MAGNETISM:

Exchange Interactions, Localized Spin and

Itinerant Electron Models
Arooj Mukarram

Outline
Magnetic Interactions
Magnetic Dipolar Interaction

Exchange Interactions

Localized Spin Models of Magnetism

Heisenberg Model
Weiss Model (MFA of Heisenberg Model)

Itinerant Electron Models of Magnetism

Hubbard Model
Stoner Model (MFA of Heisenberg Model)

Magnetic Dipolar Interaction

First interaction expected to play role in magnetism

Magnetic Interactions

Magnetic Interactions

Exchange Interaction
Origin of exchange

Difference between single and triplet can be parameterized using S1.S2

Singlet: S1.S2 : = -3/4

Triplet: S1.S2 : = 1/4

For J > 0 Triplet state S = 1 is favored.

For J < 0 Singlet state S = 0 is favored.

Generalizing to many-body system

Indirect exchange in ionic solids: Superexchange

Indirect exchange interaction between non-neighboring magnetic ions
Mediated by a non-magnetic ion
Example: MnO

Magnetic Interactions

Indirect exchange in metals

Magnetic Interactions

Exchange interaction between magnetic ions -> mediated by conduction electrons

Localized magnetic moment -> spin-polarizes conduction electron -> coupling to neighboring magnetic moment
Indirect -> no direct coupling between magnetic moments
RKKY interaction or Itinerant exchange (Rudderman, Kittel, Kasuya, Yosida)
Coupling -> r dependent exchange interaction
JRKKY (r) -> cos (2 kF r) / r3
for large r , assuming spherical Fermi surface of radius kF
Interaction -> Long range with oscillatory dependence on distance between moments

Double exchange
Ferromagnetic exchange interaction
magnetic ions with mixed valency
Mediated by a non-magnetic ion
Example: La 1-x Sr x Mn O3
x= 0 and 1

anti-ferromagnetic insulators

Fraction of Mn has 3+ and other fraction has

4+ oxidation state

Magnetic Interactions

Localized Spin Models of Magnetism

Heisenberg Model

total angular momentum/ spin of atom/ion at mth site

total contribution to energy from a pair of atoms at mth & nth site

exchange parameter
Localized picture of magnetism
Many electron system Hamiltonian -> Effective spin-spin Hamiltonian
Electrostatic origin of spin-spin coupling (exchange interaction derivation)
Interaction energy J -> 10 to 100 meV

Localized Spin Models of Magnetism

Heisenberg Model
Isotropic Model

translations of crystal

translation vectors connecting a given site to its nearest neighbors

Heisenberg Model
Anisotropic XY Model

Ising Model

Localized Spin Models of Magnetism

Weiss Model MFA of Heisenberg Model

Localized Spin Models of Magnetism

N spins in an external magnetic field

For n site, exchange between n spin and its neighbors

Replace exchange interaction by

an effective molecular field,
produced by neighboring spin.
All magnetic ions experience the
same molecular field.

Weiss Model MFA of Heisenberg Model

Localized Spin Models of Magnetism

Weiss Model MFA of Heisenberg Model

Localized Spin Models of Magnetism

Graphical solution for zero external magnetic field

High Temperature: y = 0 solution, M = 0

Low Temperature:
Slope of line < Slope of BJ at origin
3 solutions

Weiss Model MFA of Heisenberg Model

Transition Temperature

Localized Spin Models of Magnetism

Weiss Model MFA of Heisenberg Model

Localized Spin Models of Magnetism

Mean field magnetization as function of temperature

form of curves slightly different

Magnetization for T < TC and T >TC

2nd order phase transition

Weiss Model MFA of Heisenberg Model

Localized Spin Models of Magnetism

Magnetic susceptibility and Graphical solution for small external magnetic field

lines shift to right

M

0 for all temperatures

phase transition is removed

Weiss Model MFA of Heisenberg Model

Localized Spin Models of Magnetism

Effect of magnetic field

Mean field magnetization as function of

temperature for J = (for different values of
applied field)
Phase transition is only present for B = 0

Hubbard Model

Itinerant Electron Models of Magnetism

Itinerant Electron Models of Magnetism

Itinerant Electron Models of Magnetism

Itinerant Electron Models of Magnetism