Filtration Training

sminaire : Chimie et Technologie sucrires.
Filtration in sugar processing
Filtration in sugar processing
Name Tim Diringer

email: TDiringer@putsch.com
Putsch GmbH & Co. KG
Frankfurter Str. 5-21
58095 Hagen
Filtration basics
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
Filtration is a mechanical procedure

to separate solids out of suspensions or aerosoles
The word Filtration has its origin in the word felt ,

because in former times felt was used to separate solids from liquids
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
Different types of filtration

Surface filtration
Deep bed filtration
Solids stay on the filter surface
Solids stay inside the filter

media
Cake filtration
Screen filtration Cross flow filtration
Candle filter
Strainer
Frame filter
Sibomats
Parabolic screen
Sand filter
Rotary drum filter

Filter presses
Name Tim Diringer
58095 Hagen
Mathematical bases of filtration
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
Darcy equation
(related to cake thickness)
P1
p =
* L * I * rL
A
rL (m -2)
m/s
Pa =
* m * Pa * s * m
m
L (m)
V
Flow rate
A (m)
Pressure
P2
Filter area
Cake thickness
I dynamic viscosity
rL
Name Tim Diringer

filtration resistance
58095 Hagen
Darcy equation
(related to cake mass)
P1
p =
ms
*
A
r (m/kg)
* I * r
m/s
Pa =
*
m
Ms / A
V
Flow rate
A (m)
Pressure
P2
Area
Ms Cake mass (dry)

I Dynamic viskosity of the fluid
rL
Name Tim Diringer

Filtration resistance
kg
58095 Hagen
m
* Pa * s *
kg
Filtration with compressible filter cake
Ps + PL = Ptot
PL
PS
r = f (Ps)
0
Name Tim Diringer

Pges
58095 Hagen
Filtration in the sugar industry

Sugar Cane
Sugar beet
Refinery
Pulp separation
Parabolic
screen
1. Filtration
Candle filters
2. Filtration
Frame filter
Carbonated liquor
Frame filter
Safety filtration
Filter press
Phosphated liquor
Disk filter
Concentrated
carbonated slurry
Concentrated
Drum filter
mud juice
Filter press
Raw liquor
Candle filter
Filter press
drum filter
Filterpress
Sibomat
Thick juice filtration

Candle filter Liquor filtration
Thick juice filtration
Sibomat
Liquor filtration
Candle filter
Silo air dedusting
Candle filter Silo air dedusting Candle filter
Name Tim Diringer

Parabolic screen
Liquor filtration
Silo air dedusting
58095 Hagen
Sibomat
Candle filter
Candle filter
Juice purification in beet sugar factories
Pre liming
Main liming
1. Carbonatation
Filtration of concentrated carbonated juice
Thin juice
Name Tim Diringer

Safety filtration
Post liming
2. Filtration
1.Filtration
58095 Hagen
2. Carbonatation
1st und 2nd Filtration
Separation of carbonate crystals and thin juice
Filtration task:
Concentration of suspended solids from 50 g/l in carbonated juice
up to 200 250 g/l in concentrated carbonated juice
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
Influences on first and second filtration
Process errors in steps prior to filtration
To high temperatures in the diffusion tower

Non optimum pH profile in the pre limer
Insufficient return of concnetrated carbonated mud to the pre limer
Bad gas distribution in the carbonation vessels
Insufficient retention time in carbonation vessels
Bad pH control in first carbonation vessel
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
To evaluate the filtration abilities of 1st carbonated

juice Brieghel-Mller introduced the FK-Value
Increase of filtration resistance

per filtrated volume
The filtration time for the first (0-1) and for the fifth (4-5) milliliter
has to be recorded.
The filtration coefficient (FK value) is the time difference (sec)

between the fifth (t1) and 1st (t2) milliliter multiplied by a conversion
factor (if necessary)
FK = q * (t1 t2)
s/cm
Filtration abilities are good if the FK value is below 2 s/cm
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
Filter types for 1st and 2nd Filtration

Candle Filter
Name Tim Diringer

Frame Filter
58095 Hagen
Advantages of candle filters

Large filtration area in compact design
High flow rate per area
1 m/mh for 1st carbonated juice
1,5 m/mh for 2nd carbonated juice

2 m/mh for safety filtration
Easy mud discharge by back flushing

Easy change of complete intermediate bottom
Disadvantage of candle filters

No closing of separate registers
Big vessels
High weight of intermediate bottom
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
Advantages of frame filters

Large filtration area in compact design
High flow rate per area
1 m/mh for 1st carbonated juice
1,5 m/mh for 2nd carbonated juice

2 m/mh for safety filtration
Possibility to close separate registers
Disadvantages of frame filters

Long down times while changing filter cloth
Big vessels
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
Filtration curve of a standard filter system

m/m*h
spezific filtration rate
high
performance
average performance
low performance
end of cycle new cycle

0
time, cake thickness, filtration pressure (p), solids in concentrated mud
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
Filtration curve of an optimized filtration cycle

m/m*h
specific filtration rate
high
filtration rate
filtration rate
cycle end new cycle

0
time, cake thickness, filtration pressure (Dp), solids in concentrated mud
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
Filtration with candle filter

pre filtration
V 1 Slurry inlet
V3
Outlet concentrated carbonated slurry
V 3.1 Complete discharging
V7
V6
Back flush of carbonated juice
V7
Recirculation
V6
V1
V 3.1
V3
carbonated
slurry
concentrated
carbonated
slurry
filtrate
58095 Hagen
Filtration with candle filters

Filtration
V 1 Slurry inlet
V3
V7
V6
V7
Recirculation
V6
V1
V 3.1
V3
carbonated
slurry
Name Tim Diringer

concentrated
carbonated
slurry
filtrate
58095 Hagen

back flushing 1
V 1 Slurry inlet
V3

V7
V6
V7
Recirculation
V6
V1
V 3.1
V3
carbonated
slurry
Name Tim Diringer

concentrated
carbonated
slurry
filtrate
58095 Hagen

Back flushing 2
V 1 Slurry inlet
V3
V7
V6
V7
Recirculation
V6
V1
V 3.1
V3
carbonated
slurry
Name Tim Diringer

concentrated
carbonated
slurry
filtrate
58095 Hagen
filtration with candle filters

Discharging
V 1 Slurry inlet
V3

V7
V6
V7
Recirculation
V6
V1
V 3.1
V3
carbonated
slurry
Name Tim Diringer

concentrated
carbonated
slurry
filtrate
58095 Hagen
Calculation of suspended solids content in concentrated carbonated slurry
cF,Sm * VSm
cF,SmK =
VRck
cF,Sm = mGes,CaO,HK * 2,3 * 10
Vback * cF,SmK
VSm =
cF,Sm
Name Tim Diringer

cF,SmK
suspended solids in con. carb. slurry (g/l)
cF, Sm
suspended solids in carb. Slurry (g/l)
VSm
volume of carb. slurry(l)
Vback
volume of backflush
58095 Hagen
Filtration of concentrated carbonated slurry

Production of dischargable filter cake
Filtration tasks:
Desweetening of the filter cake

Minimizing sugar losses
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
Schematic of a Putsch Membrane Press Filter Station

Mud juice
Sweetening-off
water
concentrate
Mud juice filling
pump
Sweetening-off
pump
Air
Compressed air
station
Putsch Membrane Press Filter

Type PKF
Filter cake transport
Filtrate receiving
tank
Filtrate / Air separator

(Hydro cyclone)
Filtrate
Air
Dried lime cake
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
Operational Steps of Putsch Membrane Press Filter PKF
Mud juice concentrate
Filtrate
Filtration
Pre-pressing
2 2,5 bar
Intermediate pressing
4 4,5 bar
Sweetening-off water
Sweetening-off
Final pressing
7 7,5 bar
Air
Dry blowing
Emptying
Name Tim Diringer
Lime cake
58095 Hagen
Putsch Membrane Filter Elements

Red: Filter elements covered with filtration cloths (under cloth + filtration cloth)
Air
Water
Suspension
Filtrate
outlet
Name Tim Diringer
58095 Hagen
The filtration cycle
Air
The valve for

introducing water
into the chamber
for the
sweetening-off
cycle is in closed
position
Suspension
Filtrate
outlet
Name Tim Diringer
58095 Hagen
Filter Cake Compressing

After filtration the
filter cake formed
within the chambers
is compressed by
activating the flexible
membranes with air.
Air
The valves for cake

cake washing and
suspension inlet are
closed!
Filtrate
outlet
Name Tim Diringer
58095 Hagen
Filter cake washing or desweetening
During the
sweetening-off
cycle the flexible
membranes are still
inflated with air.
Air
Water
The valve for

suspension inlet is
closed and the
sweetening-off
filtrate is separated!
Sweetening-off
filtrate
Name Tim Diringer
58095 Hagen
Filter cake dry blowing

After the desweetening
process the filter cake
is finally dried by
introducing compressed
air into the chambers
Air
Compressed air
Sweetening-off
filtrate
Name Tim Diringer
58095 Hagen
Filter cake discharge
Air
Water
Suspension
Filtrate
outlet
Name Tim Diringer
58095 Hagen
Vakuum Drum filter
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
Comparison of drum filters and membrane press filters
Vakuum Drum Filter
Membrane-Filterpress
Higher sugar losses aprox. 1% on cake
Less sugar losses aprox. 0,7 % in cake
Amount of desweetening water aprox. 100 % on cake
Less desweetening water aprox. 70 % on cake
Higher steam consumption in factory
Less steam consumption in the factory
Higher water content in filter cake
Lower water content in filter cake
Higher amount of filter cake
Lower weight of filter cake
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
Thick juice and liquor filtration

Differences to filtration of 1st and 2nd carbonated juice
Higher Viscosity
Lower filtration rate
Use of filter aid

Less suspended
solids
Name Tim Diringer

Longer filtration time
58095 Hagen
Different options to filtrate thick juice or liquor
Two step filtration

Desweetening of filter cake
Liquor filtration
Candle filter
Filter press
Frame filter
Drum filter
Disk filter
Direct filtration
Filter presses
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
Filtration mit Filterhilfsmitteln
Addition of filter aid
Pre coating
Continous dosing (Body Feed)
Protection of the filter cloth
Building up filter cake
Easy cake discharge
Prevention of blocking by solids
Dosing rate: 0,5 1 kg/m
Dosing rate: 0,5 1,5 kg/m
Flow rate: 1 1,5 m/mh
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
Which kind of filter aid can be used

Diatomaceous earth
Perlite
Cellulose
Silika Algae skeleton
silika Vulcano stones
fibre
Advantages
Advantages
Advantages
High inner porosity
Less weight than diatomaceous earth
Long fibres
Good filtration abilities
Chemical inert
Low specific consumption
chemical inert
Cheaper than diatomaceous earth
None abbrasive
World wide available
World wide available
Reuse of filter cake
Disadvantages
Disadvantages
Abbrasive
Abbrasive
Cancerous
Difficult cake disposal
Disadvantage
Ex-proof equipment
Difficult cake disposal
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
Filtration cycle for direct filtration

Pre coat suspension
Pre coating
Rezirkulation
Pre filtration
Thickjuice
Filtration
Liquor
Filtrate
Pre-pressing
2 2,5 bar
Intermediate pressing
4 4,5 bar
Sweetening-off water
Sweetening-off
Final pressing
7 7,5 bar
Air
Dry blowing
Emptying
Name Tim Diringer

Filter cake
Optimized Filtration curve
Flow rate
Pressure
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
Bad filtration curve
Flow Rate
Pressure
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
Filter cloth
Criteria for filter cloth
Tissue
Air permeability l/(dm min)
Temperature resistance
Monofil
low
< 50
Polypropylen
< 90 C
Multifil
medium
50 -150
Polyamid
< 120 C
Stapelf fibre
high
> 150
Polyester
< 150 C
Needle felt
Heat setting
Singed
Calandered
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
Monofilament Yarn
Chemically endless yarn
Regular cake on the surface only

Easy cake discharge
Easy cleaning
Can be easily damaged
Used in filter presses in combination with under cloth
Monofilament fabrics are often calendered. The side on which the

cake will build up is treated by heat and pressure.
This causes a closing of the pores and reduced air permeability .
The calendered pore is more open on its back side which
guarantees a good run off of the filtrate.
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
Multifilamen yarn
Each yarn is made of an unchangeable amount of elemental threads
Filter cake builds up as well in the grooves as well as on the surface
Cake discharge not as good as with monofilament
Clogging of the pores can occur
High mechanical stability
Often used on candle filter or as under cloth
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
Staple fiber yarn

Yarns are spun from cut synthetic threads
Good filtration abilities due to entanglement of the yarn
Difficult cake discharge
Difficult cleaning because of threads sticking out of the fiber
High mechanical stability
Often used on drum filters
Staple fiber yarn is usually singed. First the thread ends which stick out
of the surface are sheared away by rotating knives. Then the thread ends
inside the pores are shrunk by using a luminiscent gas light. The dots in
picture are thread ends which were melted by singeing.
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
Needle felts
Often used for storage filtration
The fleece is sewed on top of a foundation fabric
High mechanical strength

High porosity
Solids are hold back inside the felt and fleece
Used in dedusters
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
The Sibomat in the Refinery
Applications:
Sugar melt screening, prior to
Area requires
purification
Sibomat filter
Decolorized liquor (carbon / resin)
before evaporation or crystallization
Pre-filtration before ultra-filtration Area of difficult
filtration with
modules
cloth and cake
filter systems
Screening of recirculated sweet
water from centrifugal or packing
Area of good
station
filtration with
cloth and cake
Refinery process raw water
Name Tim Diringer

filter systems
58095 Hagen
Filtration of liquor and thick juice using Sibomat
Liquor filtration with screens
Sibomat
Name Tim Diringer
Screen basket
Screen, spray arm
58095 Hagen
Sibomat station
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen
References
Diringer T. (1999): Zuckerindustrie 124, 149 - 152

Luckert K.: (2004) Handbuch der mechanischen Fest-Flssig-Trennung, Vulkan, Essen
Rein P.: (2007) Cane Sugar Engineering, Bartens, Berlin
Name Tim Diringer

58095 Hagen

Filtration Training

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sminaire : Chimie et Technologie sucrires.

Filtration in sugar processing

Filtration in sugar processing

Name Tim Diringer

Putsch GmbH & Co. KG

Frankfurter Str. 5-21

sminaire : Chimie et Technologie sucrires.

Name Tim Diringer

Putsch GmbH & Co. KG

Frankfurter Str. 5-21

sminaire : Chimie et Technologie sucrires.

Filtration is a mechanical procedure

The word Filtration has its origin in the word felt ,

Name Tim Diringer

Putsch GmbH & Co. KG

Frankfurter Str. 5-21

sminaire : Chimie et Technologie sucrires.

Different types of filtration

Deep bed filtration

Solids stay on the filter surface

Solids stay inside the filter

Screen filtration Cross flow filtration

Rotary drum filter

Putsch GmbH & Co. KG

Frankfurter Str. 5-21

sminaire : Chimie et Technologie sucrires.

Mathematical bases of filtration

Name Tim Diringer

Putsch GmbH & Co. KG

Frankfurter Str. 5-21

sminaire : Chimie et Technologie sucrires.

Name Tim Diringer

Putsch GmbH & Co. KG

Frankfurter Str. 5-21

sminaire : Chimie et Technologie sucrires.

Ms Cake mass (dry)

Name Tim Diringer

Putsch GmbH & Co. KG

Frankfurter Str. 5-21

sminaire : Chimie et Technologie sucrires.

Filtration with compressible filter cake

Name Tim Diringer

Putsch GmbH & Co. KG

Frankfurter Str. 5-21

sminaire : Chimie et Technologie sucrires.

Filtration in the sugar industry

Thick juice filtration

Thick juice filtration

Silo air dedusting

Candle filter Silo air dedusting Candle filter

Name Tim Diringer

Putsch GmbH & Co. KG

Frankfurter Str. 5-21

Silo air dedusting

sminaire : Chimie et Technologie sucrires.

Juice purification in beet sugar factories

Filtration of concentrated carbonated juice

Name Tim Diringer

Putsch GmbH & Co. KG

Frankfurter Str. 5-21

sminaire : Chimie et Technologie sucrires.

1st und 2nd Filtration

Separation of carbonate crystals and thin juice