Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture notes 1
dr Patryk Wjtowicz
Monday 1 December 14
Contents
Introduction to water distribution systems
History and evolution of water supply systems
Primary function and design criteria of WDS
Anatomy of water supply systems
Layouts of water distribution system
Criteria and classification of water systems
Monday 1 December 14
Domestic
Commercial
Industrial
Firefighting purposes
for it in Minoan Crete comes from the use of terracotta pipes, found at the palace of
Knossos and Tylissos, along with several others, albeit in bad condition, at the palace
of Phaistos and at Palaikastro, Gournia, Lykastos and Zakro (House B). Among them
the best patterns are those of the palace at Knossos, belonging to the earliest middle
period and at Tylissos, assigned to the earliest late period although an earlier date has
also been proposed for it (Angelakis et al., 2005).
0.72
0.025
0.17
0.085
0.065
Figure 1. Minoan water transfer projects: The proposed course (A- B) of the aqueduct at Knossos with
higher spring elevation (Angelakis et al., 2007) (left) and water supply pipes (terracotta pipe sections):
cross section and dimensions (upper) and today view (down) (Koutsoyiannis et al., 2008) (right).
Monday 1 December 14
wooden pipes
ceramic pipelines
Monday 1 December 14
Monday 1 December 14
Monday 1 December 14
language, researchers at universities begin to develop pipe network models and make
them available to practicing engineers. Don Wood at the University of Kentucky, Al
Fowler at the University of British Columbia, Roland Jeppson of Utah State University, Chuck Howard and Uri Shamir at MIT, and Simsek Sarikelle at the University of
Akron all write pipe network models.
Figure
A compu
card
1963 First U.S. PVC pipe standards. The National Bureau of Standards accepts
CS256-63 Commercial Standard for PVC Plastic Pipes (SDR-PR and Class T),
which is the first U.S. standard for polyvinyl chloride water pipe.
Monday 1 December 14
1963 URISA is founded. The Urban and Regional Information Systems Associa-
Brewer Secretly Rigs Plumbing in Man's House to Make Beer Flow From Every Tap
Monday 1 December 14
Monday 1 December 14
Monday 1 December 14
transmission mains
pumping main if pressure head is created by
pumping
gravity main if flow maintained by gravitational
potential (on account of elevation dierence)
There are no intermediate withdrawals
transmission mains
processing
water after treatment is stored in clear water
reservoirs
water reservoirs provides a buer for water demand
variation (treatment plant is designed for average daily
demand)
Monday 1 December 14
distribution network
Monday 1 December 14
WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
PUMPING STATION
STRUCTURAL
ELECTRICAL
PUMP
DRIVER
DISTRIBUTION
STORAGE
PUMPING
PIPING
POWER
TRANSMISSION
TANKS
CONTROLS
PIPE
SYSTEM
DISTRIBUTION
PIPING
VALVE
PIPES
VALVES
COMPONENTS
SUBCOMPONENTS
SUB-SUB COMPONENTS
FIGURE 1.15 Hierarchical relationship of components, subcomponents, and sub-subcomponents for a water distribution system (Cullinane, 1989).
Monday 1 December 14
Looped network
Chapter 21
layout
Chapter 21
Grid
Danger
of
contamination
caused
by
the
that
a
large
part of network will
bacteriological,
taste,
and
odor
problems
be without water during irregular situations
be without water during irregular situations
Accumulation
due more
to stagnation
of the water at the
ends
theyof sediments,
require
frequent
In addition,
system
Accumulation
of sediments, due to stagnation of the water at the system ends
ends) occasionally resulting in taste and odour problems (dead ends) occasionally resulting in taste and odour problems
flushing (dead
Fluctuating water demand producing rather large pressure variations
Branched
and the flow rates
Monday 1 December
14 systems are easy to design. The direction of the water flow
Branched systems are easy to design. The direction of the water flow and the flow rates
Layout of network
Urban water networks have mostly looped
configurations
Monday 1 December 14
Pipe-laying is simple
Monday 1 December 14
One main pipeline provides the entire city, which is quite risky. Any defect,
damage
or breakage at one point of this line will disrupt the supply of water beyond
that point, cutting off service to the whole area. This could be dangerous,
especially if there is a fire
The head loss is relatively high, requiring larger pipe diameter, and/or larger
capacities for pumping units. Water hammer could also cause burst of lines
Dead ends at line terminals might affect the quality of water by allowing
sedimentation and encouraging bacterial growth due to stagnation
A large number of scour valves are required at the dead ends, which need
to be opened periodically for the removal of stale water and sediment
The discharge available for fire fighting in the streets will be limited due to
high head loss in areas with weak pressure
Monday 1 December 14
gridiron pattern
circular or ring pattern
radial pattern
Monday 1 December 14
Gridiron pattern
In the gridiron system the main supply line runs through the
center of the area and sub- mains takeoff from this in perpendicular
directions
All of the pipelines are interconnected and there are no dead ends
This system is ideal for cities laid out in a rectangular plan (e.g.
New York, most city centres)
Monday 1 December 14
Monday 1 December 14
Monday 1 December 14
It is important to note that many older water systems have been updated. By laying a primary feeder
around the perimeter of the community to tie in all of the dead-end mains to improve both flow
distribution and water pressures through the community. A simple example of this concept is presented in
Figure 4-8.
Monday 1 December 14
Radial pattern
Monday 1 December 14
Monday 1 December 14
Monday 1 December 14
Monday 1 December 14
Monday 1 December 14
Monday 1 December 14
In a high-level reservoir system a water source must be at proper elevation above the
treatment facility in order to provide sufficient head pressure so that no pumping station is
required (usually at least 30 meters)
If there is sufficient elevation difference between the treatment facility and the distribution piping
in the community, it is possible to design a water system that does not require pumping stations
The head pressure for supplying water to the distribution system must be sufficient to meet both
consumer demand and needed fire flows at any conditions
Gravity feed systems are highly reliable under all weather conditions that may cause disruption to
the pumped systems. There is no mechanical component to break down or fail when the power
source goes down.
W
S
S
V . I: S
C
4: W
D
S
D
C
This is a very economical
system
since there is noC substantial
power
requirement to run the
water system
Monday 1 December 14
ATER
UPPLY
YSTEMS
OL
YSTEM
ONCEPTS
HAPTER
Figure 4-2
ATER
ISTRIBUTION
YSTEM
ESIGN
ONCEPTS
Monday 1 December 14
ATER
UPPLY
YSTEMS
OL
YSTEM
ONCEPTS
HAPTER
ATER
ISTRIBUTION
YSTEM
ESIGN
ONCEPTS
PUMP STATION
WELL
CASING
Monday 1 December 14
PUMP STATION
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
4) Pumping station at well sites and gravity storage: In this type of supply system, one drilled well, or
a field of wells, feed water to a ground-level pumping station. This concept is presented in Figure 4-5.
Chapter 3 indicates that the water treatment for ground water supplies may be less rigorous than for
surface water supplies. The quality of the ground water in many areas of the country is so good that
the only treatment necessary is chlorination through an injection method in the pipes that carry the
non-potable water. In most cases, any other required water treatment generally is handled in a similar
manner. The treated water either flows by gravity to the distribution system or is pumped to one or
more elevated storage tanks. Potable water flows by gravity from the storage tank to the distribution
system. Small communities that essentially operate off individual wells might want to consider this
type of system. This is a more efficient way to provide water that is reliable year round, and is a
system that can meet both consumer demands and needed fire flow requirements. This concept should
be investigated with reference to the reduction in fire insurance premiums as the result of having a
recognized water delivery system.
Monday 1 December 14
Gravity tanks are especially useful for improving the reliability of any
water system, care must be taken to allow for proper mixing of water
stored
Monday 1 December 14
Systemy strefowe
Monday 1 December 14
Supplementary reading
Larry Mays (2000) Water Distribution System
Assignment:
Monday 1 December 14
Literature
Monday 1 December 14