FullText - PDF Thesis Energy Audit China

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Author(s)
Energy audit for building energy conservation
Li, Ka-ming.; .
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1995
http://hdl.handle.net/10722/37223
The author retains all proprietary rights, (such as patent

rights) and the right to use in future works.
T H E UNIVERSITY O F H O N G K O N G
T H E C E N T R E O F U R B A N PLANNING &
ENVIRONMENTAL M A N A G E M E N T
Master of Science in Environmental Management

(1994
- 1995)
Dissertation
Energy Auditfor
Building Energy Conservation
Prepared by
Student No.
Date
First Advisor
Second Advisor
L i K a Ming
9392010
15 September 1995
Dr. Alan Dunn
(Senior LecturerDepartment of Mechanical
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering)
Professor Peter Hills
(DirectorCenter of Urban Planning and
Environmental Management, Faculty of Science)
DISCLOSURE STATEMENT
This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the Master of Science Degree in Environmental Management from The
University of Hong Kong.
This dissertation represents the author's own work conducted for the
purposes of this programme. A l l significant data or analysis used i n this
dissertation which draws extensively on other sources including work
the author has carried-out for purposes other than for this programme -has clearly been identified as such.
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
iv
INTRODUCTION
1-1
ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN HONG KONG

AND ASSOCIATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS
2-1
2.1
BUILDING ENERGY CONSERVATION

- H O N G KONG SITUATION
2-3
2.2
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION
2-4
ENERGY POLICY IN HONG KONG
3-1
3.1
INTRODUCTION
3-1
3.2
ENERGY CONSERVATION POLICY IN HONG KONG
3-2
3.3
LEGISLATION
3-4
3.4
ECONOMIC MEASURES
3-8
3.5
PUBLICITY A N D EDUCATION
3-11
3.6
ENERGY RATING A N D LABELLING
3-12
BUILDING ENERGY AUDIT - C A S E STUDIES
4-1
4.1
BUILDING DESCRIPTION
4-1
4.2
BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
4-3
SURVEYING THE BUILDING
5-1
5.1
SITE SURVEY A N D DATA COLLECTION
5-1
5.2
ENERGY CONSUMPTION EQUIPMENT
5-2
5.3
OPERATING SCHEDULE OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION

EQUIPMENT
5-2
ENERGY AUDIT
6-1
6.1
INTRODUCTION
6-1
6.2
UTILITY CHARGES
6-1
6.3
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION BREAKDOWN
6-2
6.4
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION PROFILE
6-4
6.5
AIR-CONDITIONING COOLING LOAD PROFILE
6-7
ANALYSIS O F T H E EXISTING BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS
7-1
7.1
INTRODUCTION
7-1
7.2
CENTRAL REFRIGERATION PLANT AND CHILLED

WATER SYSTEM
7-1
7.3
VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
7-2
7.4
ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND LIGHTING SYSTEM
7-4
7.5
PLUMBING SYSTEM
7-6
7.6
BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
7-6
QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY
8-1
8.1
INTRODUCTION
8-1
8.2
QUESTIONNAIRE
8-2
8.3
RESULT OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE
8-5
ENERGY CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIES
9-1
9.1
INTRODUCTION
9-1
9.2
CENTRAL REFRIGERATION PLANT AND CHILLED

WATER SYSTEM
9-2
9.3
VENTILATION A N D AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
9-5
9.4
9-10
9.5
LIFTS INSTALLATION
9-15
9.6
BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS)
9-17
BENEFITS FROM AUDITING AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
10-1
10.1
INTRODUCTION
10-1
10.2
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
10-2
10.3
BENEFITS FROM AUDITING A N D ENERGY

CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIES EVALUATION
10-4
11.
CONSTRAINTS AND IMPLEMENTATION FOR AUDITING
11-1
11.1
INTRODUCTION
11-1
11.2
CONSTRAINTS FOR AUDITING
11-1
11.3
IMPLEMENTATION
11-5
12.
CONCLUSIONS
12-1
13.
REFERENCES
13-1
APPENDIX A
QUESTIONNAIRE (ENERGY AUDIT & SURVEY)
A-1
APPENDIX B
DESIGN CRITERIA O F BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEM
B-l
ABSTRACT
A significant proportion of the total energy in a developed country is

consumed by its building stock.
Usually, the energy consumed in building is
electricity and actually delivered to and used in the building for the purpose of
controlling the environment and meeting the general needs of its occupants, much of
which is for air-conditioning.
Energy conservation has been a major international issue since the first oil
crisis in 1973.
The local and global environmental threat caused by polluting
emissions from the fossil fuel combustion for electricity generation has become a
most concerned aspect regarding the effective and efficient use of energy recently. As
a resultenergy efficiency will ultimately rise under environmental pressures and
energy conservation measures are the effectives method to protect our environment.
Before, implementing any energy conservation measuresan energy audit must be
carried out in order to find out the energy use pattern and identify the energy
consumption equipment for a building.
This paper highlights the environmental implication of electricity generation

and have a general review of the energy policy and situation at Hong Kong. Alsothe
paper illustrate how money is being saved by implementing a case study in building
energy audit.
Introduction
1.
INTRODUCTION
The link between environment and energy consumption has attracted

increasing global attention. In Hong Kongelectricity is one of the most
important form of energy sources in our daily life and also contributes to
environmental pollution.
Carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and particulate
emissions resulting from the burning of fossil fuel during the process of
electricity generation contribute to the greenhouse effect, global warming,
climatic change and other ecological impacts.
Because of the much publicized problems of global warming and

ozone layer depletionpeople have become more conscious of the enviromnent
and there has been a growing concern about energy consumption in Hong
Kong and its environmental implications . I n Hong Kong, with an expanding
economy and a rapid increase has been in living standards, there has been an
increase in electricity consumption over the past 10 year period (1979-1989)pl
Alsothe most significant proportion of the electricity is used for airconditioning in buildingsC3].
As people became more conscious not only of the quantity of energy

we utilize but also the need to know in which areas of our society that energy
is utilized, the concept of auditing energy usage became established. Energy
audit is a systematic approach to help a building owner to identify how energy
Introduction
is being used or wasted in the building and hence to devise suitable energy
conservation measures to cut energy wastage.
Building energy audits are not being fully utilized in Hong Kong. The
auditing method may not delivering the useful information to the customer
needs to make energy efficiency improvements, and usually do not employ
follow-up monitoring or feedback procedures needed to track the intended
results'-5^
The traditional energy audit of a building is a complex task
requiring the services of building professionals from diverse fields including

mechanicalelectrical, lighting and plumbing engineers, electronic specialists,
environmental specialists, architects and others. Prices for building energy
audits can vary dramaticallydepending on the complexity of the building
level of detail and extent of the analysis performed.
This paper will take the Ho Sin-Hang Engineering Building of the

Chinese University of Hong Kong as an audit sample. The next two sections
will give a brief description of the Engineering Building (audit building) and
the building services system provided. The corresponding operation record of
major energy using equipment such as chiller, pump, fan, lightinglift and
escalator etc. during the audit period to be collected.
However, the
Engineering Building is a recently built building without a completely

organized past operation record. Therefore, the data collection period is from
September 1993 until December 1994.
1-2
Introduction
In Section 2a brief literature review of energy consumption situation

in Hong Kong and the associated environmental implications will be
discussed.
Section 3 proposes and recommends some energy policy and
building energy conservation strategy to be implemented in Hong Kong.
Starting from Section 4a building energy audit - case studies survey is

carried out to discuss the approach and procedures for building energy audit.
In Section 5 and 6a brief analysis of the historical energy use data will be
discussed by analyzing the energy consumption data obtained from the
building management system through a personal computer. All data collected
will be consolidated and transformed to appropriate figures so as to represent a
full picture of energy use status of the building studied.
Based on the energy useage pattern provided in Section 7 and

questionnaire survey result in Section 8a detailed analysis will be carried out
to identify areas where energy management opportunity exists. Section 9 will
be the focal point of the whole energy audit and study exercise. This section
will evaluate how much energy and money that can be saved. A financial
analysis will then be carried out to evaluate the investment and the
corresponding savings of the energy management opportunity identified.
Section 12 will present the conclusion of this dissertation.
Introduction
In Hong Kong, with continuously expansion and development in

tertiary education, many institutional high rise buildings are being built. Also
energy use intensity in institutional buildings continues to grow, the electricity
tariff
accounted for a large proportion of the general expense[4l
Many
educational institutional buildings are publicly supported with tax money, they
are also subjected to scrutiny for operating expenses as well as capital
expenses. Before, formulating and/or implementing any energy conservation
measures, an energy audit must be carried out first in order to reveal the
energy use pattern for a building.
Energy Consumption in Hong Kong and

Associated Environmental Implications
2.
ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
IN
HONG
KONG
AND
A S S O C I A T E D ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS
The energy most widely consumed by buildings in Hong Kong is

electricity which is produced by burning imported coal. Hong Kong has no
natural energy resource and has depended on imported oil and coal to meet its
energy requirements. Electricity consumption in Hong Kong has increased
dramatically in recent yearsout of all proportion to population growth. The
ten years from 1979 to 1988 saw a 113% increase in electricity consumption,
yet the population grew by only 20% p l
Electricity generated by the two power companies, The Hong Kong

Electric Co. and The China Light & Power Co. Ltd.accounts for by far the
largest proportion of fossil fuels consumed in Hong Kong, at 67% of the total
primary energy consumption1-611.
There is currently a total 9,000 MW of
installed generating capacity operated by the two power companies; HKE and
CLP.
A major proportion of the electricity consumed in the territory is in

commercial buildings (about 50%) and in residential buildings (about 23%)t7l
About 350,000 tonnes of coal are needed to meet the territory's demand over a
fortnight in winter and a good deal more than that in summer when airconditioning requirements reach their peak[8l
A detail breakdown of the
2-1

energy consumption by the end-user in Hong Kong (1993) shown in Table 2.1
and Figure 2.1.
End user
Energy Source
Commercial
Commercial
Industrial
Industrial
Domestic
Domestic
Motor Vehicles
Motor Vehicles
Electricity
Town Gas, LPG, Oil
Electricity
Town Gas, LPG, Oil
Electricity
Town GasLPGOil
Diesel
Petrol
Percentage of Total Primary

Energy Consumption (%)
31.5
7.1
20.8
1L4
14.1
4.7
7.3
3.0
Table 2.1 Energy Consumption by End-user in Hong Kong. 1993[6
F i g u r e 2 . 1 E n e r g y C o n s u m p t i o n b y E n d - U s e r in H o n g
K o n g (1993)
Electricity
Commercial
Town g a s LPG oil

Commercial
31 5%
7 1%
Domestic
Domestic
4 7%
141%

2.1
BUILDING ENERGY CONSERVATION - HONG KONG SITUATION
The building managers of Hong Kong's tenanted commercial buildings

typically charge their tenants for air-conditioning, lifts and escalators on a
superficial area basis which at best reflects a proportion of the building's total
consumption and makes no attempt at representing the actual consumption by
a given user. In leased accommodationtherefore, the only incentive that
building managers have to conserve energy is to ensure that their expenditure
on that item is adequately covered by the present rates charged to their tenants.
If tenants consume less they are in most cases still expected to pay in
accordance with the same flat rate. There is also, therefore, little incentive for
users of leased commercial accommodation to converse energyC8l
According to Mr. Ron Cooksona of consulting engineers Ove Arup &

Partnersas far as owner-occupied buildings are concerned, managers and
users in Hong Kong have traditionally disregarded energy as a major item in
their overall budget. This has been partly due to the relatively low cost of
electricity, and partly due to the lack of awareness of the scale of cost savings
that energy management in buildings can yield.
Mr. Ron Cookson, Director of the Ove Amp and Partners Hong Kong Limited

We have in Hong Kong, therefore, a situation in which electricitythe

major form of energy supply to buildings, is perceived as a commodity rather
than as a non-renewable resource because the power companies, the designers
of new buildings, the managers of existing buildings and the users of
buildings, have little incentive and no statutory obligation to conserve it.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS
Growing environmental awareness and concern can be expected to

highlight the importance of energy efficiency and conservation. The local and
global environmental threat caused by polluting emissions from the fossil fuel
combustion has become more concerned in effective and efficient use of
energy recently. As resultenergy efficiency will ultimately rise under
environmental pressures.
There are many environmental implications which arise directly and

indirectly from the use of fossil fuels to generate energy. The build-up of
carbon dioxide in the upper atmosphere to aggravate the green house effect.
Emission of the products of complete or incomplete combustion of fossil fuels
which may have adverse effect on human health, such as lung disease and
cancer, and also damage the building fabric.

Power generation involves the use of natural resourcesbe it oil, gas or

coal, whose supply is being depleted rapidly by human consumption. At the
same timepower generation creates pollution which is severely affecting the
environment.
All of the energy raw materialscoal is the worst in terms of carbon

dioxide emission, a major factor responsible for adverse changes in the global
climate. In general, combustion of coal emits 40% more carbon dioxide than
natural gas[9l
Taking the energy-use patterns as it stands at present, and considering

the most readily quantifiable implication, which is the burden of polluting
emissions to the atmosphere arising from the combustion of fossil fuels in
stationary and mobile sources, the quantities emitted in Hong Kong during
1992[10] are as shown in Table 2.2.
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Quantity
Tonnes/Year
25,000,000
72,000
Sulphur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
350,000
120,000
Particulates
13,000
Selenium, vanadium,
radon etc.
Trace quantities
Pollutant
Potential Environmental
Implication
Global warming
Toxic, Adverse cardiovascular
effects
Adverse effects on the lungs; acid
rain; visibility; degradation of
materials
Adverse effects on the lungs;
visibility
Various
Table 2.2 Total Emissions of Air Pollutants from Combustion

of Fossil Fuel in Hong Kong. 1992[10]

The quantities shown in the above table are total amounts of pollutants
emitted and as such represent simple a potential for adverse environmental
effects. The degree to which this potential is turned into actual damage to
health or to ecosystems depends on a wide range of factors.
For example, the exposure of communities to excessive levels of

sulphur and nitrogen oxides can be reducedwithout reducing actual emissions
of these pollutants, by discharging the products of combustion through very
tall chimneys located remote from urban areas.
2.2.1 Green H o u s e Effect
Carbon dioxideC02 is an inevitable product of burning fossil fuels,

most intense from coal and least from natural gas. This extra carbon dioxide is
to be considered as a pollutant when emitted, since it increases the natural
carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere and eventually will cause climatic
changes, and rises of sea level through increasing greenhouse effect [9 l

2.2.2 Ozone Depletion
Another environmental problem associated with electric equipment is

the leakage of CFC-gases. The CFC-gases presently used for insulation foam
and as a refrigerant in air-conditioners, refrigerators and heat pumps. These
synthetic gases have a damaging effect on the ozone layer in the atmosphere,
as well as they contribute to the greenhouse effect^12].
2.2.3 Solid Waste Problem
The most concern regarding solid waste from fossil fuel plants centers
on coal.
A readily quantifiable environmental implication of electricity
generation is the production of pulverized ash (PFA) and furnace bottom ash
(FBA)from the combustion of coal in the power stations.The magnitude of
the amounts involved will increase with increased use of coal. Disposal of
large amounts of solid waste often creates a space problem which might be
aggravated i f fossil fuel combustion residues are classified as hazardous.
However, certain types of solid waste without adverse effect from radon gas
emission may be utilized for road building and construction. And the most
effective method is disposing the PFA in PFA lagoons.

2.2.5 Water Use and Pollution Problems
Water use in power generation plants occurs primarily as cooling tower

evaporative losses, although additional uses occur in pollution control
equipment like electrostatic precipitators and flue gas treatment plants. When
plants are located in water-poor areassignificant amounts of water recycling
must be designed into the plant.
2.2.6 Land U s e Problems
Sizes of actual power plant sites, even for a given fuel type, vary over
considerable range and depend upon factors such as individual utility design
specifications, land costs (which can affect design), on-site versus off-site
waste disposal, if any, plant location, and the installed capacity. Their siting is
often constrained by their impact on or availability of these resources.
2.2.4 Other Environmental Impacts
Energy consumption and energy technologies cause many other

environmental impacts. Sulphur dioxide, S 0 2 and various nitrogen oxides,
NO x are some of the most discussed pollutants due to their damaging effect on
forestshuman health and buildings. But also the emission of radioactive

pollutant, heavy metals, and certain toxic hydrocarbons are associated with
energy production. Even i f these pollutants can be cleaned at the chimney
stackthey still constitute a problem as a waste to be deposited somewhere.
Energy Policy in Hong Kong
E N E R G Y P O L I C Y IN H O N G K O N G
INTRODUCTION
In twentieth centuryenergy production has been based primarily on

the fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. When fossil fuels are produced and
burnt, they release greenhouse gases which are responsible for global
warming. Moreover coal is the worst emitter of the principal greenhouse
gases, C02per unit of energy stored. The two uses of fossil fuels which
produce the greatest C 0 2 emissions are electricity generation and transport.
The production, transport and use of the available types of energy give rise to
many different forms of environmental damage1.
Atmospheric pollution caused principally by fossil fuel use has both a

local and regional and possibility global impact.
The effects on health,
vegetation and materials of sulphur dioxideNOx and particulate are well

documented.
The risk and reality of environmental degradation have become more

apparent.
Growing evidence of environmental problems is due to a
combination of factors. Over the last 20-30 years, the environmental impact of
human activities has grown dramatically due to the sheer increase of world
population, consumption and industrial activity[12].
Nevertheless
as
environmental
regulations
become
more
comprehensive and more stringent, environmental aspects of energy activities

(e.g. prevention, control, and damage repair) have an increasing share in the
overall investment and operational costs. Environmental and safety measures
can have weighty implications for total electricity generation costs
particularly in countries in which the generation mix has a high share of coal
and/or nuclear energy.
Thus, the scope and magnitude of some of the
problems still requiring solution leads to the conclusion that careful structuring
of future response will be necessary to achieve energy security in an
environmentally sensitive maimer[12].
It will be particularly important to
examine the full environmental impactson a full cycles basis, of all policy or
strategy options.
ENERGY CONSERVATION POLICY IN HONG KONG
Hong Kong is a net importer of fuels and energy sources. It does not
have any indigenous energy resources, nor will it have in the future. A review
of the growth in energy demand in the past decades will indicate a clear and
indispensable case for energy conservation, particularly in the commercial
sector. It is well known that our earth has limited nature resources for energy
production, rapid growth in energy demand will exhaust the nature resources
without adequate time for recovery.
production, rapid growth in energy demand will exhaust the nature resources
without adequate time for recovery.
Basically, Hong Kong does not has any energy policy or government
department to be involved in the energy management. Therefore, Hong Kong
is lacking of regulation and financial incentive to initiate people to conserve
energy. Energy conservation issue in Hong Kong has received little attention
compared with other more visible problems (e.g. water and air pollution). The
first and perhaps the greatest obstacle to energy conservation is its
insubstantial nature. It has not instantaneous benefits, they are only a promise
in the future. The second great obstacle is its diversity and the third is its
decentralized nature[13l The parameters that influence energy efficiency are
many and various.
The wide dispersion of energy-consuming equipment
makes it difficult for centralized decisions or policies to be effective.
The fourth great obstacle to energy conservation is that energy costs

rarely dominate over other costs and benefits from improved energy
efficiency, it may not be justified in isolation but may depend on some
associated long term benefits3]. These obstacles give rise to many detailed
problems that present barriers to energy conservation. Generally speaking,
there is lack of a comprehensive energy and strategy policy in Hong Kong. In
1991, the Energy Efficiency Advisory Committee was set up to give advice to
people on energy conservation measures.
concerned with safeguarding public health and safety, and unless a particular
client makes a point of seeking an energy efficient buildinghis building
consultants have no direct incentive to promote it in their design.
LEGISLATION
Realistic energy targets in terms of energy consumption (e.g. kWh) per

square meter of usable floor area per yearand means to achieve these targets
should be established. Actual targets will vary according to building types,
locations and activities. In Hong Kong, there is no particular regulation to
govern the energy usage and design of building and building services system
concerning about the energy conservation.
The Hong Kong approach to efficient energy use has been begun with
the adoption of some very high standards of building fabric and building
services design but a lack of central government policy and of performance
monitoring of the energy usage of the building1-14-1.
The Hong Kong
Government does not has any design criteria or code of practice for energy
conservation measures and approaches, Architects and Engineers may difficult
to follow and did their jobs on a case by case basis.
Moreoverthe
government does not has any long term program for performance monitoring
of the building to establish some reference guide lines.
Generallythe Building Regulations of Hong Kong are only concerned

with safety and public health. There is no special clauses to care about the
energy conservation in building.
assessment
of
building
energy
Most likely, the general guidelines for

conservation
required
complicated
mathematical modeling and computer simulation technique. Building energy

simulation is a combination of sciences, which involved a large number of
building variables and uncertainties in weather date and user behavior.
Therefore, it is difficult to find a general regulations or rules to govern the
overall thermal performance of the building envelop as well as building energy
conservation. Therefore, it is necessary to establish some kinds of legislation
or minimum standards for energy efficiency in new building design.
In terms of regulations, there are at least two approaches. The first is

to impose quotas which limit the amount of energy used per square meter of a
building. The second approach and one which the Hong Kong Government is
presently consideringplace limitssuch as Singapore's OTTVon the amount
of energy that flows through the building fabric. As a first step towards
encouraging
more
efficient building
designthe
Government
has
commissioned a consultancy study on energy conservation in buildings, with

the focus on the Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) approach1-141.
Fortunately, Hong Kong Government has confirmed an intention that

buildings in Hong Kong should be constructed in an energy efficient maimer.
The first step towards Energy Conservation will result eventually in the
availability of a Code of Practice for the Calculation of Overall Thermal
Transmittance Value (OTTV). While it is recognized that OTTV plays only a
part in the energy characteristics of a building, it does carry a clear statement
since the control of OTTV can be underlined by regulation.
Clearlythis should be considered only an initial step in the right

direction. Total Energy Management must be the ultimate aim for buildings
both at the design and later the facility management stage.
3.3.1 Overall Thermal Transmittance Value (OTTV)
The concept of OTTV is the solar heat gain through building envelop
constitutes a substantial share of heat load in a building which will have to be
eventually absorbed by the air-conditioning system at the expense of energy
input.
The OTTV requirement, which applies only to air-conditioned
buildings, is aimed at achieving the design of adequately insulated building

envelope so as to cut down external heat gain and hence reduce the cooling
load of the air-conditioning system[15l
The OTTV concept takes into consideration the 3 basic elements of

heat gain through the external walls of a building"617]viz.:
a)
heat conduction through opaque walls
b)
heat conduction through glass windows
c)
solar radiation through glass windows
These three elements of heat input are averaged out over the whole
envelop area of the building to give an overall thermal transfer value in short.
This concept, in essence, helps to preserve a certain degree of flexibility in
design. In Singapore, there are strict regulations stipulating the maximum
Overall Thermal Transmittance Value (OTTV) of building envelopsand also
lighting levels in building of various categories.
Since 1979Singapore
Government has introduced the Building Control (Space, Lighting and

Ventilation) Regulation and set a maximum OTTV of 45W/m2 [18 ' 19 l
In Hong Kong, in order to set an acceptable criteria for overall thermal

transfer value (OTTV) to control the thermal envelop of the new building
designarchitects and engineers may work together to advise their clients, so
as to promote more energy efficient design than that required by legislation.
As an initiative, the Hong Kong Government may take this factor into
consideration during design and construction of new building project as
example to promote the public to pay much more attention towards achieving
realistic energy targets for the design of a new building and its services
system.
3.3.2 Building Regulation - Plot Ratio
Concern for the plot ratio, which directly affects the amount of rent or
profit learn from the building, means that a developer will always be keen to
avoid sacrificing valuable space to energy-efficient designs. A change in
regulations related to plot ratio could also bring enormous benefits to the
design of energy-efficient buildings[20l
For example, i f solar shading was not counted as part of the floor area,
developers would be more receptive to architects' proposals to provide
shading to reduce solar gains.
3.4
ECONOMIC MEASURES
Economic measures have commonly been used by countries to

reinforce regulations under environmental protection and energy conservation
policy. The most commonly adopted measures are taxes and subsidies.
3 A 1 Taxation Schemes
Government can change the relative cost of consumption or corporate

behavior through taxation schemes. Whether initially levied on production
and consumption, taxes will raise the costs of production and induce less
production of the taxed product. They will also raise the prices and induce
less consumption of the taxed product. By reducing the income available to
consumers, an increase in taxes also tends to reduce personal consumption
levels. Because of these price and income effects, taxation can induce more
efficient use of energy[21l
As the energy prices increase, people will reduce their consumption on

that particular energy sources to achieve energy conservation, and the
alternative energy sources, once considered too costly, would
become
economically non-competitive.
3.4.2 Subsidies
Subsidies are direct or indirect payments to an individual, or to a class

of producers or corisumersgiving them a financial incentive to produce or
purchase, respectively, some good or service. Subsidies are generally given to
producers as compensation if their costs are higher than profits under
prevailing market pricesor in order to obtain some activity or additional

production that, for some reason, is deemed a policy priority. Financial and
economic incentives in the form of grants and soft loan can improve the
financial attractiveness for energy conservation measures such as insulation
and other energy saving modification for building and introduce new
technologies into the market.
Consumer subsidies are generally given to induce certain behavior,

such as the installation of more energy efficient equipment. Say for instance,
the government can encourage people to use and buy the more energy efficient
equipment or products with special price offers to the consumers than other
traditional equipment without energy saving devices.
Subsidies may also include government funded research and

development (R & D) work and subsidies for demonstration projects and
commercial introduction of emerging technologies. In this context it is worth
highlighting that subsidies can be used to capture positive externalities, that is
benefits to society which result from some productive process but are not
necessarily reflected in the producer's cost and pricing structure. In such
cases, increased production activity as induced by a subsidy can indeed be
efficient and will tend to be socially optimal.
PUBLICITY AND EDUCATION
Better information on environmental characteristics of consumer goods

and better communication of environmental objectives to industry and the
public could help stimulate voluntary actions which would be of benefit to
both environment and energy security.
This general principle is also
applicable to the building energy conservation. Moreover, the need for the
public to know how much is already being done or under way to protect the
environment as well as energy security are also important factors in energy
conservation.
In recent years, the younger generation of Hong Kong people are much
more aware about the energy conservation.
This is truly depend on the
government and other non-profit making organizations to encourage people to

consume energy in efficient manners.
Publicity campaignsfunction and
activities arranged by the government give information to citizens regarding

the energy conservation to protect our environment. The publicity should
focus on everyday situations, such as user control of lighting, air-conditioning
and so on [14 l
Awareness of the need to be energy conscious and kind to our

environment should be created through the education system. The concept of
energy saving and environmental conservation should be introduced to the
children from their secondary and primary school studies.
For those
undergraduate and postgraduate courses which are related to the building

design or environmental engineering, the courses scheme shall be incorporated
with relevant material to cover the field of environmental management and
energy conservation to the new building design.
Furthermore, continuous
professional development courses and seminars should be arranged for the

professional working in building construction.
ENERGY RATING AND LABELLING
Performance (in terms of energy consumption) of major electrical

appliances (e.g. refrigerators and self-contained air-conditioners) should be
rated and labelled accordingly. The electrical appliances or equipment shall be
provided with detail information about their energy consumption data.
Therefore, the consumer can choose the electrical appliance or equipment
which consume less energy to save more money. This will make the general
public aware of the energy consumption implications of their choice.
similar scheme has been successfully promoted by the Department of Industry,

Trade and Resources in VictoriaAustralia4]. In Hong Konga working party
consisting of the Consumer Councilmanufacturers and suppliers could be
formed to carry out a feasibility study.
Building Energy Audit

-Case Studies
BUILDING E N E R G Y AUDIT - C A S E STUDIES
Energy issues have typically attracted very little attention in Hong

Kong. Between 1979 and 1988Hong Kong's primary energy requirements
increased by 113%, per capita consumption of energy by 82% and Gross
Domestic Product by 104%[26]. Therefore, a huge amount of Hong Kong
people's income were spent to improve their living standard and maintain a
comfort living or working environment, such asinstallation of airconditioning system. It is well known that environmental pollution become
more worst as people consume more energy. Consequently, energy saving and
conservation is the major concerns in the recent years for environmental
protection1^7].
Beforeformulating and/or implementing any energy conservation

measures, an energy audit must be carried out first in order to reveal the
energy use pattern for a building. An energy audit is a systematic approach to
identify how the energy is being used and wastedand to devise suitable
energy conservation measures to cut the energy wastage.
BUILDING DESCRIPTION
The Ho Sin-Hang Engineering Building is an eleven storey high building

with 19152 m 2 gross floor area built in the campus of the Chinese University of

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Hong Kong.
It is designed to support both undergraduate courses and
postgraduate research activities of the four engineering departments in the

University.
The ground floor of the building mainly comprises plant rooms such as
the transformer room, switch room, generator roomfuel tank room, transfer
water tank and pump room. In addition it also houses the main entrance lobby
as well as two laboratories which involve heavy equipment. The sprinkler tank
and pump room is provided under the transfer water tank and pump room in the
form of a small basement. The building is linked to the adjacent Lady Shaw
Building at level 5 by an open air link bridge.
The common facilities for all the engineering departments such as

auditorium, classrooms, reading room, staff common rooms, student union and
the faculty office are all located on level 5 and 6. The laboratories, seminar
roomslecturer's offices and departmental offices are distributed in the
remaining floors on departmental basis.
The roof is accessible from the lower floor by all four staircases. The
fresh and flush water tanks, fire services water tank and pump roomlift machine
roomschilled water pump room and air cooled chillers are all located on the
roof.

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The site plan and photograph of the Engineering Building are shown in
the Figure 4.1 and Photo 4.1 respectively.
4.2
BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION
4.2.1 Central Refrigeration Plant and Chilled Water System
A closed loop two pipe chilled water system is provided to supply

chilled water to the air handling units and fan coil units located in various
parts of the building. The chilled water system is comprised of 4 nos. of air
cooled package water chillers (200 TR each) located on the roof and 5 nos. of
chilled water pump (CWP1-5) including 1 no. as standby is interlocked with
the four water chillers.
A 2-way modulating by-pass valve is installed between the common

chilled water supply and return headers which is sized to bypass a chilled
water flow rate corresponding to 100% of one chiller flow at the fully open
position of the valve. The by-pass valve is controlled by a differential pressure
controller to maintain a constant pressure difference across the main chilled
water supply and return headers and hence result in constant chilled water flow
through each chiller. The schematic diagram for the main plant is shown in
the Figure 4.2.

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A!P COOLED
CH!LI_FRS
CHILLED
WATER
PUVIPS
P R L S S L
CONTROL
H O W M L_ P
TEN/P
SENSOR
^
L,
1 L J
L
C - I L L ED
VVAÊP
RISER
EF? RS^R
C H L ED
T
WA~ER
RISER
C H L.ED WATER
RISER
F I G U R E 4 . 2 C H I L L E D W A T E R SCHEMATIC
4.2.2 Air-Conditioning System
Offices and Laboratories
The offices and laboratories are air-conditioned by chilled water fan

coil units. Each room is provided with a room thermostat and a three speed
switch. Pre-treated fresh air are supplied to the offices area by two primary air
handling units on roof via two vertical primary air ducts located next to the

-Case Studies
two staircases in this zone. For the laboratories, pre-treated fresh air are
supplied by individual primary air handling units on a floor by floor basis.
This arrangement enables each room to have individual control of the airconditioning system.
Auditorium
The auditorium at level 5 is served by the constant volume air handling

unit located in the plant room on the same floor. The air handling unit is
comprised of a supply air fana return air fan, cooling coilelectric air heater,
filter, mixing boxfresh air damper and exhaust air damper. Conditioned air is
distributed via supply air diffusers at ceiling level.
Return air is drawn
through the two return air grilles mounted near the stage.
4.2.3 Mechanical Ventilation
Toilet Ventilation
All toilets are mechanically ventilated by exhaust fans with make up

air drawn from adjacent space via door louvers. Exhaust fans are interlocked
with the lighting switches serving the same area.

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Special Extraction for Laboratory
Special extract ductwork is installed to connect the fume cupboards

and laboratory equipment.
The ductwork are constructed of UPVC. The
ductwork inside the laboratories including final connections to equipment and

the ductwork inside the roof plant rooms including the extraction fans.
4.2.4 Electrical Systems
Electricity Supply and Distribution
Two nos. 1500 k V A transformer provided by the China Light and

Power Co. are installed at the ground floor transformer room to provide
electricity supply to the whole building. A main L V switchroom located
adjacent to the transformer room to house the main L V distribution
switchboard for the building. Supply voltage is 380/220V 3 phase50 Hz.
The power supply distribution system included the followings:

(1)
Power supply for general lighting and power.
(2)
Power supply to lifts.
(3)
Power supply for ventilation and air-conditioning system.
Building Energy A udit

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(4)
Power supply for fire services installation.
(5)
Power supply for plumbing and sump pump system.
(6)
Power supply for laboratory.
Lighting and Dimming System
In general, energy saving fluorescent fittings are installed for the

whole building. About 15% lighting circuits for the public areas are backed up
by the emergency generator power supply.
The auditorium and conference room are provided with both

fluorescent and incandescent lighting. The latter are provided with dimming
facility with lighting switches to control the lighting level of the incandescent
down lights according to the need of the activity and the fluorescent luminaries
to be switched off during dimming.
4.2.5 Lifts Installation
A total of 3 lifts are designed to serve this buildingwhich are divided

into two groups. Group 1 is consisted of 2 passengers lifts (LI & L2) and
Group 2 is consisted of 1 cargo lift (L3). The lifts are arranged to serve

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landings from G/F to Level 10. The characteristic of the lifts are listed in
Table 4.1 as foliow1-6^.
Lift
LI &L2
Capacity
1250kg/16
persons
Speed
Travel
1.5 m/s 42
meters
L3
2000kg/26
persons
1 m/s
42
meters
Drive
Variable speed drive
with automatic precision
levelling and
electronically controlled
starting and slow down
Table 4.1 Lifts Schedule1601
Duplex selective collective control for operation with or without

attendant are arranged for the passenger lifts and full collective control for
operation with or without attendant are arranged for the goods lift. Operation
with attendants are overridden by switching to the attendant control inside car.
4.2.6 Plumbing System
Fresh Water System
Fresh water is fed from a 50mm diameter supply main. The supply
main is follow the ground profile and connected to the fresh water transfer
tank in the G/F transfer pump room. Two sets of transfer pumpsone duty and
one standbyare used to transfer water up to the 9m3 fresh water tank on the

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upper roof and subsequently distribute up to the draw-off points in toilets,

laboratories at different levels by gravity via vertical fresh water pipe risers.
Flush Water System
Flush water is fed from the 40mm diameter supply. The supply main
is followed the ground profile and connected to the flush water transfer tank in
the G/F transfer pump room. Two sets of transfer pumps, one duty and one
standby, are used to transfer water to the flush water storage tank on the upper
roof and subsequently distribute to the draw-off points in toilets at different
levels by gravity via vertical flush water pipe riser.
4.2.7 Central BuHding Management System
A computer based building management system (Satchwell 2000) is

installed to provide central monitoring and control of the various building
services system in the building. The system comprises of a desk-top personal
computer with associated I/O peripherals acting as the central supervisory
computers for primary operator interface of the system and a number of
microprocessor based controller outstations distributed throughout the
building. Each of these outstations are linked directly to sensorsactuators and

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controlling equipment and incorporated with the necessary hardware and

control application software to ensure fully stand-alone operation.
The building management system include the control and monitoring

of the following systems:
(1)
Chilled water plant
(2)
Air-conditioning System
(3)
Plumbing System
(4)
Electrical System
(5)
Lighting System
4-10
Surveying the Building
5.
S U R V E Y I N G T H E BUILDING
5.1
SITE SURVEY AND DATA COLLECTION
The operating condition of the consumption equipmentsuch as chilled

water supply and return temperature, chilled water flow rate, room temperature
of the auditoriumand the total electricity consumption of the whole building
were recorded through the Central Building Management System (BMS) from
September 1993 to December 1994 (Figure 6.2).
On the other hand, site visit surveys for the Engineering Building were
taken from 5th to 17th September 1994 (total 10 days exclude the public
holidays) during the summer season. The objectives of this survey were used
to identify the source of energy consumption equipment, and the operating
schedule of the energy consumption equipment. In addition to these, the
identified energy consumption equipment were counter checked with the asfitted drawings of the building services installation to ensure that the as-fitted
drawings were indicating the updated information. Sincethe energy saving
calculation and analysis in the later sections are based on the information of
the as-fitted drawings and greatly affected the calculated results and final
conclusions.
5 - /
For the equipment operating schedule, comparison among the record

from BMS, the log book of the building services operationand the time-table
of the University lectures were carried out to verify the precision of the
operating schedule.
Sincethe accuracy of the as-fitted drawings and the
operating schedule will affect the energy saving calculation in Section 10 in

certain extent.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION EQUIPMENT
The major energy source of the Engineering Building is electricity and

diesel fuel. Electricity, which is supplied from the China Light and Power Co.
Ltd. and diesel fuel for generator sets which is seldomly used unless for
emergency.
The major electricity consumption equipment are listed as follow:Power supply for general lighting and power.
Power supply for lifts.
Power supply for ventilation and air-conditioning system.
4)
Power supply for fire services installation.

Power supply for plumbing and sump pump system.
6)
Power supply for laboratory.
5.3
OPERATING
SCHEDULE
OF
THE
ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
EQUIPMENT
5.3.1 Central Refrigeration Plant and Chilled Water System
In summer season, air-cooled chillers no. 12 & 3 (200 TR each)

located at the roof operate simultaneously from 8:00 to 17:00. After 17:00the
chillers no.l ? 2 & 3 (200TR each) will be shut down and the chiller no.4 (200
TR) will start to operate until the next day morning (8:00). In winter season
two (2) chiller operate from 8:00 to 17:00 and one (1) chiller after 17:00 until
8:00 of the next morning.
5.3.2 Air-Conditioning System
The operating schedule of the air handling unit and pre-treated air
handling units are pre-setted by the building management system through the
personal computer terminal
The operating time is started from 8:00 and
stopped at 17:00 everyday except public holidays. In case of any events

arranged after 17:00the plant will be manually operated at the remote control
panel located at the ground floor by an authorized person.
5.3,3 Public Lighting
The public lighting which is consisted of lighting installed at corridors

lift lobbies and car park at ground floor of the Engineering Building. They are
controlled by the time schedule of the building management system
automatically everyday. The operating time is from 7:00 to 24:00 everyday.
5.3-4 Plumbing S y s t e m
There is no particular pre-determined operating schedule of the

plumbing system. The water pumps of the plumbing system will operate only
when the water storage of the tank reach the low level. Usuallythe water
pumps operate for thirty minutes after 11:00 am and 3:00 p.m. everyday.
Since the peak water consumption occur at morning and lunch timethe water
storage at the tank decrease until low water level reach to operate the water
pumps to refill the water tank.
5.3.5 Lifts Installation
The lifts operate when someone walk into the lift car and push the
button. In general, there has not any pre-determined operating schedule for the
lift operation and the lift operate in a similar profile as the occupancy of the
building.
5.3.6 Fire Services System
Basically, the fire services water pumps will operate only when the fire
alarm actuate. In normal condition, the automatic fire alarm equipment and
supervisory panel consume electricity energy to maintain their normal
operation (in standby mode).
Energy Audit
E N E R G Y AUDIT
INTRODUCTION
Record of electricity consumption for the past two years (from

September 1993 to December 1994) has been collected and an energy audit
has been carried out to achieve a breakdown of the energy use by services or
by equipment.
Before considering and proposal for reducing the energy use. It is

necessary to study the distribution of energy usage within the building. The
relative magnitude of the principal components of energy use and the most
likely sources of potential savings can then be identified.
UTILITY CHARGES
The building is charged as follows:
Electricity? which is supplied from the China Light and Power Co. Ltd.
and used for M Y A C equipment, lightingpower and other
miscellaneous electrical appliance.
Energy Audit
City water which is from the Government mains for general potable
and flushing water use.
Diesel fuel for generator sets which is seldomly used unless for
emergency.
According to Mr. S. H. Liangathe annual electricity charges are about

HK$3 million per year. The potable/flushing water costs are insignificant
compared with electricity costs and these are not evaluated in the energy
conservation management study.
6.3
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION BREAKDOWN
The main electricity use in the building can roughly be broken down
into the following categories:
(1)
Power supply for general lighting.
(2)
Power supply to lifts.
(3)
power supply for ventilation and air-conditioning system.
Mr. S. H Liang, Assistant to Director, Buildings Office of the Chinese University of Hong Kong
6-2
Energy Audit
(4)
Power supply for plumbing & drainage systemand fire

services installation.
(5)
Power supply for laboratory equipment.
The rough estimate of proportion of electricity consumption of the

above mentioned equipment and installation of the whole building are
according to the information provided from the equipment catalogues and
operating schedule as detailed in Table 6.1 and Figure 6.1 respectively.
System Description
Mechanical Ventilation and Airconditioning Installation

Lighting
Plumbing & Drainage, and Fire
Services Installation
Lifts Installation
Power Supply
Percentage of Total
Electricity Consumption
(%)
53
17
2
10
18
Table 6.1 Electricity Consumption Breakdown of the Engineering Building
From Table 6.1it is observed that the major electricity consumption

equipment is mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning installation, as
expectedair-conditioning is the biggest single electricity consuming item
accounting for over 50%. And the second major electricity consumption
equipment is general power supply (18%) then follow with lighting
installation (17%).
Energy Audit
Figure 6.1 ectricity Consumption Breakdown

of the Engineering Building
Lighting
17%
Mechanical Venti afcon

and Air-conditioning
53%
ing & Draii

re Service
2%
10%
Power
18%
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION PROFILE
To get some ideas about trends and seasonal patterns, monthly and
daily electricity consumption data have been analyzed. There are two meters
for recording electricity consumption for the whole Engineering Building.
The monthly electricity consumption from September 1993 to December 1994
are shown in Figure 6.2 and Figure 6.3 show the electricity consumption
profile for a typical summer day.
It can be seen that electricity consumption pattern change much from

September 1993 to December 1994especially a sharp increase at May 1994 to
September 1994. This may due to moving m of various department of the
University to the new buildingdifferent types of electrical appliances are
installed, such ascomputer facilities and laboratories equipment. Moreover
Energy Audit
this is a new building, different building services installation are under testing
and commissioning to consume more electricity.
Furthermore, electricity
demand increases during the hot summer months and this seasonal variation is
very similar to that for the commercial sector.
Moreover, the electricity consumption for the whole building is

constantly varied within the range between 600 kW to 700 kW for a typical
daytime at summer season. The building occupancy, air-conditioning cooling
loadlighting demand and electricity consumption for computer facilities and
laboratories equipment are varied at different time schedules in according with
the time table of classrooms and laboratories being occupied by the students.
On the other handthere was a sharp decrease in electricity

consumption for meter no.l and sudden increase for meter no.2 at April of
1994. According to the Mr. K. O. Fung and Mr. M. T. Chub of the Chinese
University of Hong Kong, the power supply for chiller no.l and 2 are obtained
from transformer no.l (meter no.l) and chiller no.3 and 4 are obtained from
transformer no.2 (meter no.2). During April of 1994the chiller no.l was out
of service and under repair and maintenance, only chiller no.l, 3 and 4 were
operated. Therefore, the electricity consumption for transformer no.2 were
increasedhence decrease in electricity consumption for transformer no.2.
Mr. K. O. Fung, Mr. M. T. ChuClerk of Works, Buildings Office of the Chinese University of Hong
Kong
Energy Audit
te
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:1994
tycngDec
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Meter No.1
Meter No.2
Total Consumption
In terms of electricity consumption per unit gross floor areait has been
found to be 230 kWh/m2 1993/1994. These figures compare quite favorably
with data from a recent survey of some office buildings in Hong Koiig[3031l
Results from that survey indicate that energy consumption in air-conditioned
office building varies from about 200 kWh/m2 to just over 400 kWh/m2.
Consumption in a particular office building depends very much on the
functions of the building, the population density and office equipment
required.
6-6
Energy Audit
Figure &3 Smmer Day Bectridty Gonsurption Rrffle of the

EngneeringBLilcirig
Mj\r
H~~~""I"ir
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AIR-CONDITIONING COOLING LOAD PROFILE
Instantaneous cooling load for the building is calculated by measuring

the chilled water supply and return temperature, and the chilled water flow rate
through the building management system. Reading are taken from 0:00 to
24:00 and typical summer day air-conditioning cooling load, and chilled water
supply/retum temperature profiles are shown in the Figure 6.4 and 6.5. It is
observed that the daily air-conditioning cooling load profile and the electricity
consmnption profile are similar in variation pattern, as expected, airconditioning system is the biggest electricity consuming installation,
accoimtiiig for over 50% of the totEl electricity coixsmxiption. In Figure 6.5it
Energy Audit
is observed that the temperature difference between the chilled water supply
and return is 2 0 C during night time. Since, the chiller plant is under part load
operation, the chilled water supply temperature will automatically adjusted by
the control unit of the chiller plant to reduce the energy consumption.
Figure 6.4 Summer Day Cooling Load Profile of

the Engineering Building
800200
(wo
o
ir>
8
tn
cri
<si
O O
s T
S
0
N
<
s M
C f\J
CO
Figure 6.5 Average Chilled Water Supply and Return

Temperature Profile for Summer Day
Analysis of the Existing

Building Services Systems
7.
ANALYSIS O F T H E
EXISTING BUILDING S E R V I C E S
SYSTEMS
7.1
INTRODUCTION
In the previous sectionsall the major energy users are identified. It is

found that the most significant areas of energy use are air-conditioning. This
section will concentrate on the analysis of this area and established
preliminary energy maBagement opportunities (EMO).
Detailed analysis
based on the capital investmentpay back periodetc. will be described in the

latter sectionalong with recommendations on the implementation.
7.2
CENTRAL
REFRIGERATION
PLANT AND
CHILLED
WATER
SYSTEM
7.2.1 Chilled Water Supply/Return Temperature
The chilled water supply temperature is maintained at 6.50C and 9.0oC

at day-time and night-time respectively as shown on Figure 6.5.
considered as an acceptable figure as a design valueC3:2l
This is
The differential
7-1

design differential temperature is 5.50C[61l The dfferent in temperature may

due to the following reasons:
High chilled water flow rate.

High fouling factor of cooling coil.
Clogged cooling coil or low surface heat transfer coefficient of the air
side equipment.
7.3
7.3.1 Auditorium
The auditorium is located at level 5 of the Engineering Building.

Auditorium room temperature (return air temperature) recorded by the
building management system (BMS) is about 190C to 210C.
The design
criteria from the CIBSE a guide, howeveris about 240C for thermal comfort.
Hence there is 30C different in room temperature which result in excess energy
use.
The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers

The lecture and function at the auditorium is pre-booked and scheduled

according to a well-defined time table. Usually, the operator will turn on/off
the air handling unit according to the scheduleno matter what is the actual
occupation of the auditorium. Even when lectures or functions are finished,
the air handling unit will operate, until the scheduled finish time. Moreover,
some lighting in the auditorium was still on even when the lecture or fonction
were finished and the auditorium unoccupied. Staff may not switch off the
lights and the air-conditioning system. Lights and air-conditioning remaining
on after a lecture or function will result in excess energy use.
7.3.2 General Offices and Laboratories
From site survey it was indicated although the average temperature is

kept at 240C? some area are higher or lower than that specified (as reflected
from the questionnaires). This may be due to the uneven distribution of the
supply air. The air-conditioning layout was originally designed for an open
offices and laboratories. Partitioning, full height cupboard and cabinetand
large size equipment were done and moved in after the completion of the
ceiling layout. The result is are uneven temperature distribution.
In some instances, blinds are not used to effectively control sunlight

penetration into the buildingespecially in the afternoon.
Moreoveran
7-5

increasing number of personal computers have been added in the offices and
laboratories, and will lead to increasing the sensible load of the building.
7.4
7A1 General Offices and Laboratories
In generalnon-ventilated fluorescent luminaries provide artificial

lighting for the whole building.
They are conventional lighting systems
without automatic time-based switch. There is no planned maintenance or

replacement for the lighting system.
In this building, the average lighting load density is 30W/m which is

much higher than the energy-efficient requirement of 20W/m2[33:i. The average
lighting level measured in open plan office is about 550 lux which is just
slightly higher than 500 lux recommended by CIBSE Interior Lighting Code.
The lightings in the perimeter area together with the day light cause high
illumination level of 1000 lux near the windows.
Manual on/off switching of lights is employed in the office areas.

Occupants may forget to switch off the lights when they leave the offices and
laboratories. As the building is designed as an open offices and laboratories,

the possibility of excess energy use may occur, when a lot of lights are
switched on for only a few occupants working overtime.
7 A 2 Computer Rooms
During site investigationit is found that most of the personal

computers in the computer rooms are turned on even though the computers are
not used by the students or staff. The heat reject from the computers would
increase the sensible load of the air-conditioning system and waste much
energy. Moreover, the unoccupied computers still consume energy that would
increase the electricity consumption. This situation was much worst especially
in lunch time and after school time.
7A 3 Plant Room
Some motors for ventilation fansair handling units and pumps were
found with ratings exceeding their load requirement in the building. These
cause inefficient operation of the equipment and reduce the power factor for
the electrical system of the building. In the existing LV distribution system,
the main busbar do not have power factor correction equipment installed to
cope with the supply company requirement of having not less than 0.85 power

factor after correction. Therefore, it is better to have power factor correction

in order reduce losses in electrical distribution and equipment utilization.
7.5
PLUMBING SYSTEM
The analysis shows that electricity used by the plumbing system and
the charges for the water consumption are rather low to compare with the other
systems. Therefore, this system will not be studied in detail.
7.6
BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
7.6,1 Control and Monitoring Function
This system has potential for a large impact on future energy

management. Although the building management system (BMS) has a lot of
control functions, only a few areas of the software and or hardware axe
currently used. These are typically monitoring and or control functions such
asstatus indicationtemperature monitoringalarm indicationstatus of
lighting switch for public areas, schedule start/stop for air handling units
chiller plant and public lighting.
7-6

7.6.2 Software
The manufacturer has advised that there are many other software
features installed in the system. Say for instances, individual alarm system,
trend logging, statistics, historical dataoperator access and control
maintenance loggingtime and special programmingdemand limitingduty
cyclinggraphic display system, and power fail motor re-start program.
Of the above installed software or programonly a few are being used

by the operator. Application of the programs would better improve building
maintenance, function and energy management.
7.6.3 Current Operation
The BMS is mainly used for starting some equipment. The monitoring
function is currently not folly functioning.
Generally, the equipment,
especially the sensors and terminals, have not been re-calibrated or checked
since commissioning. As a result the signal/data fed back from the BMS may
not always reflect the actual condition of the building.
Questionnaire Survey
QUESTIONNAIRE S U R V E Y
INTRODUCTION
The thermal comfort of occupants plays a significant role in building

energy conservation since we consume most of the energy to control the
indoor enviromnent, such as the air-conditioning and lighting level. Also, a
comfort enviromnent can enhance the working efficiency of the people.
Therefore, in order to get a preliminary picture and idea about the thermal
comfort of the buildinga questionnaire survey was carried out to get the
comments and opinions from the occupants of the building.
In this questionnaire survey, 300 questionnaires were issued to the

occupants and 173 numbers of questionnaires were collected from the staff
working in the Engineering Building. The staff of the Engineering Building
included of lecturers, technical staffadministrative staff and postgraduate
students who have the permanent offices and work place in the Engineering
Building.
Other undergraduate students are not treated as the target sample

because students have not permanent work place shall not be taken into
consideration. They are not staying in the building for more than half day in
Hie same room or location to give a truly subjective comment to the building
enviromnent. Thereforethe sample population is restricted to the staff of the

Engineering Building only. Sample of the questionnaire is shown in Appendix
A. Their subjective feeling of the working environment are summarized in
terms of air temperatureair movement, humidity and lighting condition, are
shown in Figure 8.1, 8.2, 8.3 and 8.4.
QUESTIONNAIRE
The questionnaires are prepared in a simplified format that allow

respondents easily to select their opinions to the working enviromnent. The
answers are arranged in a form of multi-choice style with ranking in order with
respect to the various thermal comfort criteria of the environment, such as,
very strong, just right and very weak etc.(sample of questionnaire refer to
Appendix A).
Thermal comfort is expression of human's thermal sensation of the

interaction between his body and the enviromnent. The heat balance of this
interaction will depend on a combination of the following six major
parameters[62]:
(1)
Air temperature
(2)
Mean radiant temperature
(3)
Air velocity
(4)
Humidity
(5)
Activity level
(6)
Clothing thermal resistance
Based on the above thermal comfort criteria, the questionnaires are

aims to study the opinions of the occupants to the building, and the questions
are asking of the occupants regarding the folio wings:
(1)
Nature of work and Clothing
Activity level and clothing are often to be considered as

assumptions to be made for calculating optimal values for air
temperature and humidity level.
(2)
Air temperature of the room
The air temperature can often be lowered by dealing with the

other parameters affecting thermal comfort. This will directly
decrease thermal losses. Also excessive temperature gradients
should be avoided in the zone of occupancy.
Air movement of the supply air
Air velocity greatly affects the comfort temperature.
This
makes it important to optimize air velocities in the design of

M V A C systems. Especially one should be careful with where
and how air is introduced in a building by forced convection. It
is also important to identify places if self induced convection
currents and make the necessary adjustments.
Humidity level of the room
Low humidity levels increase the evaporative losses from a

person and therefore directly affects the thermal comfort. On
the other handexcessive humidity levels may be detrimental to
the building envelop or cause indoor air quality problems by
encouraging mould growth and should therefore be avoided.
Lighting condition of the room
Basically, lighting intensity of the luminaries is not the criteria

for thermal comfort. However, the low illumination level will
have adverse effect on the working efficiency of people.

Thereforeto certain extent, people will feel uncomfortable
with too high or too low illumination levelhence the it will
have indirect effect on the thermal comfort condition.
8.3
RESULT OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE
8.3.1 General
From the collected questionnairesit was found that about 83% of

respondents are male and 17% of respondents are female. Generally, there are
two groups of normal working hours classified as follows:
Nature of Work
Working Hours
General office work
9:00 to 17:00
Laboratory work for undergraduate

students
9:00 to 17:00
Laboratory work for postgraduate

students
10:00 to 23:00
Table 8.1 Working Hours Schedule of the Engineering Building
8.3-2 Thermal Comfort of the Room Conditions
Room Temperature
From Figure 8.1, it can been seen that 10% of the respondents feel the
environment is slight-cooled and 4% feel cool while 7% feel the enviromnent
is slightly warm and 3% feel warm. According to the ASHRAE a standard 551981[34]comfort air-conditioning should provide a thermal environment
acceptable to 80% or more of the occupants. It appears that the space is
slightly over-cooled and the air-conditioning is slightly over-provided. As a
result, energy wastage occurred in air-conditioning installation.
Figure 8.1 Response of People to Air Temperature
About nght
76%
Hot
0%
Slight cool
10%
cold
o%
3%
7%
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers
Howeverfrom Figure 8.5it found out that the response from male
and female respondents about the thermal comfort are totally different. It
seem that among the male respondents, they tend to prefer slightly cooler
environment than their female colleague. It may due to the fact that females
are always wear light dressing, such light blouse and jacket. Therefore
females will more easily feel cold compare to males in this Engineering
Building.
Figure
Cdmparison of Responseto Air Temperature betvueen

Made and Female
50
2
0
10
Air Movement and Room Humidity
From Figure 8.2, it can be seen that the air movement is acceptable to
most respondents (>90%). That means the air distribution patterns of the airconditioning system are quite evenly distributed all over the working areas.
Moreoverthe humidity of the room is acceptable by over 90% of the

occupants (see Figure 8.3) within the comfort range of relative humidity (i.e
50% to 60%).
Figure 8.2 Response of People to Air Movement

Just right
uncomfortable
0 %
Strong acceptable
3
o/o
Figure 8.3 Response of People to Room Humidity

Just right
Lighting Level
Responses about the lighting level are shown in Figure 8.4. It can be
seen that the great majority of respondents (>90%) are satisfied with the visual
environment in terms of providing adequate lighting. However, there is still
some respondents said that their working environment are slightly light and
dark (totally less than 10%). For slightly light respondents who are usually sit
next to the windows, natural lighting has great impact on the lighting
provided. On the otherthe respondents sit next to the walls or partitions said
that the lighting level is slightly dark because walls or partitions with dark
colour would have seriously on the illuminance level of the rooms. In general,
it is believed that the lighting conditions of the building are generally
acceptable to the occupants.
Figure 8.4 Response of People to Lighting Condition

Just bright
92
T o o dark
0%
Slightly bright
5%
Slightly dark
Too bright
3%
0%
8-9
Energy Conservation Opportunities
E N E R G Y CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIES
INTRODUCTION
What remains now is to determine and identify the potential
conservation opportunities (ECO)

means conducting an
of ECO5 s aimed at answering three questions for the building owner:
(1)
How much energy and how much money per year will be saved by
implementing a particular ECO?
(2)
How much money will it cost the owner to implementing the ECO?
(3)
How long in months or years will it take the owner to recover the cost
of implementing the ECO through savings on utility bills
period)!
General speakingthe energy conservation measure may be divided

into 3 categories according to the level of investment[36]namely:
no/low cost measures (ECO Category I)
medium cost measures (ECO Category II)
high cost measures (ECO Category III)
The definition of lowmedium and high cost normally reflect the levels
of expenditure for which different authority or institute is required.
The following proposed energy conservation measures are based on the

analysis and audited result described in the Section 56 and 7and divided into
the following six areas:
9.2
central refrigeration plant and chilled water system,
ventilation and air-conditioning system,
electricity supply and lighting system,
lifts installationand
building management system.
CENTRAL
REFRIGERATION
PLANT AND
CHILLED
WATER
SYSTEM
The central air-conditioning system uses approximately 50% of the

total electricity energy use of the whole building and consisted of a large
number of energy consumption equipment, such as chiller plant, air handling
units, and fan coil units.
Thereforeit provides great opportunities for
9-2
effective energy conservation measures to reduce the capital expenditure

hence save more money.
Central refrigeration plant and chilled water systems come in a variety

of types and configurations. The feasibility and cost-effectiveness of any
proposed initiative within this area of application will be highly dependent on
the existing equipment configurations. The most cost-effective initiatives will
normally involve the improvement of system controls, and the development
and implementation of appropriate system management strategies to overcome
design problems with the existing equipment. The replacement of equipment
is seldom feasibleunless major reflirbishment are to take place.
Optimize Chiller Operation by Existing BMS (ECO I)
As mentioned in the Section 5.3.1operation of the chiller plant are

according to a pre-setted time schedule in the existing BMS. It does not folly
utilize the function of BMS to control the operation of the chiller plant The
existing building management system (BMS) may be used to optimize or
advise the operators on the start/stop and operation sequence of chillers and
the associated chilled water pumps according to the characteristics of the
chillers, the building cooling load fluctuation and the cooling load
calculations^52].
B y using the existing BMS to determine the numbers of air-cooled

chillers and the associated chilled water pumps to be operated can increase the
operating efficiency of chillers and lower the pumping power. Therefore, the
overall coefficient of performance can then be kept high and input energy use
minimized53].
Reset Chilled Water Supply Temperature (ECO I)
Furthermore, we may reset the chilled water supply temperature

according to the cooling load requirement and outside air temperature to
increase the chiller efficiency at part load condition (i.e. 70C in summer, 8.50C
in intermediate seasons and 10oC in winter). The chilled water differential
temperature may be decreased to reduce the energy input to operate the chiller
plant (i.e. 5.5C in summer3.5C in intermediate seasons and 2C in winter).
During winter timeoutdoor temperature may be well below the indoor

temperature by 50C or more, shutting off the chilled water plant and regulate
the fresh air damper at the air handling plant using outdoor air for winter
cooling will save energy in most areas of the building.
In general, three types of conservation initiatives are available for

ventilation and air-conditioning systems which comprise fan installations
which form part of air-conditioning systems.
They are configuration
improvements, control improvementsand motor efficiency improvements.
Configuration improvements refer to the use of fans in outdated or

inefficient air-conditioning system layoutsor to the use of more appropriate
fan types. In the first caseenergy savings are achieved by modifying the
existing air-conditioning system to achieve a more efficient operation. The
most common of these modifications is to convert an existing system to a
variable air volume systemallowing the fans to reduce their operations during
times of low air-conditioning load. Some fans may be removed entirely
depending on the initial system configuration.
Control improvements refer to the installation of control functions

which are appropriate to the type of systemto reduce total running hours
and/or to reduce operations to suit the actual demands on the system, such as
the installation of variables speed controls on fans which may be operated
from pressure sensors in ductwork[41]-
A large number of smaller air-conditioning and fans units are supplied

as pre-assembled packaged units. The selection of a unit with a high-efficiency
motor is rarely possibleand would involve costly and lengthy delays. In the
larger built-up air-conditioning and ventilation systemsthe motor is specified
separatelyand is readily interchangeable with high-efficiency versions. The
motors in some of the packaged units can also be eventually replaced with
higher efficiency versions[38l
9.3.1 Auditorium
(b)
Control the Operating Time of Air-conditioning System According

to the Actual BuHding Occupancy (ECO I)
A s mentioned in Section 7.3.1the operation of the air handling unit is

according to a pre-setted time schedule. Howevermost of the time the
auditorium is unoccupied or partial occupied. Therefore, reducing the internal
sensible load in the auditorium by turning off some lighting luminaries may
reduce the energy consumption.
Lighting and air-conditioning should be
controlled according to the actual occupancy, not to the pre-scheduled time

and turned off during lunch time and unoccupied period.
Modification of the Existing Air-conditioning System (ECO 11)
As mentioned in Section 73.1, the room air temperature of the

auditorium is about
auditorium could be modified to provide better air distribution pattern to allow
an increase in temperature to 240C which is the comfort design temperature^28^.
Fresh air quantities could be reduced for auditorium during the lunch time and
low occupancy period. Exact fresh air quantity should be checked to ensure
conformity with design and existing occupancy. Saving can be achieved by
modulation of the supply air flow rate according to the occupancy patterns, or
by sensing the air quality. Somulti-speed motors for the fresh air unit could
be adopted to reduce the fresh air quantity during low occupancy period1501.
Regular cleaning of cooling coil of the air handling unit can increase
the heat transfer efficiency of the equipment, hence, reduce the chilled water
demand for cooling purpose and conserve energy for thermal comfort40].
Furthermore, in order to reduce heat loss and heat gainrepair insulation where
torn off.
9.3-2 General Offices and Laboratories
(a)
Reduce Lighting Installation along Windows Side (ECO I)
To reduce the lighting installed along the window side where the
lighting illuminance level is relatively high. It may be possible to reduce the
lighting cost and the air-conditioning sensible cooling load. On the other
handstaff should be encourage to reduce energy use by switching off the
lighting and air-conditioning unit when a room is unoccupied. The fresh air
load of the pre-treated air handling unit may be reduced during the lunch time
and before and after the general occupied hours.
(b)
Reset the Thermostat to 25.5^C (ECO I)
During the site surveyit was found that some of the thermostats have
temperature setting at 20oC for the office areas. Energy conservation may be
achieved by resetting the thermostat to 25,50C rather than lower than 20oC in
order to have a comfort condition.
On the other handlaunch a energy
conservation campaign and educate people to switch off lightsequipment and

air-conditioning units during lunch time and after office hours.
Also
encourage the use of blinds in summer can save a certain amount of money.
9-8
Maintain Uniform Air Distribution Pattern
Keep the supply and return air grilles or diffusers of the fan coil units
free of obstruction, that can ensure a uniform distribution pattern of supply air
and constant return air flow rate. During the site survey, it was found that
many tall cabinets located quite closer to the supply air diffuser to disturb the
air distribution pattern of the air-conditioned air. As a result, the room
temperature can be maintained at a steady state without a large fluctuation
with different location within the same room.
Install a Local Timer (ECO II)
During the site surveyit was found that the lighting and airconditioning of some of the office areas still operated after office hours and
during lunch time. Thereforeit is recommended to install a local timer with
manual bypass switch for the office area and set the light switching time to
corresponding with the office hour. A manual bypass device is required to
switch on the lights again whenever over-time work is necessary.
(e
Similar to problem described in Section 9.3.2.2, people are easy to

forget to turn off the lighting and air-conditioning when the rooms are
unoccupied. We can install programmable infra-red movement sensors for the
detection of occupancy in offices to switch off the lighting and the fan coil
units when the offices are unoccupied, especially during the lunch time is
another alternative measure to reduce the energy consumption.
9.4
9 A 1 Plant and Equipment
(a)
Power Factor Compensator (ECO // & HI)
For the motor equipment, a power factor compensator (localize

capacitor) may be used to raise the power factor to 0.9 when motor is in
operation1-381. Moreover, power factor correction equipment may be added to
the busbar riser to reduce the demand cost of the maximum demand tariff.
This is the least expensive method of reducing the reactive power of the
system.
9-10
9.4.2 Auditorium, General Offices and Laboratories
Lighting is the major end-use application of electricity and it

constitutes about
for air-conditioned buildings, where any reduction in lighting use or demand
will reduce the cooling requirements for the air-conditioning systemresulting
in further savings.
The total energy saving potential in lighting systems using the

technologies available today is estimated to be a significant 35% of the
existing consumption[54l
It is estimated that 20% of energy management
initiatives in this area can be achieved within a 2-year paybackand a further

15% with a payback greater than 2 years3.
Furthermore, the office equipment is the major component of energy

consumer in the offices, electronic equipment is the major source of this load.
Although the application of these system is increasing at staggering ratesthe
energy efficiency of the technology has improved at high enough rate to
suppress any increase of energy use[54l
Stephen PupilliDirector, EMET Consultants

9-II
The major initiatives within this area of energy application, involve the
improved control of existing systems, and some improvements in system
efficiencies.
Some of the potential initiatives including in the following
sections.
Education (ECO I)
Education to the occupant is the critical factor to be considered for the

conservation of energy in lightings and electrical appliances. Encourage and
educate people to switch off the lightings and electrical appliances when not
needed. For infrequently used roomsadd pilot lights outside rooms where
there is no other external indication that lights have been left on.
Illumination Levels and Task Lighting (ECO II)
To conserve energy for lighting by reducing Illumination levels where

they need not be high and removing or disconnecting excess lighting
altogether. Convert uniform lighting systems to non-uniform, so that each
distinct functional area within the building and the discrete tasks which occur
within the same room are lighted only to the lighting levels and quality
required for each task, and only for the period when the tasks occurespecially
for the laboratories. Some of the laboratory works required task lighting rather
than uniform lighting for general illumination.
Surface Reflectance (ECO II)
The internal colour scheme of the building is dark purple.
From the
architectural point of view, this kind of colour scheme does not have any
significant contribution to the reflectance of the finished surface. Therefore, it
is recommended to increase the reflectance of ceilingswallsand floors by
cleaning or by painting with colors of higher reflectance^441 to increase the
surface reflectance. Since, greater reflectance enhances the performance of
daylight as well as artificial lighting. Remove the louvers or lens from the
fixture where no critical reading or writing tasks are involved, such as
corridors, staircases, store with high ceilingsequipment and plant roometc.
Install Local Timer (ECO U)
Time-based on/off switching of bulk lighting to match the normal

working day with local manual reset to cater for special equipment. Timer
controls aimed at reducing the operation of lighting system outside the hours
of normal operation, or when staff are not at their desks. These can take the
form of central controlled systems, or local reset or individual switches.
9-13
Using High Efficient Luminaire (ECO III)
Convert incandescent fixtures or lower efficiency high intensity

discharge fixture to accommodate more efficient lamps where feasible during
luminaries replacement.
Improve the maintenance factor by setting up a
maintenance schedule for regularly cleaning fixtures and lamps and by

implementing a lamp replacement program. Replacement of lamps with those
of higher efficacy, such as compactfluorescent lamps replacing incandescent
lamps, which increase efficiency and extends lamp life five-fold. In addition
to energy savings, labour costs are greatly reduced owing to the extended life
of the lamp. In awkward locations, the labour savings alone will pay for the
lamp cost.
Re_wiring Lighting Circuit and Install Photoelectric Se/rsor (ECO
Re-wire the lighting circuit so that half of the number of the lighting
can be switched off during lunch time by timer control. A n even level of
illumination should still be maintained.
9-14
9-5
LIFTS INSTALLATION
(a)
Reduce the Number of Elevators in Service (ECO I)
The amount of power required annually to operate an elevator is a

function of the height of the building, the number of stops, passenger capacity
and the efficiency of the hoisting mechanism^55]. Energy consumption will
vary between elevators of the same capacity depending on the type of hoisting
motor and control, whether the elevator is hydraulic, geared or gearless and the
kind of service and the amount of load offset by the counterweight.
Reduce the number of elevators in service during hours when majority

of persons are not leaving or entering the building. Also turning off the motorgenerator set located in the elevator machine room when not in use - nights
week-endsholidays and slack periods during lunch time. Where security
arrangements permit, educate staff to walk up and down one flight of stairs
rather than to use vertical transportation zone are also effective measures to
reduce the energy use in lifts installation.
9 - / 5
Stop Unnecessary Lift Operation (ECO II & III)
One general method of reducing energy use is to stop unnecessary lift

operation by parking the lifts during non-peaking hours, the system shall be
carefully selected and ensure it is matched with the traffic requirements. A
shut down operation could be incorporated into the lift control such that i f
there is no demand for services for a certain period of time, the doors of the lift
will close and the ventilation fan and car will be switched off automatically.
Provision of nuisance call protection will be virtually eliminated and

possible inefficient operation and hence save energy. Say for instance, when
many car calls are registered in a certain short time, all of them are treated as
nuisance calls and are canceled automatically.
It is common knowledge that a reduction in dummy lift calls will

improve the lifts efficiency and hence reduce energy loss. Deactivating some
of the hall call button at particular, such as 3/F and 8/F floors may reduce the
dummy calls.
9.6
BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS)
(a)
Calibration of Equipment (ECO I)
In a BMlS, the sensors, measurement instrument and the outstation

terminals are the most important key components.
In order to achieve a
accurate field point measurement, re-calibration shall be carried out regularly

to the sensors to ensure that the measurement are accurate enough to reflect the
actual conditions.
(b)
Computerized Data Logging System (ECO II & III)
By using the BMS, the optimal start and stop of the M V A C equipment
(such as AHUs) can ensure the equipment are running for the minimum of
time so as to establish comfort condition and eliminate any excess use of
energy in establishing comfort conditions for early office hours[56l Altogether
with the data logging function, data may be logged to check the operation of
equipment, especially the lighting switchesPAU for each floor.
As mentioned in the previous sectionsa large proportion of energy

costs are for the chiller plant[571. Therefore, suitable program employed for
chiller sequencing control would reduce the excess use of energy but still
9-17
maintain a comfort conditions for the office and laboratory environment.

Therefore, a program calculating the cooling demand shall be incorporated
into the BMS for operation of the chiller plants.
9-18
BenefitsfromAuditing and Economic Analysis
10.
BENEFITS FROM AUDITING AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
10.1
INTRODUCTION
The major benefit from building energy audit is to identify the energy
conservation opportunities. This section determines which of those potential
energy conservation opportunities might be translated into actual energy
conservation opportunities for use in the implementation phase of the energy
management program. Through the implementation of energy conservation
measures, energy efficient operation may be achieved to save money. The
most commonly used project evaluation techniques in
considering the
economical feasibility of investing on energy conservation opportunities in

building services are Simple Payback Period" and Net Present Value"
methods.
The following paragraphs are brief description of the above-
mentioned methods.
10-1
10.2
10.2.1
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Simple Payback Period
The payback period is simply the number of years into the project
evaluation period required until the undiscounted sum of benefits equals the
undiscounted sum of costs'-38'5^.
In other wordshow long is it until the
investor receives enough benefits to at least cover his invest costs? There are
two possible ways to using payback period in decisions:
a)
Accept any project which repays the initial outlay within a

target period.
b)
Rank projects according to the time taken to repay the initial

outlay.
Simple payback period (SPP) can be regard as the most simplest form
of evaluation technique. The calculation of it is simply:
SPP
Capital Cost
Annual revenue Cost
0-2
General speaking, a project having payback period of less than 4 and

5 years is usually considered as economically feasible. Howeverthe final
judgment is depends on the investor's investment planning and policy.
10.2.2
Net Present Value
The calculation of the net present value (NPV) of a project involves

discounting all the cash flows of a project to their present values and summing
the results[58,59l The net present value may be used in two ways:
a)
Accept any project which has a positive net present value when
discounted by the appropriate rate of interest.
b)
Rank projects according to the size of their present values.
The net present value of the relevant benefits (BJ and costs ((
regarding the investment on building services system based on a discount
rate (r) can be calculated by:
NPV
K B t - Q - a + r )
where t = year number

n = final year number
10-3
It is generally accepted that an investment having a positive value of

N P V is a feasible one.
10.3
BENEFITS
FROM AUDITING AND ENERGY CONSERVATION
OPPORTUNITIES EVALUATION
The potential annual energy saving in terms of capital cost are

summarized for each of the energy conservation opportunities. Due to the
need to readily justify energy management measures and recover capital costs
within a short perioda simple payback period analysis may be used. Alsothe
data for capital investment are obtained from the electrical and mechanical
installation contractors and/or equipment suppliers, and annual cost saving are
calculated as the following sections.
In generalenergy conservation opportunities (ECO) category II would

have a payback of less than 2 years and category III would have a payback
period of 2 to 4 years[54]. For simplicity purpose, simple payback period over
these shorttimestheinflation and discount rates may be neglected.
10-4
10.3.1
Central Refrigeration Plant and Chilled Water System
Energy Conservation
Opportunities
Annual
Cost
Saving
(HK$)
Payback
Capital
Investment Period
(Year)
(HK$)
ECO I
Optimize chillers operation by
existing BMS
92,000.00
0.00
Immediate
ECO II
Regular maintenance schedule
(a)
Immediate
Optimize chillers operation by existing BMS (ECO I)
The estimated air-conditioning cooling load (Figure 6.4) at day

time and night time of summer season is 1,100 kW and 500 kW
respectively. During winter season, the estimated cooling load demand
at day time and night time is about 700 kW and 350 kW[63
respectively. By using the BMS controlthe optimise number of
chiller to be operated at siunmer season is two (2) at day time and one
(1) at night time. On the other hand, the required number of chiller for
winter season is one (1) for the whole day. Therefore, energy saving
can be calculated as follows >
10-5
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10.3.2
Ventilation and Air-Conditioning System
10.3.2.1
Auditorium
Energy Conservation
Opportunities
Annual
Cost
Saving
(HK$)
Capital
Payback
Investment Period
(HK$)
(Year)
ECO I
Control the operating time of air- 22,000.00
conditioning system according to
the actual building occupancy
0.00
Immediate
10,000.00
ECO II
Modification of the existing airconditioning system
9,200.00
Regular maintenance and cleaning

schedule of diffiisers and filter
(a)
Immediate
Control the operating time of air-conditioning system

according to the actual building occupancy schedule
(ECO I)
The actual usage time of the auditorium is about five hours per
dayand the pre-scheduled operating time of the air-conditioning
system is nine hours per day. That means, only 55% of the pre10-7
scheduled operating time of air-conditioning system is occupied by

people. The power consumption of the air-conditioing plant for the
auditorium being occupied and unoccupied are about 52 kW and 28
k W respectively.
The air-conditioning cooling load of the auditorium at summer

and winter season are roughly the same.
Since the auditorium is
located at the internal area of the buildingit is slightly affected by the

solar load and greatly depend on the occupancy only.
Power consumption of the airconditioning plant for the

auditorium being unoccupied
Nos. of hour of the auditorium
being unoccupied
Total energy saving for electricity
consumption
Cost of electricity
Money saving per day
28 kW
9 - 5 = 4 hrs
28x4=112kWhr
HK$ 0.65 /kWhr
112x0.65 = HK$ 72.80
The annual cost saving (excluding the Sunday and public holidays)
=72.80 x 297 = HK$ 21,621.60 (say HK$ 22,000.00)
10-8
(b) Modification of the existing air-conditioning system (ECO II)

During part load condition, energy saving can be achieved by using the
variable speed fan instead of constant speed fan. The annual cost
saving is calculated as Table 10.2.
Table 10-2 Electricity Consumption Calculation for
Average Power Consumption of the Airconditioning Plant Using Constant Speed

Air Handling Unit for the (_
Average Power Consumption of the Airconditioning Plant Using Variable Speed

Air Handling Unit (kW)
Difference in Power Consumption for

Constant and Variable Speed Airconditioning Plant (kW)
Difference in Electricity Consumption for

Air-conditioning Plant (kWhr)
Daily Cost Saving (HK$)
Time
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
Average Air-conditioning Cooling Load for

the Auditorium (kW)
Constant and Variable Speed Air Handling Unit
52.00
150.00
160.00
150.00
60.00
55.00
150.00
160.00
54.00
27.44
49.00
51.20
49.00
29.20
28.10
49.00
51.20
27.88
16.48
47.55
50.72
47.55
19.02
17.43
47.55
50.72
17.12
10.96
145
0.48
1.45
10.18
10.67
145
0.48
1076
10.96
1.45
0.48
1.45
10.18
10.67
1.45
0.48
10.76
7.12
0.95
0.32
0.95
6.62
6.93
0.95
0.32
7.00
Total
31.14
Note:
1 The power consumption to the air-conditioning plant is the sum
of power input to the air handling unit and to the chiller required
to provide the cooling load.
2. The power consumption of the variable and constant speed
air handling unit is based on the equipment catalogues.
=31.14 x 297 : HK$ 9,248.58 (say HK$ 9,200.00)
10-9
10.3.2.2
General Offices and Laboratories
Energy Conservation
Opportunities
Annual
Cost
Saving
(HK$)
Capital
Payback
Investment Period
(HK$)
(Year)
ECO I
Reduce lighting installation along
windows side
Immediate
Educate people to switch off

unnecessary lighting equipment
and use blind
Immediate
Reset the thermostat to 240C
Immediate
ECO II
Installation of local timer for fan
coil units
500.00
each
300.00
each
2,000.00
10,000.00
ECO III
Install infra-red programmable
movement sensor to switch off fan
coil units and lighting for
individual room
10-10
Install local timer for fan coil units (ECO II)
By installing local timer to fan coil unit to limit its operating

time from 8:00 to 12:30 pm and 1:30 pm to 5:00 pmthat can turn off
the fan coil unit during lunch time (1 hour).
Power consumption of smallest

fan coil units
Energy saving for electricity
consumption
Cost of electricity
3kW
3 x 1 = 3 kWhr
HK$ 0.65 /kWhr
3x0.65 = HK$ 1.95
=1.95 x 297 = HK$ 579.15 (say HK$ 500.00)
10-11
10.3.3
Electricity Supply and Lighting System
10.3.3.1
Plant and Equipment
Energy Conservation
Opportunities
Annual
Cost
Saving
(HK$)
Capital
Payback
Investment Period
(HK$)
(Year)
ECO II & ITT

Install power factor compensator 41,000.00
to reduce the energy loss
(a)
80,000.00
Install power factor compensator (ECO II & III)
In general, installation of power factor compensator can reduce

2% to 5% energy loss[51l
The average power consumption for a
typical day is about 650 kW from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm (9 hours) and

320 kW from 5:00 pm to 8:00 am (15 hours).
Energy saving during day time

Energy saving during night time
consumption
Cost of electricity
650 x 0.02 = 13 kW
320x0.02 = 6.4 kW
13 x 9 + 6.4 x 15 = 213 kWhr
HK$ 0.65 /kWhr
213 x 0.65 = HK$ 138.45
10-12
Benefits from Auditing and Economic Analysis
=138.45 x 297 = HK$ 41,119.65 (say HK$ 41,000.00)
10.3.3.2
Auditorium, General Offices and Laboratories
Energy Conservation
Opportimities
Annual
Cost
Saving
(HK$)
Capital
Payback
Investment Period
(HK$)
(Year)
ECO I
Educate people to switch off
uimecessary lighting equipment
and use blind
Immediate
Use natural daylight to reduce the

lighting required
Immediate
Regular cleaning of window to

reduce the lighting requirement
Immediate
ECO II
Reduce illumination level and use 38,000.00
task lighting
100,000
Increase the reflectance of the 19,000.00

surfaces finishing
100,000.00
300,000.00
11
ECO III
Re-wire the lighting circuitry
28,000.00
Reduce illumination level and use task lighting (ECO li)
The design lighting level is 500 lux for general offices. If task
lighting is usedthe lighting level may be reduced to 350 lux.
Therefore, it may reduce about 20% of the electricity consumption in
lighting. The lighting installation consumed about 17% of the total
building electricity consumption.
Power consumption by lighting

installation
Operating time of the lighting
installation
consumption
Cost of electricity
650x0.17 = 110.5 kW
9 hours per day
110.5 x 9 x 0 , 2 = 198.90 kWhr
HK$ 0.65 /kWhr
198.9 x 0.65 = HK$ 129.29
=129.29 x 297 = HK$ 38,397.65 (say HK$ 38,000.00)
10-14
(b)
Increase the reflectance of the surfaces finishing (ECO II)
By increasing the reflectance of the surface finishing, we may

reduce 10% electricity consumption in the total lighting installation1-51-1
by decrease the number of lighting luminaire to be installed.

installation
installation
consumption
Cost of electricity
650x0.17 = 110.5 kW
9 hours per day
110.5x9x0.1 =99.45 kWhr
HK$ 0.65 /kWhr
99.45 x 0.65 = HK$ 64.64
=64.64 x 297 = HK$ 19,198.82 (say HK$ 19,000.00)
10-15
Rewire the lighting circuitry (ECO III)
Rewire the lighting circuitry may reduce the number of unused

lighting luminaire by 15% for unoccupied area.

installation
installation
consumption
Cost of electricity
650x0.17= 110.5 kW
9 hours per day
110.5x9x0.15 = 149.18 kWhr
HK$ 0.65 /kWhr
149.18 x 0.65 = HK$ 96.96
-96.96 x 297 = HK$ 28,798.23 (say HK$ 28,000.00)
10-16
10.3.4
Lifts Installation
Energy Conservation
Opportunities
Annual
Cost
Saving
(HK$)
Capital
Payback
Investment Period
(HK$)
(Year)
ECO I
Reduce the number of elevators in
service during hours when
majority of persons are not
leaving or entering the building.
Immediate
Encourage staff to walk up and

down one flight of stairs rather
than to use vertical transportation
zone.
Immediate
ECO II
A shut down operation could be 28,000.00
incorporated into the lift control
such that i f there is no demand for
services for a certain period of
time, the doors of the lift will
close and the ventilation fan and
car will be switched off
automatically.
Deactivating some of the hall call
button at particular, such as 3/F
and 8/F floors may reduce the
dummy calls.
80,000.00
Immediate
10-17
Shut down operation (ECO II)
Shut down operation may be incorporated into the lift control

such that i f there is no demand for services for a certain period of time,
the doors of the lift will close and the ventilation fan and car will be
switched off automatically.
Thereforesuch kind of control may
achieve 25% of energy saving1-5^. The total power consumption of lift

installation is 10% of the total building electricity consmnption
Power consumption by lift

installation
Operating time of the lift
installation
consumption
Cost of electricity
650x0.1 = 6 5 kW
9 hours per day
65 x 9 x 0.25 = 146.25 kWhr
HK$ 0.65 /kWhr
146.25 x 0.65 = HK$ 95.06
=95.06 x 297 = HK$ 28,233.56 (say HK$ 28,000.00)
10-18
Constrainsts and Implementation for Auditing
11.
CONSTRAINTS A N D IMPLEMENTATION FOR AUDITING
11.1
INTRODUCTION
So far we are talking too much about the energy conservation

technique in the existing building,
this is the right time to discuss the
problems associated with the auditing processes since it would greatly affect
the auditing result. Also, the principle objective of the audit and survey stage
is to identify worthwhile opportunities for saving energy. The next important
stage for the energy management for the building is the implementation.
11 -2
11.2-1
CONSTRAINTS FOR AUDITING
Collection of Energy Consumption Data
This is a fundamental and important step of an energy audit.
preliminary survey must be carried out first to identify the energy source and
major energy using equipment of the building studied. In Hong Kong, the
usually energy source is the electricity supply. The energy use is recorded in
the form of electricity bill
//-/
The campus of the Chinese University of Hong Kong is comprised of

many buildings, each building will have their own meter for electricity supply.
Howeverthe China Light & Power Co. Ltd. only issue one electricity bill to
cover all of the buildings of the University. As a resultit is impossible to get
separate electricity bill for the Engineering Building. Fortunately, the building
maintenance and operation team of the Chinese University have routine
monthly record of electricity consumption for each building.
By using the electricity consumption records of the past monthsthe

electricity consumption patterns of the Engineering Building are obtained.
However, only the electricity consumption units are gotthe actual electricity
bills are unknown. The calculations of the electricity tariff of the Chinese
University are different from other commercial and industrial building. The
power company will treat the Chinese University as a large electricity
consumption owner, a specially discount rates are taken into the calculation of
the tariff.
11.2.2
Cooling Load Calculation
The cooling load calculation of the Engineering Building is based on

the data logging from the building management system through the sensor,
outstation and personal computer. The chilled water supply and return
temperature and chilled water supply flow rate are measured every 10 minutes
/ / - 2
round the clock. Therefore, the validity of the data obtained are much depend
on the accuracy of the measuring instrument, such as the thermometer and
flow meter.
In real situation, the building management system and the chilled water
plant of the Engineering Building have not regular monitoring and
maintenance schedule. It cannot be guarantee that the measured data is the
actual condition of the field readings. The measuring instrument and sensors
are not calibrated yet to give accurate measurement.
11.2.3
Maintenance Records and As-Fitted Drawings
The numbers of the lighting fixtures and air-conditioning units are

measured according to the as-fitted drawings, and the operation &
maintenance manual of the building services installation.
However, the
Engineering Building is under frequently renovation and alteration works

without updating the as-fitted drawings of building services installation
drawings. Consequently, the actual number of equipment may be slightly
different from the record drawings.
According to the information from the architects and engineers of the

Chinese University, they said that the renovation and alteration work just
involved the rc-psrtition of some laboratoriesthere ore no major alternation
11-3
work involved.
Therefore, the different in the total numbers of lighting
fixtures and air-conditioning equipment to the as-fitted drawings may be a few

percentages only.
11 -2.4
Equipment Performance Data
In order to get fully understand of the equipment operation, a complete

set of equipment catalogues shall be obtained. However, it is quite difficult to
obtain full information of the equipment installed on site. Besides from site
inspection, assistance from the maintenance staff of the Chinese University
and equipment supplier is the resorted to obtain the information required.
Even though the information of the equipment is obtained, problems is still
exits.
It is because the information from the equipment catalogues is
indicating the new condition only. In fact, the equipment used for a few years,
the operating conditions may be slightly different from that as stated in the
equipment catalogues.
Say for instancesthe power consumption of the
fluorescent lamp and air-conditioning units may be varied.
11-4
11.3
IMPLEMENTATION
Top management commitment must be obtained to ensure that the

energy conservation message and action receive appropriate attention and
implementation at each level of staff. Based on the technical and financial
analysis providedthe management should be able to determine which ECO
proposed are to be implemented and an action plan can then be drawn up.
11.3.1
Maintenance Record
By using the energy conservation record bookwhich shall include all

identification profiles and initial energy audit, maintain a miming diary of all
actions adopted to implement the energy conservation opportunities.
By
compare the dailymonthly or yearly energy consumption unit (e.g. kWhr) we

can get a detailed energy consumption profile of the building. However, the
electricity bill will not be a good indicator for energy consumption since there
will be variation of energy cost with time.
11-5
11.3.2
Environmental Conditions
Review the way that the building operated. It is recommended to close

off unused spaces and cut off all services to them. Turn off unnecessary lights.
Turn off the air-conditioning system and all auxiliary fans and pumps and
condenser or cooling towers at night and on weekends.
Operates drapes,
Venetian blinds, windows to maximize solar heat gain in winter, to make

maximum use of daylight all year round, and to minimize solar heat gain in
summer.
11.3.3
Lighting Consumption
Clean walls and other interior surfaces to increase the effectiveness of

the lighting system. Clean the lampstubes, louvers and fixtures; nextreplace
lamps with ones of lower wattage, or with lamps or tubes that provide more
lumens per watt. Remove lamps from fixtures when the tasks do not require
the current illumination levels.
11-6
11.3.4
Planning in Phases
Implementation is the most difficult part in the whole energy

conservation management exercise.
It is recommended that energy
conservation opportunities should be implemented in phases. Any changes

affecting the end-users should be introduced gradually. This involves close
liaison between the design office, the operation staff and feedback from the
end-users.
Site measurement should be carried out and energy use data
monitored to confirm the results after implementing the energy conservation

opportunities.
Since the building is in operation, due consideration should be given to

avoid any interruption to the existing services, in particular for those ECO
involving addition or modification of existing installation. Implementation is
a dynamic process requiring periodic review to ensure that ECO is earned at
the right time and place, and adopt to feedback of end-users.
//-7
Conclusions
12.
CONCLUSIONS
In this case studies, I appreciated the general procedures in building

energy audit and came across with some of the practical difficulty in auditing.
Generally, the electricity consumption of the whole building was metered by a
single electricity meter rather than on individual services is the typical
problem in building energy audit. It is difficult to measure the electricity
consumption for each building services system and installation accurately.
Thereforeit is hard to find out a significant data of energy consumption for
each service without adequate preparation for instrumentation.
Say for
instance, each building services equipment shall be equipped with individual

volt meter, ammeter meter and electricity consumption (kWhr) meter to
measure the actual energy consumption through a well-calibrated data logging
system.
The other problems encountered in this case studies were the time and
equipment available for collecting electricity consumption data. Basically,
data measurement play an important role to establish a throughout building
energy audit. It is because inadequate data measurement cannot reflect the
actual energy consumption patterns with seasonal variation for each building
services equipment of the building. In this case studies, I just got about one
year record for the energy consumption of the whole building for analysis.
12-1
Conclusions
For the data logging system, the studied building was equipped with a
central building management system to control and monitor most of the
building services system and installation.
However, the instruinentation
device such astemperature sensor, chilled water flow meter, current

transformer for voltage and current measurement, and the interfaces between
the measurement equipment to the computer of the central building
management system have not a comprehensive technical detail and
information about their sensitivity and accuracy of measurement.
The
accuracy of the measured data became a great question for consideration.
Even though there were several weaknesses in the case studies of

building energy auditI got some ideas and appreciated the procedures for
building energy audit. Firstly of all, I got a chance to identify the major
energy consumption equipment of the building. It was founded that the central
air-conditioning system consumed over half of the total electricity energy of
the building.
It provided great opportunities for energy conservation
measurement to be implemented, since the system consisted of a wide range of

energy consmnption equipment, such aschiller plant, chilled water pumps,
fan coil unitsair handling unitsand ventilating fans, etc.. In addition to
central air-conditioning system, lighting installation is the other most
concerned equipment for energy conservation because of its long operation
hours.
Conclusions
In conjunction with the energy conservation measure, the most

concerned aspect of the building owner is the capital investment and its
payback period. The theory of simple payback period was applied to justify
the feasibility of the energy conservation measures. Generally, four to five
years payback period will be considered as an acceptable energy conservation
measures for implementation.
In this case studies, the energy conservation measures were classified

into three categories according to their capital investment.
Through this
studiesit was found that the effective energy conservation measures were
related the application of central building management system (BMS) to the
central air-conditioning system.
By application of BMS to optimise the
operation of the chiller plantthe estimated amount of annual cost is

HK$ 1005000.00 (calculated in Section 10.3.1). It is clearly indicated that with
the advanced technology in Direct Digital Control (DDC) and BMS, we can
reduce the operation cost of the chiller plant and minimize the general
operation and maintenance cost of the building. Therefore, the BMS play an
important role in building services design and operation to maintain an energy
efficient operated building. On the other hand, in order to carry out the energy
conservation measures in an existing building, an effective and well-prepared
building energy audit appears to be the key factor for successful
implementation.
12-3
Conclusions
As far as the discussion concerns about the building energy audit and
energy conservation, the basic objective behind those interested topics relates
to the issue of environmental management. It is a well-known fact that our
community in Hong Kong derives many benefits from the use of energy.
However, the community and the enviromnent generally is exposed to many
potential and actual adverse effects as a consequence of the production and use
of energy. The adverse effects on the environment, even from a specific types
of energy, are many and varied. The cost of the environment is not easily
quantifiable in dollar terms. Nor is the cost to the enviromnent generally
reflected in prices but rather is borne by everyone, irrespective of the nature or
the level of their personal consmnption.
Through this case studiesit is observed that there is an immense

potential for achieving cost-effective improvements to the energy efficiency of
buildings. The energy savings may be achieved by identifying energy waste
and process inefficiencies. Energy waste, like motors ruxming unloaded or
lighting left on during non-production periodscan be controlled by a good
energy conservation program or the installation of automatic controls. Plant
equipment modifications and/or control system improvements can be designed
using the energy management system information and the improvements can
be monitored to determine the level of savings achieved.
The lack of any real coupling between economics and the environment,
and in the present context between the economics of energy supply and its
12-4
Conclusions
adverse environmental implications, is one of the most important conditions

militating against sustainable development in Hong Kong, and for that matter
elsewhere in the world.
As a conclusion, the main approach to achieve a energy efficient

building is the implementation of a well developed building energy
conservation policy where legislation, education and publicity awareness shall
be included in the policy. It is important to note that the policy will be done
properly and effectivelythrough client education and participation and a
coordinated and professional approach by the industry.
Such a policy would not simply cover energy conservation in

buildings, important as that may be. Development of the policy would need to
include also consideration of such things as energy aspects of transportation
policythird patty financing of energy efficient appliances, labeling of energyconsuming products, setting of performance or emission standards for energy
conversion, supply or utilization, organization of information campaigns and
establishing an agency to promote energy efficiency.
/2-5
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48
Haberl S. Jeff & Komor S. Paul, Improving Energy Audits: How Annual and
Monthly Consumption Data Can Help - Building Problems may be Diagnosed
Using Electricity Consumption Data and Interior Temperature Measurements'5,
ASHRAE Journal, September 1990.
49.
Brodrick R. JamesCrawley B. Drury & Briggs S. Robert"A new Approach

to Buildings and Energy AnalysisASHRAE Journal, August 1990.
50.
Dubin S. Fred, Mindell L. Harold & Bloome SdwynHow to Save Energy and
Cut Costs in Existing Industrial and Commercial Buildings: An Energy
Conservation Manual
51.
Dubin S. FredMindell L. Harold & Bloome Selwyn, Energy Conservation

Design Guidelines for Office Buildings, Noyes Data Corporation 1974.
52.
International Energy Agency, Energy for

Technology^ OECD Paris 1986.
Buildings:
Microprocessor
13-4
References
53.
Abba Consultants (Automation) Ltd.Computer-Based Energy Management in

Buildings, Pitmans1992.
54.
Department of Primary Industries and EnergyCommonwealth of Australia

1991Future Energy Management, November 1991
Publishing Service, Canberra.
55.
Janovsky Lubomir, Elevator Mechanical Design, Ellis Horwood, New York

1993.
56.
Fielden J. C. & Ede T. J., Computer Based Energy Management in Buildings,

Pitman Books, London, 1982,
57.
Gardner P. R.? Energy Management Systems

Publications, 1984,
58.
Mishan E. J Cost-Benefit Analysis An Informal Introduction, Unwin Hyman

London.
59.
Barron W. BillBenefit-Cost Analysis (Part 1} 2 & 3

Theories of Environmental Management, Center of Urban Planning and
Environmental Management, The University of Hong Kong.
60.
Buildings Officethe Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Tender

Document for Lifts Installation at the New Engineering BuildingMarch 1992.
61.
Buildings Office, the Chinese University of Hong KongThe Tender

Document for Mechanical Ventilation and Air-conditioning Installation at the
New Engineering Building, March 1992.
62.
Fanger P. O.Thermal Comfort: Analysis and Applications in Environmental

Engineering
63.
New Engineering Building Complex (The Chinese University of Hong Kong),

Scheme Design Report for Structural and Building Services Engineering
September 1992, Ove Arup and Partners Hong Kong Limited.
in Buildings,
Energy
13-5
Appendix A
Appendix A
QUESTIONNAIRE HEnergy Audit & Survey

This questionnaire is for research purpose and all the information will be treated in
strict confidence.
Please complete this questionnaire and return it to Mr Li Ka-ming either by mail to
the Buildings Office of the CUHK or by fax (2603 5415) not later than 20 January
1995.
Please tick "Z" as appropriate and fill in the blank.
Department
Floor no.
Date
Time
1.
Sex
:
Male
2.
Female
Normal working hour :

Fri
Sat
Sun
:
:
Lunch hour
From
From
From
From
to
Nature of work
Seated, general office work
Laboratory work
Lifting/Packing
Others
Appendix A
Type of clothing
Shirt
Lightshort sleeve
long sleeve
Trousers
Light
Heavy
Jacket
Light
Heavy
Blouse
Light
Heavy
Slacks
Light
Heavy
Dress
Light
Heavy
Jacket
Light
Heavy
What do you feel about the air temperature of the room in which you are working?
Cold
Cool
Slightly cool
About right
Slightly warm
Warm
Hot
What is your comment on the air movement?

Too strong, uncomfortable
Strongacceptable
Weak, acceptable
Too weakuncomfortable
Just right
What is your comment on humidity level?

Very humid
Humid
Slight humid
Just right
Slight dry
Dry
Are you sitting near the window?

Yes
10.
No
Are you sitting near the air-conditioning outlet (air grille)?
Very dry
Appendix A
Do you use window curtain to prevent the penetration of sunlight?

(Please neglect this question if you are not sitting near the window.)
Yes
No
How do you feel about the lighting condition of your workplace?

Too bright
Slightly bright
Slightly dark
Too dark
Just right
Do you use any electric equipment (e.g. Personal computerelectric typewriter, etc.)
during working hour?
Yes
No
Please list the type and the approximate operating hours (hrs. per day) of each electric
equipment you used:
Type of electric equipment
Approximate operating hours (hrs. per day)
(Thank you for your co-operation)
Please return the completed questionnaire to the Buildings Office of the CUHK or by fax
(2603-5415) on or before 20 January 1995.
Appendix B
Appendix B
DESIGN CRITERIA OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEM
1-
Mechanical Ventilation and Air-Conditioning System
Outside Conditions
External design conditions are taken as follows:
Summer
33C DB66% RH
Winter
10oCDB40%RH
Internal Condition^281
Internal design conditions for each area are in accordance with the following
design parameters:
Location
Professor office
Lecturer office
Open plan office
General office
Auditorium
Foyer
Classroom
Seminar room
Reading room
Computer lab
Teaching lab for undergraduates
Conference room
Staff common room
Student union
Student common room
Copy/store
Entrance foyer
Lift lobby
Corridor
Pantry
Summer
Design
Temp
(C0)
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
26
26
26
26
Relative
Winter
Humidity Design
(%)
Temp
(C0)
55
20
55
20
55
20
55
20
55
20
55
20
55
20
55
20
55
20
55
20
55
20
55
20
55
20
55
20
55
20
55
18
55
55
The air conditioning provision is based on the following data,

(a)
Building fabric with the following U-factors:
Glazing
=
5.6 W/m2oC
Wall
=
3.1 W/m2oC
Roof
=
0.6 W/m2oC
Partition
:
3.3 W/m2oC
Appendix B
(b)
(c)
Single glazing with plain glass and internal blind.

The operation hours of the building are listed as follow.
Computer mainframe room
=
0:00 - 24:00
Laboratories and lecturer office
=
8:00 - 24:00
General offices, classrooms
=
9:00 -17:00
auditorium and reading room
Lighting System
The design lighting level of all major areas in the building are based on
the recommendation laid down by The CIBSEa Code for Interior Lighting
1 9 8 4 _ as follow:
Location
Office
Circulation area
Waiting area
Conference
Laboratory
Computer room
Pantry
Lighting level (lux)

500
150
200
500
500
500
300
Hie Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers

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Title

Energy audit for building energy conservation

The author retains all proprietary rights, (such as patent

Master of Science in Environmental Management

ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN HONG KONG

BUILDING ENERGY CONSERVATION

ENERGY POLICY IN HONG KONG

ENERGY CONSERVATION POLICY IN HONG KONG

ENERGY RATING A N D LABELLING

BUILDING ENERGY AUDIT - C A S E STUDIES

BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

SURVEYING THE BUILDING

SITE SURVEY A N D DATA COLLECTION

ENERGY CONSUMPTION EQUIPMENT

OPERATING SCHEDULE OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION

ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION BREAKDOWN

ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION PROFILE

AIR-CONDITIONING COOLING LOAD PROFILE

ANALYSIS O F T H E EXISTING BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

CENTRAL REFRIGERATION PLANT AND CHILLED

VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND LIGHTING SYSTEM

BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

RESULT OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE

ENERGY CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIES

CENTRAL REFRIGERATION PLANT AND CHILLED

VENTILATION A N D AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND LIGHTING SYSTEM

BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS)

BENEFITS FROM AUDITING AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

BENEFITS FROM AUDITING A N D ENERGY

CONSTRAINTS AND IMPLEMENTATION FOR AUDITING

CONSTRAINTS FOR AUDITING

QUESTIONNAIRE (ENERGY AUDIT & SURVEY)

DESIGN CRITERIA O F BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEM

A significant proportion of the total energy in a developed country is

Usually, the energy consumed in building is

The local and global environmental threat caused by polluting

This paper highlights the environmental implication of electricity generation

The link between environment and energy consumption has attracted

Carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and particulate

Because of the much publicized problems of global warming and

As people became more conscious not only of the quantity of energy

The traditional energy audit of a building is a complex task

requiring the services of building professionals from diverse fields including

This paper will take the Ho Sin-Hang Engineering Building of the

Engineering Building is a recently built building without a completely

In Section 2a brief literature review of energy consumption situation

Section 3 proposes and recommends some energy policy and

building energy conservation strategy to be implemented in Hong Kong.

Starting from Section 4a building energy audit - case studies survey is

Based on the energy useage pattern provided in Section 7 and

In Hong Kong, with continuously expansion and development in

accounted for a large proportion of the general expense[4l

Energy Consumption in Hong Kong and

The energy most widely consumed by buildings in Hong Kong is

Electricity generated by the two power companies, The Hong Kong

There is currently a total 9,000 MW of

A major proportion of the electricity consumed in the territory is in

A detail breakdown of the

Energy Consumption in Hong Kong and

Percentage of Total Primary

Table 2.1 Energy Consumption by End-user in Hong Kong. 1993[6