Professional Documents
Culture Documents
*
+,
.
!
/
0
0
1
!
"
#$
"
#
%
"
!
$
"
&
( %'
2
3
4
45
4
6
7
98
:
;
<
98
:
>=
?
4@ 5
39
A5
8
B
CD
E5
;8
C9
F5
>
FG
4F
FH
I [
`L \
W ]
a
JO ^
T _
MN YO L
U X V
N
W
X
J
K
N
YWL
Z
I
J
KM L
N
O
QP
O
R
S
ST
L
J
U
Seminar for
Applied
Mathematics
Regularized 13-Moment-Equations
Manuel Torrilhon
+ div v
=0
@t
T
@t v
+ div v v + pI +
=0
@t e + 12 v2 + div e + 12 v2 + p v + v + q = 0
ideal monatomic gas, internal energy e (T ) =
3 k
2 m T;
k
T
and pressure p(; T ) = m
@T
qi = (T )
@xi
b
c
d
ef
g
e
h
i
j
k
kl
m
n
op
q
r
s
t
u
v
vw
x
y
z
{
|
}
~
ij
@vhi
= 2(T )
@x ji
1.1
M0
(+)
1 +0
2
()
Q = I (+)
I
(x)
NSF
1.0
I ()
direct simulations
x
0.9
1.0
2.0
M0
3.0
ux
force
m = v dy
measurements
v(y)
NSF
big channel
D1
small channel
R5
0 01
1
f f f f g b db d! dc1
@f
1
@f
+ ci
=
@t
@xi
"
[0; T ] R3 ! R
ci cj ck f dc
mean-free-path
observation scale
Classical Approximations
asymptotic analysis: fCE = fM + " f (1) + "2 f (2) + : : :
(0)
leads to e.g. qi = qi
(1)
+ " qi
2 (2)
+ " qi
Fourier
Burnett
super-Burnett
X
Hermite series of the distribution function: fG = fM 1 +
ijk ci cj ck
introduces subshocks into shock structure, see GRAD (1952), WEISS (1995)
STRUCHTRUP/TORRILHON (2003)
higher system
Euler eqns
importance
of the moment
13 moments
basic
equations:
Euler eqns
O( " )
O( " 2 )
O( " 3 )
{z
moments of
the distribution function
importance
of the moment
{z
conservative
variables
basic
equations:
N moments
first expansion:
regularized
N moment case
O( e
")
|
moments of
the distribution function
conservative
variables
{z
conservative
variables
moments of
the distribution function
Regularized 13-Moment-Equations
basic conservation equation
@t
+ div v
=0
@t v
+ div v vT + pI +
=0
1 2
1 2
@t e + 2 v + div e + 2 v + p v + v + q = 0
Extended Consititutive Relations (Regularized 13-Moment-Equation, linearized)
stress/heatflux follow a driven wave equation system with relaxation and dissipation
@qhi
@vhi
@ ij
@
@ hij
p
4
+ 2p
= ij + 2
+5
(T
)
@t
@x ji
@x ji
@xk p @x ki
12
5
@
@q fi
(T
)
@xk p @x kg
@qi
@ ij
5 @T
+T
+ 2p
= 23 p qi +
@t
@xj
@xi
R13 is highly accurate and fully stable continuum model with smooth shock profiles
earlier attempts: GRAD (1958), KARLIN ET AL. (1998), JIN & SLEMROD (2001), MLLER ET AL. (2002)
@t qi +@k qi vk +
1
5
+p@
(
=)+
R
k
ik
ik
2
2 (p ik +
ik )@k
2p
( ij =)@k kj + qk @k vi +(mijk + 65 q(i jk) )@k vi = 3
qi
^ ij = Rij + 1 R ij ):
regularization terms ( R
3
mijk = 2 @hi ( jki =) +
(NSF)
8
q
10p hi jki
Rij = 24
5 @hj (qji =) +
(NSF)
32
q
q
25p hi ji
(NSF)
R = 12 @k (qk =) + p8 qk qk
(NSF)
= 2 @hi vji
(NSF)
= 15
4 @i
abbreviations: ij
qi
(NSF)
24
7 khi jik
(NSF)
+ 6 ij ij
TORRILHON/STRUCHTRUP (2004)
Denition : (Knudsen order) Assume U (B oltz) and U (m odel) are the respective solutions expanded in " and the dierence satises
n+1
(model)
(model)
(Boltz)
(Boltz)
+ q
= O "
(subshocks!!)
hence, they are of super-Burnett order. Higher terms inside the equation stabilize the system.
(1)
(1)
vW ; W
force F
L : channel width
vx (y)
(0)
(0)
vW ; W
bulk solution
A (U) @y U = P (U)
velocity
or temperature profile
velocity part
temperature part
(0)
(0)
vW ; W
temperature jump
or velocity slip
()
(c)
+
(1
)
f
(c)
n (c vW ) > 0
f
gas
W
f~ (c) =
n (c vW ) < 0
fgas (c)
R13 distribution function + integration gives boundary relations for moments
continuity for ! 0 implies: only odd (in y) moments should be prescribed
consistency implies: only fluxes of the variable set should be prescribed
xy =
2
2
1
1
P VW + mxyy + qx
2
5
11
1
2
Rxy =
P VW mxyy qx P VW3 + 6P ( W )VW
2
2
5
r
5
1
1
2
^yy + yy P VW2
qy =
2P ( W ) + R
2
28
2
2
4 boundary conditions
r
on both walls
1
7
3
2
2
2
^
myyy =
P ( W ) R
yy yy P VW
2 5
not enough...
14
5
5
with
VW = vx vW
Meven
boundary layer
mxyy
xyyy
...
qx
Rxy
xyy
...
qy
^ yy
R
yyy
...
yy
myyy
yyyy
...
boundary
layer pair
...
...
...
vx
bulk solution
xy
any truncated theory produces cut pairs, single variables are reduced to their
bulk solution
Nullspace Conditions
consider the R13 system in first order form with variable vector U 2 RN
A (U) @y U = P (U)
x2 P (U) = 0
16
mxyy = F
15
^ yy = 6 Rxy 6
R
5
p + yy
Order-Preserving Transformation
fully non-linear R13 system fails to exhibit zero eigenvalues
coherence implies: transformation necessary to find bulk solutions
order preserving transformation:
(R13)
(R13)
(Boltz)
(Boltz) !
4
~
~
q
+ q
= O Kn
2
constitutive relations may be altered within an error O Kn
(NSF)
2
@
v
=
+
O
Kn
e.g., by replacing:
y x
xy
xy
^ yy =
algebraisation: R
@y qy
66
5p
qy @y
36
7
xy @y vx + : : :
qy
final system
exhibits nullspaces as before
36
5
x1 P (U) = 0
x2 P (U) = 0
xy
mxyy =
16
32
qy F
45p
15
^ yy = 136 qy2 72 2
R
25p
35
TORRILHON/STRUCHTRUP (2007)
1
1
xy =
1 P VW + mxyy + qx
2
5
r
1
11
2
3
P
q
Rxy =
P
V
+ 6P ( W )VW
xyy
x
W
W
2
2
5
r
5
1
1
2
2
^
2P ( W ) + R
qy =
yy + yy P VW
3
28
2
2
r
2
1
7
3
2
2
^
P ( W ) R
myyy =
yy yy P VW
4
5
14
5
5
r
32
16
qy F
45p
15
^ yy = 136 qy2 72 2
R
25p
35
TORRILHON/STRUCHTRUP (2007)
vx
1.04
0.2
0.0
L=2
Kn = 0:068
Kn = 0:15
0.4
Kn = 0:068
Kn = 1:0
1.02
Kn = 1:0
Kn = 0:4
Kn = 0:15
Kn = 0:4
L=2
1.00
L=2
L=2
L=2
L=2
qy
0.1
Kn
0.02
0.0
0.0
-0.02
-0.1
L=2
L=2
-0.04
L=2
1.6
qx
^
J
0.0
yy
0.0
1.4
Kn
Kn
-0.04
1.2
-0.01
R13
-0.08
0.8
NSF
0.4
0.05
0.1
0.2
L=2
0.5
1.0
d
Kn
2.0
L=2
-0.02
L=2
1.26
vx
Kn = 0:1
1.3
0.63
vW = 0:63
1.2
vW = 1:26
0.0
vW = 0:63
1.1
-0.63
vW = 1:26
-1.26
L=2
L=2
1.0
L=2
L=2
qy
0.0
here: Kn = 0:1
Kn = 0:1
Kn = 0:1
vW = 0:63
0.2
0.1
-0.1
vW = 0:63
0.0
vW = 1:26
-0.2
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
L=2
L=2
0.2
vW = 1:26
Kn = 0:1
L=2
L=2
0.0
qx
yy
0.1
vW = 0:63
-0.02
0.0
vW = 0:63
vW = 1:26
-0.04
-0.1
vW = 1:26
Kn = 0:1
-0.2
L=2
Kn = 0:1
L=2
-0.06
L=2
L=2
1.26
vx
Kn = 0:25
0.63
0.0
vW = 1:26
vW = 0:63
1.2
vW = 0:63
-0.63
vW = 1:26
-1.26
L=2
L=2
1.0
L=2
L=2
qy
0.0
here: Kn = 0:25
Kn = 0:25
1.4
Kn = 0:25
0.4
vW = 0:63
0.2
-0.2
vW = 0:63
0.0
vW = 1:26
-0.2
-0.4
-0.4
L=2
L=2
vW = 1:26
Kn = 0:25
L=2
L=2
0.0
0.4
yy
qx
0.2
vW = 0:63
0.0
-0.1
vW = 0:63
vW = 1:26
-0.2
-0.4
L=2
vW = 1:26
Kn = 0:25
0
Kn = 0:25
L=2
-0.2
L=2
L=2
1.26
1.6
Kn = 0:5
vx
Kn = 0:5
0.63
1.4
vW = 0:63
0.0
vW = 1:26
vW = 0:63
1.2
-0.63
vW = 1:26
-1.26
L=2
L=2
1.0
L=2
L=2
0.0
here: Kn = 0:5
Kn = 0:5
0.4
qy
vW = 0:63
-0.2
0.2
vW = 0:63
0.0
-0.4
vW = 1:26
-0.2
-0.6
-0.4
L=2
L=2
qx
vW = 1:26
Kn = 0:5
L=2
L=2
0.0
yy
0.4
0.2
0.0
vW = 0:63
vW = 1:26
vW = 0:63
-0.2
-0.2
-0.4
L=2
vW = 1:26
Kn = 0:5
0
Kn = 0:5
L=2
-0.4
L=2
L=2
(R13)
(R13)
(Boltz)
(Boltz)
+ q
= O Kn4
linearly stable for all wave numbers and frequencies (HS & MT 2003)
follows from an order-of-magnitude argument without expansion (HS 2004)
good agreement with dynamic form factors of light scattering (MT 2006)
smooth shock wave profiles with improved quantitative agreement (MT & HS 2004)
allows efficient numerical multi-dimensional simulations (MT 2006)
comes with entropy law in the linear case (HS & MT 2007)
channel micro-flow simulations possible (Gu & Emerson 2007)