Professional Documents
Culture Documents
THE BEGINNINGS
Settlement Design
- Agricultural Societies
- Rectilinear Plotting
Layout
- Grid (or Rectilinear) : product of the farmers
- Circular (Fencing) : product of the herdsmen
: defensive role
- Radiocentric : when circular settlement enlarge
: fortress cities
ANCIENT GREECE
Landscape
- powerfully assertive
High Places
- fortified hilltop
- sacred point
Town Design
- sense of the finite
- Aristotles ideal size of city = 10,000 20,000 people
- never attempted to overwhelm nature
- buildings give a sense of human measure to landscape
The street
- not a principal but as a leftover space for circulation
Place of assembly
-market (agora)
THE ACROPOLIS
Layout
- once thought to lack visible design relationships : no
geometrical axial relationship
- BUT, a very definite visual relationship
Design
GREEK TOWNS
Hippodamus
- a lawyer, from Miletus
- lived in 5th century BC
- inspiration was probably derived from Ancient
Babylonian
Gridiron Layout
- Plan of Athens harbor, Piraeus was attributed to
Hippodamus
- Areas of finite size, comprehensible to the eye, and
politically workable
- Neopolis : when a town reaches its maximum size, a
new town is built
- Paleopolis : old town
- other examples: Miletus, Priene and Alexandria
ANCIENT ROME
The Republican Forum
The Imperial Forum
Urban Design
- Greek: sense of the finite
- Roman: political power and organization
Use of Scale
- Greek use of scale is based on human measurements
- Romans used proportions that would relate parts of
buildings instead of human measure
Module
- Greek use of house as module for town planning
- Roman use of street pattern as module
: to achieve a sense of overpowering grandeurs
: made for military government
Street
- Greek : as a leftover space for circulation
- Roman: built first; buildings came later
Places of assembly
- Greek: market
- Roman: market, theater and arena
Character
Layout
Republican
Forum
Architectural
Masses
Full of odd corners;
informal
Imperial Forum
Urban space
Spacious, open
spaces, orderly
MEDIEVAL ERA
- best example: Piazza Del Campo, Sienna
Decline of Rome
- Dark Ages, but not for urban design
Urban Settings
- Military strongholds, castles, monasteries, towns
Military Strongholds
- Acropolis and Capitoline Hill
Castles
- built atop hills, enclosed by circular walls; radiocentric
growth
Monasteries
- citadels of learning, laid out in rectilinear pattern
Medieval Town
- like Greek towns, small and finite in size
TOWN DESIGN
Visible Exteriors
- suits the viewing conditions of small spaces
Vista
- considerations and human scale : fine accent in
landscape
Street Layout
- is functional, although with no logical form
Medieval Era
- set the stage for RENAISSANCE
- skill of builders
- wealth of bourgeoise and nobility
- organization of the military and new force in
government
- development of political powers and expertise
- new organizations
- scholarly knowledge of the church
3 Major Events marking transition from Medieval Times
Dawn of science
Fall of Constantinople
Discovery of the New World
Influences
- George Washington and Thomas Jefferson
Colossal or Gigantic Order
- found at Palladios San Giorgio Maggiore
Richelieu
- applications of rond points idea
- 1630, landscape design of palace started
- Jacques Lemercier : architect
Andre Lenorte
- landscape architect of richelieu
- Westerns world master of landscape architecture
1707-1709
- laws banning use of combustible materials
- led for extensive use of bricks
John Gwynn
- produced a plan for London in 1766
1789
- French revolution
1793
- new plan for Paris called Plan des Artistes
- 1748, emphasis on plaza; 1793, emphasis on
street
Napoleon I
- Champs Elysees improvement
- arch of triump
Napoleon III
- assigned Baron George Eugene Hanstnann
Ledouxs deisgn
- an ideal plan were everything is motivated by
necessity
Architecture
- Ledouxs book published in 1804
Chief Spokesmen
- Eugene Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (French)
- John Ruskin (English)
- Henry David Thoreau (American)
Arts and Crafts Movement
- led by William Morris, return to simpler Christian virtues of
the Gothic period
- Norman Shaw, created Bedford Park (1875-81)
Gothic Revival in 19th Century
- Gothic Period was the last original Architectural Era
Patrick Geddes
- Scottish city planner
- estanblished the tool for analytical approach
- Cities in Evolution published in 1913
- coined the term conurbation
- laid-out some 50 cities in India and Palestine
Marsh
- interrelationship between MAN and NATURE
Geddes
- interrelationship between PEOPLE and CITIES
Conurbation
-the waves of population in flow to large cities, followed by
overlapping and slums formation, and then the wave of
backflow
1. Inflow
2. Build-up
3. Backflow
Central slums
4. Sprawling Mass
Central Blight
REGIONAL PLANNING
Roots of regional outlook
- Howard and Taylor : satellite colonization idea
- Radburn : demonstrated satellite colonization
- Marsh and Geddes : laid the ground work
- Henry Wright and Benton Mackaye : championed
the regional outlook
Henry Wright and Plain of New York
- worked under commission by Clarence Stein
Report of the commission on Housing and Regional
Planning for the State of New York
- development of New York
1. Small trade centers for an agriculture
society
2. Decline due to cheaper Mid Western farms
3. Industrialization took hold
4. Hudson and Mohawk valleys became spine
- New York City became the financial heart and core of
the constellation of communities
Wrights Man
- one of the finest models of regional planning
- not officially adopted but recommendation realized
- led to formation of RPAA
Regional planning association of New York
Le Corbusier
- fused ideas of modern architecture and city form
Une Ville Contemporaine 1922
- traceable to Henards and Garniers ideas
- plan Voisin (neighborhood plan) 1925
- Chandigarh India, designed the entire city
- When Cathedrals were White 1947
- Concerning Town Planning 1948
- Lewis Mumford : critical of Le Corbusier
- helped organize the Congress International
dArchitecture Moderne (CIAM)
- conceived the CIAM grid : a graphic file system for
recording pertinent information in an urban study and
for explaining a plan
- CIAM grid four components:
1. work
2. circulation
3. residence
4. leisure
- MARS Group
: the English CIAM organization
: proposed a plan for rebuilding London
:16 finger corridors all connected by a major
circulation spine and encircling circulation group
Louis Kahn
- made important designs for central Philadelphia
Kenzo Tange
- plan for Tokyo
- circulation as determinant of urban form
- new Tokyo over Tokyo Bay, hung on bridges
Frank Llyod Wright
- followed Howard, Geddes and social reformer
- The Disappearing City published 1932
- Broadacres : every family ion an acre of land
- Marin County
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
- refers to activities concerned with the management and
development of lands, as well as the preservation, conservation,
and rehabilitation of the human environment
- Scope of practice:
1. Development of a community, town, city or region
2. Development of a site for a particular needs
- PD 1308: Environmental Planning Practice
(March 2, 1977)
PHYSICAL PLANNING
- shall mean the rational use of land for development purposes
- factors to study:
1. Land Use Planning
2. Planning Principles
3.
4.
5.
6.
Ecological Balance
Preservation / Conservation
Urban Land use Planning
Physical Infrastructure Development
SOCIAL PLANNING
- refers to those activities concerned with planning,
developments, and management of social services,
facilities required by specific population groups,
community, town, city, province, region or nation
- factors to study:
1. Demography
2. Education
3. Housing
4. Health Services
5. Protective Service
6. Sports and Recreation
ECONOMIC PLANNING
- refers to those activities concerned with uplifting the
quality of life and income levels of the population
through assessment of advantages from economic
activities in either agriculture, industry, tourism services,
etc.
- factors to study:
1. Commerce
2. Tourism
SYSTEMS PLANNING
- derived from the science of cybernetics : cybernetics was
identified by Norman Weiner in 1948, an American mathematician and
thinker
Three leading British exponents of cybernetics based
planning
- George Chadwick
- Alan Wilson
- Brian McLaughlin
COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING
- evolved from a physical planning model from the 1920s to
1930s as exemplified by British planner Patrick Geddes S-A-P
and Ebenezer Howards Garden City
- ceased to be the universal planning standard by 1970
GROWTH POLE / CENTER THEORY
- Francis Perroux : Growth Pole
- Boundaville (1966) : Growth Center
- Concept of Leading Industries
- Concept of Propulsive Firms
- Albert Hirshmann : polarization
- Gunmar Myrdal : Backwash and Spread effects
- Scale Economics
- Agglomeration Economies
CENTRAL POLE THEORY
- by Walter Christaller, 1933. Explains the size and function of
settlements and their relationship with their hinterlands
Planning Definitions
- Planning in general is a thinking and social
process. Intellectual thought process (thinking aspect)
as well as policies and actions (social aspect)
- Hierachy of Services
: hierarchical arrangement of centers and functions
based on services from low order to high order services
found only in major urban centers
- market range
- threshold population
: minimum population necessary to support a service
CORE PERIPHERY
- by John Friedmann, unbalanced growth to dualism :
North and South, growing points and lagging regions
- Dualistic economies
- Toffler : technological apartheid
DEPENDENCY THEORY
- development of first world derived from
undevelopment of third world neocolonialism
- advocated by latin American economist and planner
like Cesar Furtado
INDUSTRIAL LOCATION THEORY
- generally, an economic theory that attempts to
incorporate the location factor into the theory of the
firm and tries to explain the existing location and
changes in that structure
- least cost approach
- market area analysis
- profit maximizing approach
ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS (DOXIADIS)
Nature : natural physical environment
Man : an individual
Society : group of individuals
Shells : buildings
Networks : transportations, communications, etc.
HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
A hamlet : a neighborhood, a small village
A community : a town
A city : an urban area
A metropolis
A conurbation : a composition of cities, metropolises
and urban areas
CITY vs URBAN
City
- as defined by RA 7160, a minimum income of P20M, at least
10,000 has in land area or minimum population of 150,000, a
political or legal status granted by the government
Highly urbanized City
- at least 200,000 population and income of P50M or more
Component City
- population and income below those of highly urbanized city
Independent Component City
- a characterized city
Urban Area
- as defined by NSO, in their entirety, all cities and municipalities
with a density of at least 1000/sqkm
-exhibiting a street pattern or street network
INTERNAL SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CITIES
Concentric Zone Theory (Monocentric)
- by E.W. Burgess, a University of Chicago Sociologist, in 1925.
The city grows in a radial expansion from the center to form a
series of concentric zones or circles such as in Chicago
Sector Theory
- by Homer Hoyt, an economist in 1939. Hoyt
examined the spatial variations in household rent in
1942 American cities
Multiple Nuclei Theory (Polycentric)
- developed by two geographers Chauncy Harris and
Eduard Ullman in 1945. Cities tend to grow around not
one but several districts nuclei
Inverse Concentric Zone Theory
- the preceding three theories apply primarily to cities of
MDCs, particularly American. Many cities in the LCDs
follow somewhat different patterns : this is a reversal of
the concentric zone pattern
PLANNING ORGANIZATION
Regional Planning
- NEDA (National Economic Development Authority)
- NLUC (National Land Use Committee)
- RDC (Regional Development Council)
- PDC (Provincial development Council)
- PLUC (Provincial Land Use Committee)
- Sanggunihan Panlalawigan
Urban Planning
- HUDCC (housing and Urban Development Coordinating
Council)
- HLURB (Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board)
- RLUC (Regional Land Use Committee)
- M/CDC (Municipal / City Development Council)
- BDC (Barangay Development Council)
HLURB
- the planning regulatory and quasi-judicial instrumentality of
government for land use development
PLANNING
- the key to orderly and rational land development in any local
government unit
- example, a city or municipaltiy