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Xinwei Liao, SPE, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Chunning Gao, Pingcang Wu, Changqing Oil Field,
Petrochina, Kun Su, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Yangnan Shangguan, Changqing Oil Field, Petrochina
Copyright 2012, Carbon Management Technology Conference
This paper was prepared for presentation at the Carbon Management Technology Conference held in Orlando, Florida, USA, 79 February 2012.
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Abstract
Most oil reservoirs in the Changqing Oilfield area are low permeability and have entered middle development stages after
several ten years of production, and they are suitable for applying CO2 EOR and carbon storage techniques. This study is
aimed at assessing the potential of CO2 EOR and storage in Changqing oil fields based on the data of 261 mature oil
reservoirs. The assessments include a regional geology assessment, storage site screening, and reservoir screening for CO 2
EOR and EOR potential and storage capacity calculations. Of 261 reservoirs, 113 are suitable both for miscible or nearmiscible flooding EOR and storage while 148 reservoirs are found suitable for immiscible flooding EOR and storage. The
total EOR potential could be 9,836.03!104t and the CO2 storage potential could reach 23,920.34!104t. The average
incremental oil recovery rate in reservoirs suitable for miscible or near-miscible flooding could be 12.19%. The average
incremental oil recovery rate in reservoirs suitable for immiscible could be 6.63%. The greater OOIP the oil reservoir has, the
greater potential for CO2 EOR and storage it will have, and the more suitable for large-scale storage projects it will be. Those
oil reservoirs suitable for CO2 EOR with large OOIP will be the preferred sites for CO2 storage.
Introduction
The mitigation of green gas emission, especially CO2, has drawn worldwide attention as the aggravation of global warming
and climate change. CO2 geological sequestration in oil reservoirs can not only decrease CO2 concentration in atmosphere,
but also enhance oil recovery by CO2 flooding (CO2-EOR). In North American countries, application of CO2-EOR have been
maturely developed for decades. For those in China, where reservoirs are mainly characterized as heterogeneous layers and
viscous crude oil, proper evaluation criteria for CO2-EOR and sequestration should be developed. Changqing Oilfield, which
is also the second largest oilfield in China, is targeted to check newly established criteria and then recovery increment and
sequestration potential can be researched. Characterized as low permeability, water flooding method benefits turned down
during last decades in this field. Considering unique advantages of CO2 solvent over water, including feasible injectivity and
high displacing efficiency, CO2 flooding in Changqing Oilfield is expected for extra oil production and sequestration as well.
By then, an evaluation criterion of sequestration is developed based on 261 production layers and then potential benefits are
predicted via that.
1. Evaluation criteria of CO2-EOR and sequestration in China oil reservoirs
1.1 criteria establishment
JJ.Taber et al (1997) concluded screening criteria of CO2 flooding on the analysis of successful field application. Bradshaw J
et al (2002) also suggested screening parameters over previous researches and ranked candidate reservoirs by setting
optimum value and parametric weight, which proved ideal application in Alberta reservoirs. In China, similar researches
(ZHENG Yun-Chuan et al,2005; LEI Huai-Yan et al, 2008; Zeng Shun-Peng et al, 2005; Zhang Liang,et al,2009)have also
been processed which is helpful for reservoir screening. Based on those above, screening criteria of CO2-EOR and
sequestration in Changqing Oilfield can be obtained as in Table 1.
CMTC 150031
M CO2 = RCO2 ! N
potentials104 tons RCO2 Sequestration
1
coefficientdimensionless N
OOIP10 tons
Sequestration coefficient can be calculated by either numerical simulation or streamline simulation. By such methods
respectively, two typical pilots in Changqing Oilfield are predicted on EOR increment and sequestration coefficient.
(1) Huang 116 Block
PVT test and slim tube observation has been taken for Chang 611 formation, the principal producing zone in Huang 116
block, and then fluid properties could be obtained in Table 2. Initial formation pressure(18MPa), which is less than minimum
miscible pressure (19.5MPa), indicates immiscible performance by CO2 flood.
As illustrated in Figure 1, well group pattern is inverted nine-point, of which well space and line space are 540!130 meters
respectively. Geological properties of each grid of the model are interpolated by Kriging method based on data including well
deviation, porosity and permeability, etc. Then geological model dimensioned as 29!16!3 is obtained, of which size of each
cell is 50(X)!50(Y)!4.5(Z) meters. Reservoir permeability varied from 0.1 to 0.8 mD, and 0.42 mD on average. For porosity,
it ranges from 11.53% to 12.38%, and the average value is 13.72%. Immobile water saturation is 37.58%, and average
thickness of sand body and production layer is 17.5/13.5 meters respectively.
Solvents (Water and solvent) injection rate are both 35 m3under reservoir condition, and bottom pressure of production
well is set to be above 8 MPa (others see Table 3). By two methods mentioned above, total amount of oil production and CO 2
sequestration during flooding are predicted after water flooding (Table 4).
As is shown in table 4, another 9.2 percent of oil would be produced by CO 2 over water solvent, and sequestration
coefficient is 0.232 meantime.
(2) Muo-1 Block
As for another typical reservoir in Changqing Oilfield, Muo 1 Block, of which the main zone is Chang 811 layer, was
processed by indoor experiments to obtain fluid properties under reservoir condition (Table 5). CO2 flooding performance in
this Block is miscible for lower minimum miscible pressure(19.8MPa) than initial pressure (22MPa).
The same group pattern with previous one, illustrated in Figure 2,well and line space are changed to 480!150 meters. The
dimension and size of geological model are 28!39!3 and 30m(X)!30m(Y) !3m(Z) for each grid. Reservoir permeability
ranges from 0.1mD to 0.6mD and its average is 0.58mD. As to porosity, it ranges from 6% to 11% and average thickness of
sand body and production layer are 13.7/10.5 meters.
In this block, the daily injection rate of each solvent is 40 m3 (under reservoir condition), and bottom pressure is set
above 10 MPa (others is shown in Table 6). So, oil production and sequestration amount can be predicted by numerical
and stream tube simulation method (Table 7).
As is shown in Table 7, recovery increment of CO2 can be 13.8 percent over water flooding, and its sequestration
coefficient is predicted as 0.237 in this block.
As illustrated in Table 4 and Table 7, the error on oil recovery factor and sequestration coefficient between the two
methods is tolerable. Considering far more details are need by former method comparing with stream tube, the latter
one is chosen to evaluate CO2 application.
Given OOIP of Huang 116 Block and Muo 1 Block, oil production increment by CO2 over water is 172.5!104 tons and
765.4!104 tons respectively, during which their CO2 sequestration amount could see 435.0!104 tons and 1338.2!104
tons.
1.3 Evaluation procedure of CO2-EOR and sequestration
To evaluate CO2 application in oil reservoirs, screening among candidate reservoirs should be taken following Table 1. And
then, oil recovery increment as well as sequestration coefficient in target blocks can be calculated by stream tube simulation.
After, predicted sequestration potentials in each block will be predicted via Formula (1), which adds to the cumulative
potentials of entire oilfield.
2. Evaluation of CO2 application in Changqing Oilfield
2.1 Prediction of Minimum miscible pressure
Compared with the slim tube observation on field oil, empirical method developed by NPC (Robl, F.W., 1986) is adjusted as
below:
2
0.988
3
CMTC 150031
G=
141.5
!0
" 131.5
4
CMTC 150031
Tables
Miscible
<0.9
Immiscible
<0.95
<10
<600
Evaluated target
Miscibility
Miscible performance
inject ability
Miscibility
Miscibility
inject ability
Miscibility
EOR potential
Sweeping efficiency
Floating effect
inject ability
Sequestration potentials
Miscible requirement
security
rich in C2C10
>900
9003000
<10md
NC
<90
>50
>50
<0.75
<0.75
<0.1
<0.1
>10-1310-14
>10-1310-14
>0.05
>0.05
P>MMP
Cap fractures are undeveloped
Less than 0.05%
in 300 thousand years
security
18.0 MPa
71.56
black oil
5.60 MPa
37.8m3/m3
1.1372
0.7751 g/cm3
1.64 mPas
0.8414 g/cm3
19.5MPa
18.79%
37.82%
43.39%
Injection rate
35m3
11000m3
Recovery
factor
after water flooding
21.6
22.7
Recovery
factor
after CO2 flooding
29.8
31.9
Recovery
increment
8.2
9.2
Sequestration
coefficient
0.264
0.232
CMTC 150031
22 MPa
92.0
Black oil
9.25 MPa
65.1m3/m3
1.2523
0.7295 g/cm3
1.35 mPa.s
0.8311 g/cm3
19.8MPa
26.67 %
38.99 %
34.34 %
Injection rate
40m3
11000m3
Recovery
factor
after water flooding
22.24
22.78
Recovery
factor
after CO2 flooding
35.13
36.58
Recovery
increment
12.9
13.8
Sequestration
coefficient
0.258
0.237
OOIP
104 tons
113.09
478.14
398.20
1599.48
1470.13
7421.49
1069.81
8478.78
2711.01
12683.20
219.92
415.91
1819.23
1415.14
Recovery
by water flooding
%
20.45
23.71
21.36
22.06
24.91
25.60
22.97
21.51
19.74
23.65
23.02
19.58
21.64
23.73
Recovery by CO2
flooding
%
34.42
36.67
30.49
35.15
38.10
39.66
36.72
33.90
30.43
33.92
36.87
30.42
32.31
35.47
Recovery
increment
%
13.97
12.96
9.11
13.09
13.20
14.07
13.76
12.39
10.70
10.28
13.85
10.85
10.67
11.75
sequestration
coefficent
t/t
0.36
0.24
0.24
0.25
0.25
0.30
0.27
0.26
0.26
0.24
0.29
0.20
0.20
0.23
Oil production
increment
104 tons
15.80
61.97
36.28
209.37
194.06
1044.20
147.21
1050.52
290.08
1303.83
30.46
45.13
194.11
166.28
Sequestration
potentials
104 tons
40.71
114.75
93.58
399.87
367.53
2226.45
288.85
2204.48
704.86
3043.97
63.78
83.18
363.85
325.48
CMTC 150031
OOIP
104 tons
26037.8
1107.48
1664.53
4477.83
29323.3
355.35
2332.58
149.59
2334.26
1526.48
1528.98
31.91
Recovery
by water flooding
%
21.36
20.69
20.51
21
21
20.65
20.1
19.73
20.02
21.89
21.21
21.2
Recovery by
CO2 flooding
%
27.61
30.81
27.52
27.76
29.05
29.8
27.31
23.55
28.72
25.97
25.19
28.3
Recovery
increment
%
6.25
10.12
7.01
6.75
8.06
9.15
7.21
3.81
8.7
4.09
3.36
5.1
sequestration
coefficient
t/t
0.18
0.24
0.18
0.18
0.21
0.22
0.2
0.12
0.19
0.18
0.06
0.32
Oil production
increment
104 tons
1627.36
112.08
116.68
302.25
2363.46
32.51
168.18
5.70
203.08
62.43
51.37
1.63
Figures
Sequestration
potentials
104 tons
4686.80
265.80
299.62
806.01
6157.89
78.18
466.52
17.95
443.51
274.77
91.74
10.21