Primary Sources:

"History of Public Toilets." PlumbingWorld. Web. 28 Sept. 2009.

<http://www.plumbingworld.com/toilethistoryindia.html>.

This website contains information on the evolution of toilets. It gives a slight

history along with a few poems from the time when toilets weren’t so common.
These poems describe the filth when toilets weren’t used. There are a variety of
opinions and situations in these poems. This website also includes a timeline of
the evolution of the toilet system and pictures about the past.

(Humphries, Barry). “Barry Humphries quotes.” Thinkexist.com. (1934) 1/5/10

<http://thinkexist.com/quotes/barry_humphries/>.

This website provided us with a quote about the development of toilets. It was one
of the useful quotes that dealt with the public’s reactions to toilets at first and how
the spread of using toilets was a long process. This was one of two quotes that
were used for our public page.

(Pathak, Bindeswar.) “History of Public Toilets.” Plumbing World.com 1/11/09

<http://www.plumbingworld.com/toilethistoryindia.html>.

This was a very good source of information. The information was helpful to
almost all aspects of our topic and seemed to be reliable, as it lined up with other
sources. There are links from this page to other pages as well which weren’t as
helpful but were somewhat nice to look at and gain a better idea of the history of
toilets. A lot of information on this page lead to the only downside being that it
was not all incredibly focused into very specific topics but more just generally
grouped together. We gathered a picture and a lot of information including a
quote from this site.

(Skovron, Tobi). “Portable Toilet.” Patent number: 7584717

<http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=07584717&homeurl=http%3A%2F
%2Fpatft.uspto.gov >.

This source is a specific patent for a toilet for pets. It is a good example of how
far the idea of toilets and disposing of waste has come. The site given is actually
a picture and the patent information, which is hard to decipher at first, but then
some good information can be drawn from this source. On the homepage it made
it easier to understand the context of the patent as it provided some background
information.
 Secondary Sources:

(Alter, Lloyd). “Waste Not, Want Not: the Future of Toilets.” Treehugger. (7/24/08).
1/10/09 <http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/07/future-of-toilets.php>.

This source was a helpful insight because it was our first source about the future
of toilets. This has ideas that are concentrated on being eco-friendly. There was
not a ton of information but it was still helpful. There were many pictures to aid
the reader in understanding what is being described. There were additional links
to other sites related to toilets and other topics.

“Better Toilets for Pupils.” Bog Standard. 10/25/09 <http://www.bog-

standard.org/pupils_history.aspx#future>.

This cite was helpful and good for both background information as well as more
specific details. An easy source to understand, the words used where not difficult
to grasp. An overall very useful source that we use to verify as well as find new
information.

(Bush, Shawn D.) “Automatic Flushing toilet system and method.” Patent number:
7322054. <http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?
Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO
%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7500277.PN.&OS=PN/7500277&RS=P
N/7500277>.

This patent was very helpful as a primary source. It talks about what the
invention was, some background into the topic that the invention relates to. There
are also the pictures that were provided along with the patent to aid the
understanding of the text. This is a very specific look at an invention and how it
functions. It was off the website that has all patents.

Challoner, Jack, et al. 1001 Inventions that Changed the World. London: Quintessence,
2009.

This book has been a very good source of all types of information. We have
pulled quotes and specific information from this source as well as grasping the
general idea through background information. The main information topics in
this book we read about were toilets, sewer systems and toilet paper. The
information in this book corresponds with other sources so we believe that the
information is accurate, due to the consistency.
“Diapers and Toileting.” Encyclopedia of Children and Chilhood in History and Society.
2008. 11/10/09. < http://www.faqs.org/childhood/Co-Fa/Diapers-and-
Toileting.html>.

This site made us think about how children and childcare was affected by
advancements in toiletry and what people’s responses were. We learned all of
those answers from this page. There were many specific examples, but the times
were more time periods than dates, which is helpful to gain an understanding for
the ideas. Specific dates are not necessary to understand changes over a vast
period of time.

"Flush toilet - Invention timeline." Global Oneness. Web. 28 Sept. 2009.

<http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Flush_toilet__Invention_timeline/id/13977
41>.

This website contains an Invention Timeline throughout history. It has numerous

dates from all the way back to the Ancient world listing all of the different
inventions, minor or major, that contributed to the invention of the modern flush
toilet. It proves that the invention of the flush toilet did not happen all in a short
period of time but it was a constant process of inventions adding on to the
previous invention. This website doesn't mention a lot about the credentials
except for the fact that the main group is Global Oneness. This website is a great
secondary source about the history and background of the toilet.

(Haynes, Ryan.) “Future Toilet Aids Men and Saves the Seat.” Pocket-lint.
(11/April/2007). 4/11/09 <http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/7280/bathroom-
toilet-men-women-seat>.

This source was a good source that we used for only a few short pieces of
information. It was a part of the small group of sources we had that dealt with the
future of toilets. This is important to our research, as it is an aspect of what is to
come. The information seemed logical and correct. The information on this site
was very specific and therefore is difficult to use in a variety of ways, so we
simply used the major ideas for my project.

“High-Efficiency Toilets.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (8/Oct/09). 14/10/09

<http://www.epa.gov/WaterSense/pp/het.htm>.

This source was not very useful for sheer information. It has some statistics and
numbers about the efficiency of their product but not much else. It seems more
about trying to sell the product than inform the reader. Even though all of this is
true it does state some facts about the efficiency of the technology, or the
 inefficiency of the older technology.

“History of Plumbing in America.” Plumbing World.com (July, 1987) 1/11/09

<http://www.plumbingworld.com/historyamerica.html>.

This was a very useful source for us, as we needed information and this was one
of the sources we found that had it. We found another related page linked to this
one and both were quite useful. These pages were unique and therefore we do not
know the reliability of the information, but it seems to be legitimate to us. This
source had to do with U.S history of plumbing and people’s reactions to toilets in
the Americas.

“History of the Toilet.” Fox & Co.14/10/09 < http://www.muswell-

hill.com/foxandco/pages/history_toilet.htm>.

This source was very helpful in the sense that it gave us people’s reactions to
toilets and information surrounding such. The information is not overwhelmingly
dense, but easy to understand while still useful. There is information about before
toilets, during the introduction of toilets, and the world after toilets. This was one
of our better sources.

Howstuffworks. "How Toilets Work." HowStuffWorks - Learn How Everything

Works! 30 Oct. 2008. Web. 06 Oct. 2009.
<http://www.howstuffworks.com/toilet.htm>.

This website explains the different parts of a toilet and how they all work together
to create the system in our modern toilets today. This website contains moving
diagrams along with explanations of each component and step of the process. It
was very easy to follow the steps of how a toilet works. This information helps us
learn more about the process of the invention of toilets by clearly showing the end
result. This website helped us to think of more topics related to our topic by
leading in a different direction than the obvious topics.

“Hygiene.” Encyclopedia of Children and Chilhood in History and Society. 2008.

11/10/09 < http://www.faqs.org/childhood/Gr-Im/Hygiene.html>.

This was a very helpful source as it tied toilets into other aspects of hygiene and
how people changed according to the new concepts of hygiene. It is interesting
how people have changed throughout history, and this site makes it clear how
thoughts and beliefs change. It is difficult to find how people respond to
innovation so this source is what I was looking for.
Keating, Kay. "History of the Flush Toilet." Toiletology 101. Web. 28 Sept. 2009.
<http://www.toiletology.com/history.shtml>.

This website provides a lot of information on the history and background of the
flush toilet. However, it not only mentions who invented the toilet (or the various
people) but it also has information on slightly related topics that might not be
exactly on "The Invention of Toilets." There are many links to different sites and
books that contain an almost unlimited amount of information on toilets. This
website covers the Invention of Toilet Paper, History of the Baby Diaper, and
even the History of Church Toilet Seats. We am not sure about the credentials of
this website but it has been up since 1995. This website helped inspire us to come
up with more topics and advance further into our research while also narrowing
down our topics.

Prochaska, Alice, et al. The History of the World. London: Christos Kondeatis Designs
LTD, 1997.

This was a very helpful source that we used to find historical context around when
toilets first appeared. Many dots were connected when we looked at what else
was going on in the world in 2500 B.C. This book also has an extensive timeline
throughout history, and it is divided by areas in the world, as well as by time. The
book seems a reliable source of information.

"Toilet Inventions: A Restroom Revolution." InventHelp. Sept. 2006. Web. 28

Sept. 2009. <http://www.inventhelp.com/toilet-inventions.asp>.

This website gives us another perspective or opinion on the invention of toilets

and helps us realize the importance of the toilet. This website contains an opinion
on how the world would be like today without toilets. It also provides an opinion
on why the toilet is the center of many jokes. In all, this article contains
background information on the invention of toilets, opinions on the importance of
toilets, and talks about the "restroom revolution."