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Well components
: Well structures/Christmas tree
Subsea manifolds/PLEM and subsea connections
: Components / design / installation
Umbilical / risers / flowlines
: Design criteria/ analysis
Flow regime
: Horizontal and vertical flow / Stratified flow / Annular flow / Dispersed bubble flow / Slug flow
Flowline pressure drop
: Frictional losses / Elevation losses / Acceleration losses / Errors in P calculation / Pipe wall roughness
Liquid hold up
: Cause / Prediction / Field & experimental data / Three phase flow
Flow assurance issues
: Hydrate/Wax/Asphaltene/Corrosion/Scale
Field operation
: Operational procedures for offshore petroleum production
Application Example: Offshore platform (Pluto fields), Floating production system (Ichthys fields)
Final Test
Subsea tree
A subsea tree is basically a stack of valves installed on a
subsea wellhead to provide a controllable interface between the
well and production facilities.
It is also called a Christmas tree, cross tree, X-tree, or tree.
Subsea tree contains various valves used for testing, servicing,
regulating, or choking the stream of produced oil, gas, and
liquids coming up from the well below.
The various types of subsea trees are used for either
production or water/gas injection.
Configurations of subsea trees can be different according to the
demands of the various projects and field developments.
Subsea completion
Prior to the start of production, a subsea well is to be completed
after drilling. Subsea completion is the process of exposing the
selected reservoir zones to the wellbore, thus letting the
production flow into the well.
Casing design
The most important parameters for casing design are wall
thickness and length.
It is a comparatively simple structure.
As the oil explorations move into deepwater drilling of highpressure and high temperature wells, it has become more and
more popular and necessary to increase the scope of the
optimization by encompassing more design parameters into the
analysis.
Consequently, numerous variables can be taken into account
within the design spectrum. However, usually it is imperative to
integrate all of the subsea components in the analysis of the
casing design, which we will elaborate on in wellhead reliability
analysis section.
The total area of the annulus cross section for each casing
string is given by
Subsea wellhead
The main function is to serve as a structural and pressurecontaining anchoring point on the seabed for the completion
systems and for the casing strings in the well.
The wellhead system incorporates internal profiles for support
of the casing strings and isolation of the annulus.
In addition, the system incorporates facilities for guidance,
mechanical support, and connection of the systems used to drill
and complete the well.
Function requirement
Provide orientation of the wellhead and tree system with
respect to the tree-to-manifold connection.
Interface with and support the Xmas tree system and blowout
preventer (BOP).
Accept all loads imposed on the subsea wellhead system from
drilling, completion, and production operations, inclusive of
thermal expansion. Particular attention should be given to the
horizontal tree concept where the BOP is latched on top of the
Xmas tree.
Ensure alignment, concentricity, and verticality of the lowpressure conductor housing and high-pressure wellhead
housing.
Be of field proven design, as far as possible, and designed to
be installed with a minimum sensitivity to water depth and sea
conditions.
Operation requirement
Provide the ability to install the following equipment in the same
trip: the production guide base (PGB), the 36-in. conductor, and
the low-pressure conductor housing. The assembly should be
designed to be preinstalled in the moon-pool prior to being run
subsea.
Allow for jetting operations for the casing pressure and for the
drill and cement as a contingency case.
Include provision for efficient discharge of the drill
cuttings/cement returns associated with the drilling operations.
Provide a bore protector and wear bushings to protect the
internal bores of the wellhead system components during
drilling, completion, and retrieval operations.
Ensure that all seals and locking arrangements can be tested in
situ.
Allow for large enough flow-by areas, and particle size, at the
casing hanger and casing hanger running tool level (to be
compared with the clearance between ID of the previous casing
and the OD of the collars of the attached casing).
Be designed to allow for testing of the BOP without having to
pull the wear bushing.
Provide guidance for equipment entering the well during drilling,
completion, and subsequent operations.
Allow for safe and efficient retrieval of all installed equipment
during permanent abandonment of the well.
Be designed to allow access for both work class and inspection
ROVs. ROV grab bars should be included wherever an ROV
operation is defined to provide stabilized working conditions for
the ROV.
Wellhead component
A subsea wellhead system mainly consists of wellhead
housing, conductor housing, casing hangers, annulus seals,
and guide base (TGB and PGB).
Wellhead housing
The wellhead housing is the primary housing supporting both
the intermediate and production casing strings. Two kinds of
subsea analyses are necessary to consider
: load stress analysis and thermal analysis.
Lockdown Bushing
The lockdown bushing is used to permanently hold the
production casing hanger in place so that the annulus seal
assembly locked to the hanger does not move and get
damaged during start-up/shutdown operations.
P (x,y) is determined by
Pluto field
Magnolia field
Perdido field
Girassol FPSO
Ormen Lange