Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MK Simulasi Komputer
Teknik Industri UII
@ 2013
J E R R Y BA N K S, E T. A L .
C H A P T E R 0 1 . I N T R O D U C T I O N T O S I M U L AT I O N
INTRODUCTION
A simulation is the imitation of a real-world process or system over
time.
The behaviour of a system as it evolve over time is studied by
developing a simulation model.
The model takes the form of a set of assumptions concerning the
operation of the system
Once developed and validated, a model can be used to investigate a
wide variety of what-if questions about the real system
06/11/2013
the imitation
2.
real-world process
3.
4.
The behaviour
5.
a set of assumptions
6.
developed
7.
Validated
8.
investigate
9.
what-if questions
06/11/2013
...CONTINUED
Simulation can be used as a pedagogical device to reinforce analytic
solution methodologies
Simulation can be used to experiment with new designs or policies
prior to implementation, so as to prepare for what may happen
Simulation can be used to verivy analytical solutions
By simulating different capabilities for a machine, requirements can
be determined
...CONTINUED
Simulation models designed for training allow learning without the cost
and disruption of on-the-job training
Animation shows a system in simulated operation so that the plan can
be visualized
The modern system is so complex that the interactions can be treated
only thourgh simulation
06/11/2013
2.
3.
4.
5.
...CONTINUED
6.
7.
8.
If no personel nor time are not avalilable to varify & validate the
model
9.
06/11/2013
ADVANTAGES
New policies, operating procedures, decision rules, information flows,
organizational procedures, and so on can be explored without
disrupting ongoing operations of the real system
New hardware designs, physical layouts, transportation systems, and
so on, can be tested without commiting resources for their acquisition
Hypotheses about how or why certain phenomena occur can be tested
fo feasibility
Time can be compressed or expanded allowing for speedup or
slowdown of the phenomena under investigation
...CONTINUED
Insight about the interaction of variables or the importance of
variables on performance of the system
Bottleneck analysis can be performed indicating where processes are
being delayed
What if? questions can be answered particularly for a new system
06/11/2013
DISADVANTAGES
Expensive
Extensive time needed
Lack of experienced personnel
Model building requires special training and experience
Results may be difficult to interpret
Time consuming and expensive
Use of simulation when analytical models are available and
preferable, particularly for closed-form models
AREAS OF APPLICATION
Manufacturing, Semiconductor Mfg.
Construction & Project Management
Military
Logistics, Supply Chain, Distribution
Transportation & Traffic
Business Processes
Health Care
06/11/2013
SYSTEM
A set of inputs which pass through certain processes to produce
outputs
A set of related components which work together toward a given goal
A group of objects joined in regular interactions or interdependence
for the accomplishment of some purpose
06/11/2013
SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT
World in which the system exists
System is affected by elements outside the system the system
environment
Boundary line between the system & its environment
Decision on boundary is dependent upon simulation purpose
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Consists of objects called ENTITIES
Entities have a set of properties called ATTRIBUTES that describe them
There exist interactions called ACTIVITIES and or EVENTS that occur
between the entities that cause them to change
The STATE OF A SYSTEM is a snapshot of the system at a given time
i.e. variables necessary to describe system
The model starts in its INITIAL STATE
06/11/2013
: Banking
Entities
: Costumer
Attribute
Activities
: Making deposits
Events
: Arrival; Departure
State variable
06/11/2013
...CONTINUED
Production
Inventory
Try to identify!
10
06/11/2013
CLASSIFICATIONS OF SYSTEMS
Static (Monte Carlo) vs. Dynamic
Deterministic vs. Stochastic
Continuous vs. Discrete
D: state vars. change at discrete points in time
C: state vars. change continuously over time
Simulate
Stochastic - Dynamic - Discrete or Continuous
11
06/11/2013
MODEL
The representation of an object in some form
other than the form of the object itself, usually for
the purpose of study or experimentation
Why Model???
1. training or instruction
2. to aid thought
3. to aid communication
4. prediction
5. experimentation
6. ** to aid decision making process
CLASSIFICATION OF MODELS
Physical: an actual representation
Schematic: a pictorial representation
Descriptive: a verbal description
Mathematical: components are described mathematically, in the form
of equations
Heuristics: descriptive model based on rules; algorithmic; - computer
based
12
06/11/2013
STEPS IN A
SIMULATION STUDY
13
06/11/2013
Problem Formulation
a.
2.
Questions to be answered
Is simulation appropriate?
Methods, alternatives
Allocation of resources
...CONTINUED
3.
Model Conceptualization
a.
b.
c.
d.
4.
Requires experience
Begin simple and add complexity
Capture essence of system
Involve the user
Data Collection
a.
b.
14
06/11/2013
...CONTINUED
5.
Model translation
a.
b.
6.
Verification
a.
7.
Computer form
general purpose vs. special purpose lang.
Does the program represent model and run properly? Common sense
Validated?
a.
b.
...CONTINUED
8.
Experimental Design
a.
b.
9.
10.
More Runs?
15
06/11/2013
...CONTINUED
11.
12.
Implementation
Project leadership
Modeling
Programming
Knowledge of modeled system
16
06/11/2013
...CONTINUED
6. Using the wrong computer language
7. Obsolete or Nonexistent Documentation
8. Using an unverified model
9. Failure to use modern tools and techniques to manage the
development of a large complex computer program
10. Using Mysterious Results
ANY QUESTIONS?
17