CCNA

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Bringing a True-long Stand Vocation

Contents
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Describe how a network works

Switching
IP address and IP Services
Router and routing
Wireless LAN
Security threats and mothods to mitigate
NAT and ACLs
Implement and verify WAN links
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Module 1: Describe how a network works

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Network Topology

The OSI model

The TCP/IP model

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Lesson 1: Network Topology

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Physical vs. Logical Topologies

Bus Topology
Star and Extended-Star Topologies
Ring Topologies
Mesh and Partial-Mesh Topologies
Network Protocol
LAN/WAN

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Lesson 1: Network Topology

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Network Devices
End-user devices (hosts)

Include computers, printers, scanners, etc.

Allow users to share, create, and obtain information.
Exist without a network, but capabilities are greatly
reduced.
Connected to the network media using a network interface
card (NIC).
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Lesson 1: Network Topology

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Network Devices
Network devices

Provide transport for the data that needs to be transferred

between end-user devices.
Provide extension of cable connections, concentration of
connections, conversion of data formats, and management of
data transfers.
E.g. Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers

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Lesson 1: Network Topology

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Physical Topology Categories

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Lesson 1: Network Topology

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Bus Topology
All devices receive the signal

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Lesson 1: Network Topology

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Star Topology
Transmissions go through a central point
Single point of failure

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Lesson 1: Network Topology

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Extended-Star Topology
More resilient than star topology

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Lesson 1: Network Topology

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Ring Topology
Signals travel around ring
Single point of failure

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Lesson 1: Network Topology

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Dual-Ring Topology
Signals travel in opposite directions
More resilient than single ring

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Lesson 1: Network Topology

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Full-Mesh Topology
Highly fault tolerant
Expensive to implement

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Lesson 1: Network Topology

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Partial-Mesh Topology
Trade-off between fault tolerance and cost

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Lesson 1: Network Topology

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Logical Topology
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Lesson 1: Network Topology

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Network Protocol
Protocol suites are collections of protocols that
enable network communication from one host
through the network to another host.
A protocol is a formal description of a set of rules
and conventions that govern a particular aspect
of how devices on a network communicate.

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Lesson 1: Network Topology

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Local Area Network - LAN

LANS are designed to:
Operate within a limited geographic area
Allow multi-access to high-bandwidth media
Control the network privately under local administration
Provide full-time connectivity to local services
Connect physically adjacent devices

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Lesson 1: Network Topology

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Wide Area Network - WAN

WANS are designed to:
Operate over a large geographical area
Allow access over serial interfaces operating at lower speeds
Provide full-time and part-time connectivity
Connect devices separated over wide,even global areas

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Lesson 2: The OSI model

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The OSI Reference Model

The OSI Model Layers and Functions
Encapsulation and De-Encapsulation
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Network Protocols

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Lesson 2: The OSI model

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Why a Layered Network Model?

Application
Presentation
Session

Reduces complexity
Standardizes interfaces
Facilitates modular engineering
Ensures interoperable technology
Accelerates evolution

Transport

Simplifies teaching and learning

Network
Data Link
Physical
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Lesson 2: The OSI model

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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model

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Lesson 2: The OSI model

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Application
Presentation
Session

Network Process to Applications

Data Representation
Interhost Communication
End-to-End Connections

Transport

Data Delivery

Network
Data Link
Physical

The Seven Layers of the OSI Model

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Lesson 2: The OSI model

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Application
Presentation
Session

Network Process to Applications

Data Representation
Interhost Communication
End-to-End Connections

Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical

The Seven Layers of the OSI Model

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Lesson 2: The OSI model

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Application
Presentation
Session

Network Process to Applications

Data Representation
Interhost Communication

Network
Data Link
Physical

The Seven Layers of the OSI Model

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Lesson 2: The OSI model

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Application
Presentation

Network Process to Applications

Data Representation

Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical

The Seven Layers of the OSI Model

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Lesson 2: The OSI model

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Network Process to Applications

Application

Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical

The Seven Layers of the OSI Model

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Lesson 2: The OSI model

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Presentation

Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical

The Seven Layers of the OSI Model

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Lesson 2: The OSI model

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Application

Sender

Presentation
Session

Data user
Data user

Transport

Data user
Data user

Network

Data user
Data user

Data Link

Data user

Physical

Data Encapsulation
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HDR=header

Lesson 2: The OSI model

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Receiver

Application
Presentation

Data user

Session

Data user
Data user

Transport

Data user

Network

Data user
Data user

Data Link

Data user

Physical

HDR=header

Data De-Encapsulation
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Lesson 2: The OSI model

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Receiver

Sender

Application

Application

Presentation

Presentation

Session

Session

Transport
Network

Segments

Transport

Packets

Network

Frames

Data Link
Physical

Data Link
Physical

Bits

Peer-to-Peer Communication
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Lesson 2: The OSI model

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Network Protocols

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Lesson 3: The TCP/IP model

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TCP/IP
TCP/IP Suite
TCP/IP Stack vs. OSI Model
Internet Protocol
UDP
TCP
TCP/IP Applications
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Lesson 3: The TCP/IP model

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TCP/IP Evolution
ARPANET or DARPANET: U.S. Department of
Defense decentralized network that ensured the
safe transport of data between mainframe
computers at different strategic locations by
creating alternate communication routes.
TCP/IP used as protocol system in ARPANET or
DARPANET.
National Science Foundation network based on
ARPANET or DARPANET: Evolved into Internet.
TCP/IP: Protocol for Internet.

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Lesson 3: The TCP/IP model

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TCP/IP Stack
Defines four layers
Uses different names for
layers 1 through 3
Combines layers 5
through 7 into single
application layer

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Lesson 3: The TCP/IP model

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TCP/IP Stack

OSI Reference Model

Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link

Network
Access

Physical

TCP/IP Stack vs. the OSI Model

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Lesson 3: The TCP/IP model

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Besr Effert
Connection Type

Connection-oriented

Connectionless

Protocol

TCP

UDP

Sequencing

Yes

No

Uses

Email
File sharing
Downloading

Voice streaming
Video streaming

Reliable vs. Best Effort Comparison

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Lesson 3: The TCP/IP model

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Internet Protocol Characteristics

Operates at network layer of OSI

Connectionless protocol
Packets treated independently
Hierarchical addressing
Best-effort delivery
No data recovery features

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Lesson 3: The TCP/IP model

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UDP Characteristics
Operates at transport layer of OSI and TCP/IP models
Provides applications with access to the network layer
without the overhead of reliability mechanisms
Connectionless protocol
Limited error checking
Best-effort delivery
No data recovery features

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Lesson 3: The TCP/IP model

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TCP Characteristics

Operates at the transport layer of the TCP/IP stack

Provides applications with access to the network layer
Connection-oriented protocol
Full-duplex mode operation
Error checking
Sequencing of data packets
Acknowledgement of receipt
Data recovery features

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Lesson 3: The TCP/IP model

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File transfer
FTP
TFTP
Network File System
E-mail
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Remote login
Telnet
rlogin
Network management
Simple Network Management
Protocol
Name management
Domain Name System

TCP/IP Application Layer Overview

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Lesson 3: The TCP/IP model

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Application
Layer

Port Numbers

Transport
Layer

Port Numbers
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Module 2: Switching
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Ethernet networks

Connecting to an Ethernet LAN

Basic switching concepts

The operation of Cisco switches

Configuring a Catalyst Switch

Switching technologies

Configuring VLANs

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Bringing a True-long Stand Vocation