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CONSTRUCTION
BUILDING STRUCTURES A
DAVID ARMITAGE
BY;
SHOAYB PATEL
I.D: 03094761
Building Structures A Shoayb Patel
Cw1: ‘Timber & Steel Beam Design’ I.D: 03094761
INTRODUCTION
‘A timber floor consists of 60 x 220 C16 joists @ 395mm centres and supports a load of
2.5 kN/sq.m (1.0, DL, 1.5 LL) over a span of 4.6m’.
1) The purpose of this assignment is to determine whether or not the joists are
adequate and if not, suggest solutions both (a) using the existing joists and (b) replacing
them with new joists.
In order to assess the above the following will have to be carried out:
Calculate the Section Modulus (Z) value required for the joist in order for it to be
adequate to support the load.
Calculate the Moment of Inertia (I) value required for the joist in order for it to be
adequate to support the load.
The required values are evaluated against those of the 60 x 220 C16 joist, and
we can determine whether the joists are adequate.
M = wL²/8
= 2.61 kN/m
Bs 5268 Table 8 (Grade Stresses and moduli of elasticity for various strength
classes: for service classes 1 and 2), the bending stress parallel to the grain for a timber
with a strength class C16 is 5.3N/mm². It is important to note that the BS requires the
inclusion of modification factors to allow for the effects of the depth factor (k7) and the
load sharing system (k8).
K7 = (300 / H) 0.11
= 1.03
K8 = 1.1
Thus:
= 600 N/mm²
Z Required
435 x 10³ mm³ = the required section modulus for the timber
Where:
= 2.5 x 0.395
= 0.998 kN/m
L = 4600mm
E:
BS 5268 Table 8, the Modulus of Elasticity is 8800 N/mm², where the joist is part of a
system E mean is used.
δ:
I Required:
= 47 x 10 mm.
Z = (bh²) / 6)
b = 60mm
h = 220mm
Z = (60 X 220²) / 6
I = (bh³) / 12)
= (60 x 220³) / 12
= 53.2 x 10 mm
CONCLUSION
1A) b = 60
h = 220
h/d = 220 / 60
= 3.7 K7 = 1.03, K8 = 1.10, Kg = 1.00
After evaluating the values that I have received above against those of the 60 x
220 C16 joists, I can safely say that the joists are adequate. This is because of the fact
that when comparing the values with those in BS 5268 the properties are within
acceptable limits, thus making the joists adequate.
1B)
For reasons that might affect the structure the joists can be replaced. If we were
to do this then a new size joist would have to be inserted. The new joists would have to
be larger and must have suitable properties and high values. With reference to BS 5268
the joists that are adequate to accommodate this are the following:
2.) In order to produce the Shear Force Diagram and Bending Moment Diagram,
both the reactions and bending moments have to be calculated.
The diagram below shows the floor loads being distributed along the beam in the form of
line loads and also the wall loads being transferred to the beam in the form of point
loads.
The line loads for the three floor loads will be calculated as follows:
VL VR
11750
LL2 = (4kN/m² x 3.8 Width) + (3.5 kN/m² x 3.9 Width) = 28.85 kN/m
The point loads for wall load 1 and 2 will be calculated as follows:
33.6 57.7
VL VR
REACTION CALCULATIONS
The main objective is to calculate two vertical reactions, which are VL and VR.
In order for the beam to remain stationery, the moments must be in ‘equilibrium’
i.e. equal to zero:
ΣM = 0
Moment (kN/m) = Value of line load (kN) x Length Considered (m) x lever arm
(m)
VR:
To find the reaction of VR the moment is taken about the support on the left hand
side (centre of rotation), and all the moments that are acting in the clockwise direction
are positive.
ΣM = 0
= (40.4 x 3.55 x 1.755) + (57.75 x 3.55) + (28.85 x 5.35 x 6.225) + (25.3 x 2.85 x
10.325)
= 2557 – 8.9vR
VR = 2557 / 8.9
VR = 287 kN
To find the reaction of VL the moment is taken about the support on the right
hand side (centre of rotation), and all the moments that are acting in the clockwise
direction are positive.
ΣM = 0
= (40.4 x 3.55 x 7.125) + (57.75 x 5.35) + (28.85 x 5.35 x 2.68) – (25.3 x 2.85 x
1.425) + (33.6 x 2.85)
= 1549/8.9
VL = 173 kN
CHECK
Downward Forces
Upward Forces
33.6 57.7
173 kN 287kN
The main objective is to determine the values of the bending moments in order to
produce the Bending Moment Diagram.
33.6 57.7
173 kN A 287kN
(Max Sagging) B (Max Hogging)
Sagging Mmax
= M (A)
Hogging Mmax
= M (B)
= 102 + 95 = 197kN/m
2.1.1.)
In order to design a steel beam assuming that it has full lateral restraint the
following will have to be carried out:
The Sx and I values will be compared against standardized tables which show
the relevant properties and the most appropriate beam will be selected.
In order to calculate the maximum bending moment the following formulas will be
used:
Moment (kN/m) = Value of line load (kN) x Length Considered (m) x lever arm
(m)
It is important to note that the load values at this point must be divided in to
elements of dead and live loads at a ratio of 1:3 (i.e.1/4 dead loads and ¾ live loads)
and then multiplied by the relevant safety factor (1.4 for dead loads, and 1.5 for live
loads)-Reference to BS 5959 clause 2.4.1.1 (Table 3).
= 559.55
Py
= 2192.15 cm³
BM = 361 kN/m
L = 8900mm (8.9m)
W = 8BM / L²
The dead load and live load are both at a ratio of 1:3; therefore the equivalent Live Line
Load is as follows:
(LLL) = (36.46 / 4) x 3
= 27.345 kN/m
E = 21 x 10 N/mm²
δ = Span / 360
= 8900 / 360
= 24.7 mm
= 43060.6 cm
The section selected for the beam must have a Plastic Modulus of 2192.15 cm³
and a Moment of Inertia value of 43060.6 cm. After looking at the selected tables the
possible sections are suitable are as follows:
It is important to bear in mind that the most suitable selection will depend on its
use. This will depend on the governing criterion. The section 457 x 191 UB98 would be
most suitable if the weight was the governing criterion. If the depth was the most
important issue then the section 356 x 358 UC53 would be more appropriate.
2.1.2.)
In order to design a steel beam assuming that it does not have full lateral
restraint the following will have to be carried out:
The Mb and I values will be compared against the tables and select which Mb
exceeds the value calculated and spans the required distance.
The maximum bending moment will have to be calculated, and when selecting a
section the following rule will have to be used:
The section selected for the beam must have a Plastic Modulus of 2192.15 cm³
and a Moment of Inertia value of 43060.6 cm. Also an LE of 9m and an exceeding 559.55
kN/m. After comparing the values to those in the table it is evident that the
following sections are suitable:
As previously mentioned the most suitable section will again depend on its use.
In this case the Universal Column may prove to be a better choice as it is lighter and is
likely to meet the governing criterion.
2.2)
To comment on the results between 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 it is evident that the beam
that does not have full lateral restraint is larger than the one that does have full lateral
restraint. This is when comparing the size or the weight of the beam. Universal beams
are thinner in comparison to universal columns. They have a thin cross section. As
universal columns are thicker they provide more lateral restraint. This is due to the fact
that there is more weight present.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
In order to conduct this assignment I used the following resources;
Books
Lecture Notes
Armitage, D
Building Structures A: ‘Steel Beam design to BS 5950’, 2005
Armitage, D
Building Structures A: ‘Principles of Shear Force, Bending Moment and
Deflection’, 2005
Armitage, D
Building Structures A: ‘Timber Beam Design to BS 5268-2’, 2002
Journals