chickenmanurebasedfertilizerproduclionin the Philippines:

Technologyreview,viabilityissuesand successfactors

: r S U s t oD . C a m b a r a nJd. B . N 4 a n u e lBl ,i4o.n aN 4 S c '

:!Lrndalon , h ppines
l o r S ! s l a i n a b eS o c i e l yI n c . P
: n r a I a c @ l s s . c o m . pTh:,( 6 3 2 )9 2 8 8 6 7 1

uon Eosco ecnncaruo eqe j Fnfipprnes

T: (632)5325812
@dbtc.edu.ph,
EnraI biona.manue

1 tNTnoouclloN

. rhe contexlol an a ng agricultureseclorwherethere s rnasslvepro feralionol

cheap smuggledand rnpodedlam nplts and prcductsin lhe markel,i1 is a big
lo dernonstfaleorganc larmingand lerlilzer produclion
challengein lhe Philippines
as a viabl€bus nessunderraking.

havevenluredon organiciaming and lert lzer produclonbut

A ot of organizalions
onlylew s!rviveddue to variousreasonsdiscussedin lhe succeedings€clionsoi lh s
paper. Tho Foundalonfor Suslainabl€Soci€lyInc. was one of thosewho lr€d to
venturen organiclarrnig and f€rlilizerproduclionbusinesslhal lailedlo sustaindue
lo low productoncapacilyand accessbililyol raw rnateriassuch as coco peal and
brownseaweeds(nol localy avalable n lhe prodLrctonfaciliryarea). Despil€this,
has a good potenilalto succeedas long as
FSSI st i be eves thal lhe bLrsiness
sound businessstrategiesars appled. Hence,a jont veniure,betweenFSSI and
CBT'DBTC,aiminglo rehabllale FSSI'sexperimenlalarm and lerli zer produclion
projeclin SilangCaviie s now underway Wilh lhe ja nr localedin a major poLrtry
i n d l s t r ya r e a ,u s n g c h c k e n r n a n u r €b a s e df e r l i l z e ra s g r o w n gm e d u m i s r n o r e
logca and practcalthanseaweedbasedierr zer.

CHIMATFA
Workshop
2005
Thus. FSSI and CRT DBTC now ntend lo look inlo the feaslbilitvoi shiflingto
of the Sih.g tarm And to
chickenmanurebasedfeni izeras parl oi ihe rehabllilation
ihis sludynot onLyhlghlighlslessonslearnedlrom
enrichsuchleasibilityass€ssrneni,
FSSIiam operaiionbut also galhercdolhef valuableinlormationthrough lileratLrrc
researchesand inleryiewsof variousJedilizerproducersoperatng in of near lhe

CHICKENMANUREFEFTILIZEBGENEBATIONAND UTILIZATIONIN THE

PHILIPPINES

2.1 chick€n ManureGeneratlonand Pathways

Chickenmanure prodLrciion ln lh€ Philppinesis estimaledto reach l l8 l\,llion

metriclons yearlyw th the geographcal dislrbutionshown n Table1

oowng p@vnc$ in
manurcproduclonwilhn th€malorbro erandlavarchickon
Tab 1: Estimated

F.;;i@'Er'r;i;r'ivonro,y l u-unii'roarcia l iercintotiotaiiroauct"

(000'pl.cos) p{Y€'i'(m0 |
B a aq a s I ans:sr 231lsocll 1961
Bura.an | 436661 119590s91 1013
Ipanplnoe' l- l3a3sol lldpoCirl 1oo7
"" 105,5es.43 - ses
l ;;; E;iE { sosTnel
lca,'€ 3 0012 a1,a7105 7 t9
276426 75.8t1.A2 6.41
94:
Bza 2,671'5 7323709 62l
Ou€Zo r,139!1 3119'46

Panoas'.an av6 2 23 0 4o cl 189

N6aroeocc'oenra| 30135 22O g osl 1a7
t"ir. i t^s", 2a:rl2aat t73

"dzznl -- -
b;;a;;;;d;-l s,ior'3lf. oiz
Volo.b ovn(65 157591. 9?4,911!1 3294
erovince"
lorr'er 7,354101 2o131a.tel ,1..4
rolel 4a.3'2 1 3 0 , 2 )900 10000
ol
sourcBol basicdalarBurcau AgiclllLij sIal sllcs(unpu6r;hsddata)
Imanu6prcluclof compuled
at 75!6itd/day(Ave€g. iiomvarioussourcos)

worf shop2005
cHLMATRA
 237

According to Naiional Coordinallon

Slalisiics Boad,thlshasgrownby 4 8%in 2000
andNaffodI2O02l, fie mostcommon among
scenario
In a su&eydoneby Delgado
ihe farmssuweyedwas disposalol rnanure eitherby sellingit to chickenmanure
irade6,sprcading ll on lheirownlarrns'or somecombinalion ol both(80%)oiher
observed meansof dlsposing wastew€recontain ng the manurcln closedp s'
convenienly throwing thewasleintoa riveror canal,or iustleavlnglhis bv-product
onlhegroundlo decompose
ol smallcontract
lwo_thirds growers, ol
lhree_fourths
A sjmilarstudyshowsthatsorne
argelndependenl laisers,andalmostall of the commerclal coflractgrowercin lhe
samplesold chickenmanure.For lheseprcducers' thereis moreor less zero
discharg€ol waslelntotheenvironm€nt at th€pointol disposalSmallindependenls'
however,havelsssaccessto slch markels' withonly40 percenlol thefarmshaving
ln thelasllwomontrs
be€nabe lo ssllmanure

ol manu€(in%)'Boll€rProductbn'
ol lam€rsby m€thodol disposLllon
Tab.2: Diskibullon
2002
Phlllppln6s,

LLHOLDEF laOMirEiCrAL
ENTBY GlO.dOO) (>1O.OOO)
lnchp. ndqn 4c ontru'r k d' Pdda nt c oniect

li"H?""ff#0.!1L--ft i,* i*
I

l::jJilil' ::: ,i"' :'.' _i.01 ["j'

'::,
ll;;;"**-.y'*",ir' ,li, ll! - : f . - l:J.
3i.;;;";rur";;;i""**r"
B .6ore r doconr6
€e r ' oto
6 o n €rrod w
d a s . " * . - - . r - - -l
c o nnr *s3t6 I, I, I
I
o. cbseo
o'spos€o
orspos€d pI
cbs;dpr l
,lz
r en "oo-nd's3r,-.ru'€
lco 6crod
's.bno8 l- " , i I
i
c Noolor roco.lainwaBle
"" i
rnlpl" pt
Lrnrown 132
lThbwnlncansvrlv€r lv t
i.a;;; s;ffi ,i;llom;ft . su*ittuvGncettainr
^"*."i":"1-sr
"t.."."..-**
tt" 1226 213 - ooo
o-
l;ili '.23 )za ta
Ll Fi€d suNev,2002-03.
sourceUFLB-IFPFI

Ths by-product collecled

s soldln drylorm.lt is usuall}/ lowards
by lhe buyernEder
rheend ol ihe produclioicycl6,aboutlour daysp or to harvestol ihe blrds Thg

Worl6hop200s
CHIMATFA
ave€ge p ce of manlreacrossproduction arrangemeniand scaLeof opefalion
fangesfrom 10 pesosio 22 pesos per 50'kg bag dependngon lhe season.
Addilional
rcvenuesirom manuresalesper cycle(usuajyeverylwo weeks)range
lfom an averageow ol 1,293pesoslor smallindependonls
lo as highas 4,657
pesoslorlargecontractgrowers
dependingon thelam size.

ThesameslLrdy showslhal brciierfannsLrsethe manureas ferl izeron lher own

landsthat lhe farmersown or operaleFromthe
larmsand on olhef agrlcultuta
sample,aboui 29 percent oi small independents,13 pefcenlof srnaliconlract
growerc,
17 percentof srgeindependenisand19 percent of argecontract gfowers
usedlheir manureas ferl zer as a meansol internalizngthe exlernalities
frorn
broilerprcduction.
Thevolurneol manureappisdon ands rangesfrom an average
of 25 bagsior smallindependenlsto as hjghas 72 bagsior commercia contracl
growers.The majncropsgrownon broilerandhodings wheremanufeis applied
ncludemango,banana, andsomelruitlrees Thos€cropsareplanted
rice,coconut,
on areasrangingin sze lroma m nimumaverageol 0 06 heclareslor lhe small
contfaclgrowerc to as largeas 2.7 hectares independenls
lof the cornnrercial For
orheragriculrura landholdings,whch lhe larmsown or operalelhe maf crops
grownare riceandcoconul. Acrossscalesof operation, lhefeis a grsaletaqgregale
Droeoirionol smalholders i27oh\vlhoda not exertanyapparenleiiortto miligalg
pollulonlrombrol€rmanuro compar€d to commercialprcduosrs (9%).Speclically'
a
high€rnumberot large-scale
signilicanrly iarms (87% vs. sel
55o/o) ohioken manur€
lo lrad€rs.Ths lindingcoud tell€ctscae economies andconsequonlly, lessercosl
on lhe tradsrs'parlto I thor truck-quola wllhthe lafgervolumeol manlrscoming
lroma sing€larg6comm€rcia broi€rlarmInst6ad of co sclingthosamolruckLoad
lrcm a gr€aternumberol disp€Fedsmallholdor Ia ns Thesshow lhal small
ind€psndsnt groworstendlo havshigherlev€ ol pollulondu€to improper wasle

cHtMATFAWo*shop2005
2.2 ChickenManurebasedOrganicFertiliz€rll,larkel
andlssues

Fromlhe dalaabove,it is quileevidentthalmarkels lor chickenmanureareworking

wlh
etficiently, lhe highdernand for organic
ferll zer beingmel by theamplesupply
ol rnanureirombroilerfarms,However, independenl smallholders
havelessaccess
lo suchmarkels,as reflocted in lheir loweraffirmalive response €le ol ofly 55
percentwhenaskedabolt th€ €xislence ot such markets.Eighty-seven percent
(87%)of the smallconlractgrcwerssurveyed and all of lhe surveyed comrnercial
iarmshaveaccesslo lh€ mark€tiof poullrymanure. lv,loreovef,whilethe proportion
ol commercialraisersand conlraclsrnallholders who wereunableto sell manure
€ngesonlyfromlhreelo 32 percent, morethanhal ol theindependent srnallhold€rs
(58%)soldno rnanure atall.Therels a vastdemand lorpoultrymanure by vegelabe
larmsin Benguelprovnce,whch is locaredin rhe Cordillera Autonomous Region
(cAR)as wellas in Cenl€ Luzon(Region3) andelsewhofe in South€m Tagaos
(Begion4). The lablebelowshowsa distribution ol majorcropproduclion in the
various
reglonsin lh6counlry.

Tab,3:MajoraqrculuElcropproducllon
in lhe Phlrppn.s by Bgtonln 1994

n. Coconutl Rl.o I Con

-iosr
lii-l'-----6.0 Tiii67ror63 fli;.3 -rr, 1.2
x ,-orz3 7ol ol 556.?j6s6.21390.3 390.s 179,61r796 783,1
ir
rr o l o . e o,eo6.!l
+oo.al 3 9 0 6 J l 6o6.ei
€ 0 6 9 1s66;li;3d.ol
s 6 6 o l r . 3 6 ? . 0 054l
3 5 4 ;17-6
lxii I o.ol ;6tf-44.4[ adt.il b;.il 1nl 0.4
lrnuvI aal 7n.il ,risl 6iaali6i.il oo6.il b.b
foiAl fr,iJ,1.oFBor.tllo,$si 12F-Ja57[
[4"Er i oiirsf-1prii.;
sourcoBur€au (unpubrsh€d
oiA$curu€lsraristrcs dala)

CHIMATFA
Worlshop2005
Needlessto sav,ihe maiorsupplielsol broilermanurcare lound n cenlra and
SouthLlzon(seslable1). Despiielhe existence markelslor raw
of well_lunclloning
chicken
manure. it is facedwiiha number oi issuesRawchickenmanure lradingin
B€ngueiprovincehasbeenrendercd illegaLbya municpalordinancepassedin 1990
(but mplernented onlyin 2ooo) The ordinance arosefromthe percepuon ol the
induslrybe'g a lhreatlo oubl|csa ely d'd hedlh wtotrl too rrch orocessing
involved, chicken
mostol lhe counlry's manLrresupplyis belngus€das rawfediLizer
in agriculureand aquaculture productionOne lmpodantproblemlhat needs
immedateallentionis the widespread pmcliceoi applvingunprocessed chcken
rnanurelo lhe vegetablewhichmay carrya lol oi harmlLrelemenlsChicken
coniaincontaminants such as residualhorrnonesanlblotics'
diseaseorganismsand otherundesirable
oesticides, subslancesSincemanyof
thesecanbe eiminaledthroughhightemperatLrre aerobccomposling' thispraclice
wherelowleveLs
s recornmended maybe presenlCaLltion
oi organiccontaminanls
as rssearchhas demonstrat€d
is advised.however, that Salnonellaand E coli
bacleriaaDDearlo surviv€lhe composlngprocessmuchbetterthan prcviously
lhoughl.WINCOM Corporation,
AgroIndustrial pointedoulthaldesptethe
however
exstenceol th s ordinance,slill law chickenmanuretradjnganduselar outweighs
Pc[,]usein the areaaff€cting Thlscouldbs altribuled
ils matketabilily l0 the low
costof rawchick€nmanurscompared (5'l0limes ch€apetlhan
to PCIIItertilizer
prooessed). WLthlho prcs ot larminpltsconslanllysng ths blgdifferenoo In lh6
prlcool raw(5-10pesos/sack iarmgatsp ce)aid processod (140_160pesos/sack)
manureandthe conlnuousinlluxot choapimpodgdand smuggod veg€lab€sn
Philipplnemark€t,it maybe logicallo assumethattho vegstabl6 larmerswll have
dilflcultyEhillingto procsssedchlck€nrnanufs'Thereare aso a 'umoef oI
organzalionlhatarcableslstainto chickonmanure lonllkerprocessingbusinesses
arsasloLLowsl
Twoot lhosecompanios

WINGOM AgroIndustrialCorpmanages le€dmilland lertlizerbusin€ss

organic rn
lqe orovincool BslangasBalangass lh6 o'gg€slpoultryindJslrya'ea wllh an
estrnaled4-6millionbLdsandproducing 14%ol lhe eggproduclion in lhe counlry'
aresupplled
Eulkol its rawmanurerequiremenls by lhossgeneraled by ihe poullry
neabybeingboughtal lesslhen P1000 per
lam ol lho ownerandolherpoultrios
mixinga speciaenzymoandolh€rcomponenls
procsssinvolves lo
bao.Produclion

2005
WolkshoP
CHIMATRA
 themanue. Attetwhichthemi*ure is curedlor a weekbeforebeingdried,grounded
:-a packaged. Pro.essjngtakesapprcximalely lwo (2)weeks.lt hasa capac(y{o
:roduce 150 sacuday i50Kgs./sack)They were asssled lechnolog cally by
-
Jnversilyot lhe PhllippinesLos_Banos lhroughihe provlsionof rnxlngiormulas
and applcationguides.The productis mixedwilh otherfetilizersat diiferenl
lroporuons depending on cropwher€it is usedat ll is usedto a widearrayof piants
ncludng vegetabes,ice, sugarcan€, huitbearingtreesandflowersll conside6the
ncreasnguse ol raw chickenrnanurelertiizera ma*el threalbecauseol big
Cillerence its conlinuolsexistence
in p ce. lt altribules to lhe lmplemenlationof a
*elthoughl educalion program. The companvinlendsto go intonichemarketing
rocusing on liquidorganicle'lilizerslor golf courses.Thev wouldhoweverneed
lhe€aidlechnoogy.
lo develop
assistance

cold6n Egg Farmsis ownedby a Tawanesedoingbusinessin CavileCity.lt

managesa chickenlam producing around5500 Kg chickenmanur€per day
Seventy percenl(70%)ol lhs amountis processed whiletho red arc
inlol€rdlizor
soldas rawmanure. Chlck€nmanureLsmixedwilh Bokashiand cLrrsdtor one(1)
week,air d €d and packed.Forlyp€rcent(40%)ol lls produced arc boughlby
l€derswhilelh€ reslis directly by
bought cutlow€rlamerc near
the iam. lt is able
ro produceloo sacks/day ol procossedchickgnmanlfe.lhe poultryhoweverls
du€to excsssiv€
lacsdwilhconplainlslrcm its n€ighbors odorandlhetear6 also
on thehoalthandsal€lyol llsworkers
concems

BASEDOFGANICFERTILIZEN
COCOPEAT.SEAWEED
3 FSSI'SPELLETIZED
PRODUCTION 1998-2000
BUSINESS:

3.1 ProlectBackground

TheFSSI'Sorganc sxpeflm€nlaltarmingandpeletized"l€niliz€r
prodlclionventure
wasa lorwardbusnessinlegmtion basedenlends€program.During
ol ils coco_coir
process
rhe decodicaling (translormng huskslo llbers) ony 40% oi coco"husks
beingdeconcabdar€convefted to lib€rs,lheremanlng60%arecoco-dust or peat
Since p6al is considereda by_producl processwlth lirnled
ot decorticating

WorlshoP2005
CHIMATFA
 to
produclLon
lo useit as maiorinpuiin lerlilizer
FSSIwaschallengod
applicallons,
as wellas rnanage
potenllal ol
the iastaccurnr'rlation
maximlze its soilconditionlng
spaceproblem planls
in rnanydecorticaling
coco-pealwhichcauslng

organlclarm ano organr

ThLrsin 1998,FSSIstart€dto ventufein experime'lal
through a projecl
in 1g98wlththesuppoftlromFoBDFoundalion
lerlllzerprcduction
TechnoLogyDevelopmeni and Disseminaiion"This
dubbedas "Coco_Enieprise
andpopuadzeorganic
1oshowcase larrnrngasa
prcjedwaslikewlse conceptualized
proiitablebusinessundertaking lo manvcommunjty basedorganizations the
in
produclion
ledilizer
serni_organic
ol pelleuzed branded as
Theprcduction
Philippires.
wllhCocoTech
Cococreen hadtriedto reacha cerlalnd€greeol comrnercialization
as the legal
Corporalioi,whichis lointlyownedby FSSIandJubokenEnterprse'

4 PBOOUCT

such as oocopeal(242%)'
Cococreenlerlillzeruses the lollowingmalerials
(24.2%)'
vefmi0ast bfownseaweeds powder(4'8olo)'mldpress(65%)'sand(8 1%)
(32.3%)lt haEr€csivedllll 'edificallon lo ma(el
aid lic€nse
andcompletefedilizor
andPesllcdeAulhoty (FPA)in 2OOO NPK
wllha 7:717
Fenilizer
fromrhsPhilippine

dulng tho l€sllngphas€thal applyingthe ssaw€gdioirilizerin i1s

lt wasobEervod
ol water
and ineqLlalily
purepowderfom r€sulledIn wastagedueto walerrun"oll
pfocessof combinLng
sprayLngappllcalionThis led CocoTechlo d€velopthe
p€ll6ts'
The produclsw€re
rosulling
seaweedpowderandcocopeatinlolonllizer
pollolsallowlor longer
lound to be easierio apply r€ducingwastageAlso'
lhorobyelm 'allngt's'un_oiip'oblsns
absorplion

bell
leltuce'€ggplanl'
cabbage'
Theprcductwerolesiedon variouscropsincLuding
pepper,
culllowsrs, resulls
billergourdwithencouraging

Wo shop2005
CHllr,lATFA
{.1 ProductlonProcess

i.ocessng is consistsol iour mainprocessesTheseare:

r tr/ixing
' Pellelzirs(usinSanexlrusion
equipmenl)
' Drying(usjnga ic€ hullhealed drver)
mechanical

:.ere were concernshoweveron lhe lrigh capilal and operationalcosl ol these

:qulpm€nl.Equlpmenlusedhad lo undergoa nrJmber ol modillcations whichproved
€ignficantlylo the cosl ot lhe prcduco
:! havebeenverycostlyandconlributed

r.2 l$ues Loadlngto Failurelo Suslein Operalions

A nurnberof issueshavo been dentiliodthat contribut€d1othe eventualclosureof

:-e venlur6.Theseare:

No €searchand develoDmeni (R&O)plandevoloped ior lh€ projeclTechnologv

d€veloomonl wasdonebas€don "hll ard niss' siralegy, a olearindicallonol lackof
€xp€rtisein prodLrot
andproce€slngfacilllydsslgndevelopmoil
EculDmonl usedIn prcducllonwasdsv€loped by peopl€whos€exp€ns€is lBdillzof
iomulallonandnoton €qupm€ntd€slgnandlabricalion
Fundallorted tor 6qulpm6ntd6slgnandlabdoation wasnol€fl€cllvely ullllz€dslno€a
torolnachln€rl€s d6v€lop€dlorlheprojecldldnolwort as expooted
Prcldcidldnol reachlhelarg€l podlclloncapacity ol5lonEoll6dllz€rP€rdavThe
h qh€stppducllonr€ood€dwasonlyaround.6lons pfl daJ/
Dosplre th6 goodr€sullsin vadousproduoldBmonslralons and o€dLilcatlon by lh6
FPA,lh6 Ofol€clwasnot 3u31aln€d becausg oi lallur€lo devolopandimplem€nl an
plan.
etfecllv6commsrclalizallon
of raw mal6flalInpuls.Whentho projeclwas aboulio op€raleon a
lnacoesslblllty
cornmorc al scal6,lho proioctoxpo€ncedprobl€mwilh lho suPPllffof cocop€al
Theprol€ciwascashsi€pp6dbecausofnoslof lh6 operallng capllawenllo paylor
v€rmicagandbrowrsean6€d6 whlcl'wo€notalyroro ptocessgd
Hnsncial resoulces slaned b dwindle when ke prciecl was abau+to be lullv
commorclalized.onlv 20%oi proJ6cl whlle80'/.wenllo
was allon6dfor oporation
oquipmontdesigndsvolopmontandfab calonandconslruclionoilhsbulldlng
Loworoductionoulpulss lha proieclwasdesigned lo produco5 tonsol lodil26rbul
rh6Lackoi owne6hiD lromlhos6whow6repanol the projecloperalonas moslol
rhelundsusedcam€lromlhe FOBDFolndalion andFSS

CHIMATRAWorkshop2005
 . To muchcosl incuiiedin l€chnology
d€v€loprnenl,
a clearindicalionol lack of
experdse
equipmenidesign deveopm€nl,andproducl
d€monslraiionandpronoron.

5 CONCLUSTON

The lollowingconclusions
wereiomuated irornlhe dala and inlomaiiongathered.

. The abilirylo s€1|manureis crucialtor al tarms ln posillvelyconlibulingro

€nvircnmenhl miligalon b€havor.Al prodLrcers r€spondlo lhe martelfor manure
wher€il exsts LargescaleproduceBlend lo 9€l a biggorpanoflhe ma.keldu€lo
conveni€nco in the part of rhe rrader.chickenmanufesupplyirom smaLlscae
prcdLcers is yetlo be maximized. To addresscolectionprobems,dec€rlralzirqth€
processirg ol manur€in lhe communiles shouldbe slongly@nsidered andsludiod
wheresmallooultryiams couldbe clusl€redlo iom a commonchick€nmanure
i€dlizerp@c€s€ing hub.[,lor€over,wilh |aw chick€nnranur€ selinsnot considered
as a maiorsourc€ol incomebylhe smalpbducers, thisconc€plwoud al owlhsmro
manage lhefwastein a mor€€nvironmenrally bengr mann€rwhi€ai rh€sameI me
€amlrgmor€lromii. Padot lhe produce couldihen be soldio lho locallam€rs or
collectedby a poducl consolidalor in lhe arcalor l6din9 elsewhefo. This would
requre ihe develop.n€nl of low cosl proc€s€e€and equipmenls aliodabl€ro rh€se

. Th6.eis a needto dev€opl€chnolog€slhal can b ng downlhs cosi ol Pcr'/

produciion and/ofsigniticanlly
increaseetficacy
compar€d lo rawchick€n marlre and
chemlcal i€rliiz€rs.
r Uness lechrologicaini6wsnlionsto r€duc6productioncosl and signiticanly
nc€ase PcM €fllcacvcomparedlo chlckenrnanureand ch€mlcalenlizeE is
€lt€ctively
addressed, nlch€mark€llng shouldbs adapted. PCMfealuresshouldbo
cuslomized lo lh€ n€€dsol lhis indusiry.Som€ol lhe possib€technologi€s lhal
wouldbs requiredby lhis s6clo.lncludB p€l6iizn9for lh€ cultloworinduslryand
odorl€ssliquidoqancle llzerlor goltcou€€ssndgardone.
. To avodtho €xpeencsol FSSI,matu€l€chnologl€s andprovsnoqulpmenl should
b€ used lo €nsure altafmonr of dosrod oroduclonoaDacltvand Droduct

. Exp€nsshoud b6 rappodro woii on va ous r6chnology

ar6asio miligaroand
manage felalgdisks.
lechnology

CHlI'TATFA
Workshop
2005
6 BIBLIOGRAPHY

FSS|(1999).1999
Socielync , pp.25_31.
lor Sustainable
AnnualBepon,Foundatjon

FSSt(2000).2000
SocielyInc, pp 38 46
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