitrate
Copper nitrate
Iron nitrate
Mercury nitrate
Mercury nitrate
Sat.sol.
Sat.sol.
Sat.sol.
Sol.
Sat.sol.
Mercury nitrate
Sodium nitrite
Oper.sol.
20
Nitrobenzene
60
20
60
20
60
NS
S
Sat.sol.
Mercury nitrate
20
Sat.sol.
Iron nitrate
20
Tg-l
Sat.sol.
Potassium nitrate
<32%
Nafta
Sat.sol.
Nickel nitrate
Oper.sol.
20
100
Carbon monoxide
Sat.sol.
Zinc nitrate
Tg-g
Sat.sol.
20
Zinc nitrate
146
Sodium nitrate
20
n-butanol
60
Sodium nitrate
Sat.sol.
Nafta
Ammonium nitrate
Nickel nitrate
Ammonium
metaphosphate
Ammonium
metaphosphate
Ammonium
metaphosphate
Carbon monoxide
Magnesium nitrate
20
Honey
Sat.sol.
L
S
Magnesium nitrate
Sol.
Honey
Concentration
20
Silver nitrate
20
20
Compound
Sodium nitrite
Sat.sol.
Tg-l
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
Nitrobenzene
60
Oleum
20
NS
NS
Oleum
60
NS
NS
Oleum
100
Oleum
20
NS
NS
Oleum
60
NS
NS
NS
Compound
Oils and greases
Concentration
T
[C]
HDPE
Tg-l
20
Ozone
60
Ozone
20
Sodium perborate
Sat.sol.
20
60
Potassium perchlorate
Sat.sol.
20
60
Oils and greases

Mineral oils
Oper.sol.
Mineral oils
Peanut oil
Oper.sol.
Compound
PP
20
60
20
NS
Canphor oil
60
NS
Potassium permanganate
Canphor oil
100
NS
Corn oil
20
Corn oil
60
Ammonium persulphate
Peanut oil
Canphor oil
Tg-l
Concentration
T
[C]
HDPE
Tg-g
20
60
NS
10%
20%
PP
20
60
20
60
(2N) 30%
20
Sat.sol.
20
60
20
60
20
60
Mint oil
Oper.sol.
20
Ammonium persulphate
Olive oil
Oper.sol.
20
Potassium persulphate
60
Potassium persulphate
20
Pyridine
Parafin oil
60
Pyridine
Parafin oil
100
NS
Propane gas
Tg-g
20
20
Sodium silicate
Sol.
20
60
Sodium silicate
60
20
Copper sulphate
20
60
Copper sulphate
60
20
Copper sulphate
100
Olive oil
60
Sodium sulphate acid
Olive oil
100
Sodium sulphate acid
20
Ammonium sulphate
Silicone oil
60
Silicone oil
100
Olive oil
Parafin oil
Castor oil
Tg-l
Tg-l
Castor oil
Soya oil
Oper.sol.
Soya oil
Olive oil
Potassium phosphate (ortho)
Tg-l
Sat.sol.
Potassium phosphate (ortho)

Phosphorus oxychloride
Zinc oxide
Oxygen
Oxygen
Oxygen gas
Tg-g
Oxygen gas
Ozone
Ozone
tg-g
20
Ammonium sulphate
60
Ammonium sulphate
100
Calcium sulphate
20
tg-g
60
Sosp.
Zinc oxide
60
Calcium sulphate
Magnesium sulphate
Magnesium sulphate
60
Magnesium sulphate
20
Magnesium sulphate
60
20
60
Magnesium sulphate
20
Magnesium sulphate
60
NS
Potassium sulphate
Magnesium sulphate
S
Sat.sol.
S
S
20
Sat.sol.
20
20
Tg-l
Tg-l
Sat.sol.
Sosp.
Sat.sol.
Sat.sol.
Sat.sol.
Magnesium sulphate
Sat.sol.
Sat.sol.
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
S
147
APPENDIX
Silicone oil
Oper.sol.
Sat.sol.
Compound
Concentration
Potassium sulphate
Sodium sulphate
Sat.sol.
Sodium sulphate
Sodium sulphate
0,10%
Sodium sulphate
PP
60
Thiophen
20
Thiophen
60
Potassium tiosulphate
20
Potassium tiosulphate
60
Sodium tiosulphate
Compound
Concentration
T
[C]
Tg-l
20
60
Sat.sol.
60
Sat.sol.
20
Tg-l
20
NS
NS
Toluene
Sodium sulphate
Sat.sol.
20
Toluene
60
60
Toluene
100
20
Trichloroethylene
Sodium sulphate
60
Sodium sulphate
100
Zinc sulphate
Sat.sol.
Zinc sulphate
Potassium sulphide
Sat.sol.
Potassium sulphide
Calcium sulphide acid
Sol.
Calcium sulphide acid

Potassium sulphide acid
Sol.
Potassium sulphide acid
Oper.sol.
Fruit juice
Photographic developers
Oper.sol.
Photographic developers
Carbon tetrachloride
Tg-l
Carbon tetrachloride
Tetraidrofurano
Trichloroethylene
100
20
Triethanolamine
60
Triethanolamine
20
Trifluoro borium
60
Urea
20
Urea
60
Urea
S
20
60
Sat.sol.
20
Sol.
20
60
Sol.
Sat.sol.
20
Urine
60
60
Wine
20
20
Wine
60
60
Wine and spirits
20
20
Wine and spirits
60
60
Whiskey
20
60
20
NS
Xylene
60
NS
NS
Xylene
100
Oper.sol.
Oper.sol.
Oper.sol.
Whiskey
20
60
20
NS
60
NS
NS
Xylene
Tetraidrofurano
100
NS
20
NS
Tetralin
60
NS
Tetralin
80
NS
148
NS
Ammonium tiocyanide
60
60
Sat.sol.
Tetraidrofurano
Ammonium tiocyanide
20
20
Tg-l
Tg-l
NS
Urine
20
Tetralin
Tg-l
Tricloruro di fosforo
20
Fruit juice
NS
Sol. Dil.
Potassium sulphide
NS
Calcium sulphide
Sat.sol.
60
60
Potassium sulphide
Trichloroethylene
Tricloruro di fosforo
20
Calcium sulphide
NS
Sat.sol.
NS
NS
Tg-l
20
20
Ammonium sulphide
PP
20
40%
HDPE
20
Sat.sol.
Sodium sulphate
APPENDIX
HDPE
Sodium sulphate
Sodium sulphate
T
[C]
20
60
Tg-l
NS
F.
TECHNICAL INFORMATIONS ON PRODUCTS
F.1 High-density polyethylene (PE) drainage system

High-density polyethylene pipes and fittings for drainage installations inside buildings in compliance with UNI EN 1519 and IIP Italian Standard;
pipes subject to a thermal relieving. A system suitable for continuous fluid discharge, consistent with ISO TR 10358, with atmospheric pressure
at max. temperature of 95C, with pH included between 2 and 12.
Specific weight 0,945 0,965 g/cm3, 24 MPa yield unit load, yield elongation <20%, ultimate elongation >500%, modulus of elasticity 900
MPa, thermal conductivity 0,55 W/mK, linear coefficient of expansion 0,2 mm/mC, melt index (190C 2,16 Kg) <1 g/10 min, carbon-black
content >2%.
F.2 Polypropylene (PP) drainage system

Pipes and fittings waste system for discharge inside the buildings in self-estinguishing polypropylene in compliance with UNI EN 1451; push-fit
pipes and fittings with socket and elastomer 2-lip seals, suitable for the continuous discharge of refluents at a max. temperature of 95C and
pH included between 2 and 12, compatible with ISO TR 10358 standard; flame resistant according to DIN 4102, B1 class.
Specific weight 0,900 0,960 g/cm3 (at 23C), melt index (190C 2,16 Kg) <2 g/10 min, yield unit load from 28 up to 35 MPa, ultimate
elongation >48%, modulus of elasticity 1300 MPa, thermal conductivity 0,26 W/mK, linear coefficient of expansion 0,11 mm/mC, flame
resistance (DIN 4102 B1) <12 s.
F.3 Triplus drainage system

Drainage system, Triplus type, suitable for drainage within buildings of discharged water at a maximum temperature of 95C and with pH
between 2 and 12. The system will be made of three-layer pipes and fittings in Polypropylene (PP) with added minerals, with elevated impact
resistance even at low temperatures. Pipes and fittings will be push-fit ones, with socket and single-lipped elastomeric seal.
The acoustical level of the drainage system will be Lsc,A di 12 dB(A) measured with a 2 l/s flow for a system De 110x3,6 according to EN 14366
standard and certified by the Fraunhofer Institut Fr Bauphisik of Stuttgart (P-BA 227/2006).
F.4 Silere drainage system

Push-fit acoustically insulated Silere pipes and fittings for waste systems inside buildings with elastomer seals. They are made of homogeneous
material and poypropylene with mineral addictions, material density of 1,6 g/cm3, light grey colour (RAL 7035), flame resistance according to
DIN 4102, class B2. Resistance to hot water (0 95C continuous working temperature) with variable pH between 2 and 12.
Specific weight 1,60 g/cm3, ultimate elongation >2%, tensile strength >14 N/mm2, modulus of elasticity 2800 N/mm2, linear coefficient of
expansion 0,08 mm/mK, flame resistance according to DIN 4102 class B2. The acoustical level of the drainage system will be L sc,A di 6 dB(A)
measured with a 2 l/s flow for a system De 110x5,6 according to EN 14366 standard and certified by the Fraunhofer Institut Fr Bauphisik of
Stuttgart (P-BA 223/2006).
APPENDIX
149
G.
MEASUREMENT UNITS
Table G.1 Basic and supplementary measurement units
Quantity
Unit
Symbol
Length
metres
Mass
kilograms
Kg
Time
seconds
Electricity
amps
Temperature
Kelvin
candela
cd
Quantity of a substance
mole
mole
Plane angle
radian
rad
Solid angle
steradian
sr
Luminous Intensity
Tabella G.2 Conversion factors
Length
1 inch
25,40 mm
1 ft (foot)
0,3048 m
1 yd (yard)
0,9144 m
1 mi (US mile)
1,609 Km
1 mi (marine mile)
1,852 Km
1 inch2
645,2 mm2
1 ft2
0,09290 m2
1l
0,001 m3
1 inch3
16,39 cm3
1 ft3
0,02832 m3
1 gal US (gallon)
0,003785 m3
1 gal US
3,785 l
1 gal UK
0,004546 m3
1 gal UK
4,546 l
1 Kg
2,204 lb
1 t (ton)
1000 Kg
1 oz (ounce)
28,35 g
16,02 Kg/m3
1 N (Newton)
0,102 Kgf
1 Kgf (Kg force)
9,81 N
1 lbf
4,448 N
Area
APPENDIX
Volume e capacity
Mass
Density
1 lb/ft3
Force
150
Pressure
1 Pa
1 N/m2
1 bar
100000 Pa
1 bar
1,019 Kg/cm2
1 bar
14,48 psi
1 atm (physical atmosphere)
101325 Pa
1 atm
760 mm Hg
1 at (technical atmosphere)
1 Kg/cm2
1 at
736 mm Hg
1 at
10 m H2O
1 atm
1,033 at
1 lb/inch2
6,895 kPa
1 inch H2O
249,1 Pa
1 inch Hg
3,386 kPa
1 mm H2O
9,807 Pa
1 mm Hg
133,3 Pa
1 torr
133,3 Pa
1 mbar
100 Pa
1 psi
1 lb/inch2
1 Btu (British Thermal Unit)
1,055 kJ
1 kWh
3,6 MJ
1 kcal
4,187 kJ
1 J (Joule)
1 Nm
1J
0,102 Kgfm
1 kW (Watt)
1,36 CV
1 kW
1,34 HP
1 kW
0,860 kcal/h
1 kcal/h
1,162 W
1 CV
0,986 HP
1 HP
1,014 CV
1 Btu/h
0,2931 W
1 J/s
1W
1 ft3/h
7,866 ml/s
1 ft3/min
471,9 ml/s
1 l/s
60 l/min
1 l/s
3600 l/h
1 l/s
3,6 m3/h
1 Btu/ft3
37,26 kJ/m3
1 kcal/m3
4,187 kJ/m3
1 Btu/lb
2,326 kJ/Kg
1 kcal/Kg
4,187 kJ/Kg
Energy Heat Work
Power
APPENDIX
Flow
Energy flow
151
Heat flow
1 Btu/ft2h
3,155 W/m2
1 Btu/inch2h
454,2 W/m2
1 kcal/m2h
1,162 W/m2
1 Btu/lbF
4,187 kJ/KgK
1 kcal/KgC
4,187 kJ/KgK
1 Btu/ft3F
67,07 kJ/mK
1 kcal/m3C
4,187 kJ/m3K
1 Btu/fthF
1,731 W/mK
1 kcal/mhC
1,162 W/mK
1 cal/cmsC
418,7 W/mK
1 Btu/ft2hF
5,678 W/m2K
1 kcal/m2hC
1,162 W/m2K
1 cal/cm2sC
41,87 W/m2K
1 K (Kelvin)
5/9R
1R (Rankine)
F + 459,67
1C (Celsius)
5/9(F - 32)
1K
5/9(F + 459,67)
1K
C + 273,15
Specific heat
Thermal conductivity
Thermal conductance
APPENDIX
Temperature scales
152
153
Uff.Pub. Valsir - L02-345/0 Marzo 2007
Technical manual
L02-345/0
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25078 Vestone (Brescia) Italia
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Technical manual

Waste systems inside buildings

Characteristics, project design, calculation, installation and testing

This means that

This means that

the noise levels

just dealt with

Figure 2.1 Differ

es with sound energ

VALSIR WASTE SYSTEMS

Valsir Polyethylene (PE) waste system

Valsir Polypropylene (PP) waste system

Valsir Triplus waste system

Valsir Silere waste system

NOISE IN WASTE SYSTEMS

Noise and its measurement

Noise in buildings and Italian legislation

Noise in waste systems

The acoustic performance of the Valsir waste pipes

PROJECT DESIGN OF WASTE SYSTEMS

The discharge of used waters

Waste systems with primary ventilation

Dividing the waste stack

DIMENSIONING OF WASTE SYSTEMS IN COMPLIANCE WITH UNI EN 12056

Calculation of flow rates

Dimensioning of waste branches

Dimensioning of branches without vent

Dimensioning of the waste stack

Dimensioning of stacks with primary ventilation

Dimensioning of waste manifolds

INSTALLATION AND TESTING

Transport and storage

Connection of pipes and fittings

Laying of sewers or underground non pressure conduits

Flow in waste manifolds

Normative and legislative references

Chemical resistance of HDPE and PP

Technical informations on products

High-density polyethylene (PE) drainage system

Valsir Polyethylene (PE) waste systems

Valsir Polypropylene (PP) waste system

Valsir Triplus waste system

Valsir Silere waste system

Valsir Polyethylene (PE) waste system

VALSIR WASTE SYSTEMS

VALSIR WASTE SYSTEMS

UNI EN ISO 1183 2

1.1.2 Application field

Minimum and maximum average

VALSIR WASTE SYSTEMS

1.1.4 Connection systems

VALSIR WASTE SYSTEMS

1.1.5 Reference Standards and Quality Marks

EN 1519 1 / DIN 19537 / DIN 19535 10

EN 1519 1 / NKB Rules No. 8

MP52 Spec 005

SSIV N 21007 VSA 11013

The Valsir polyethylene fittings carry the following information:

Valsir Polypropylene (PP) waste system

VALSIR WASTE SYSTEMS

properties of the material

UNI EN ISO 1183 2