Methodology

Preparation of synthetic wastewater

1. Fill a bucket with water for 1 liters. The water represents the streams and rivers that service
wildlife, organisms that live in water and the human population.
2. The type of dye that used in this experiment is acid dyes because it is commonly used in
textile especially in coloring cotton product such t-shirts, socks, underwear and towels.
Moreover, acid dye is soluble in water and possesses affinity for amphoteric fibers compared
to other dyes such as direct dye, azo dyes and anthraquinone.
3. The dye are inserted into the water but the volume of dyes should be 10 % from volume of
water. The concentration of dyes insides water should be 1.0 g/L.
4. Stir it until it dissolved completely on water same on figure 1

Figure 1 The example of the wastewater of acid dyes (Dvju, 2010)

Preparation of Poly Aluminum Choride (PAC)
1. Poly aluminium chloride was produced at the laboratory by dissolving 2.7 grams of
aluminium powder (99.9%) in 100 ml of boiled hydrochloric acid solution of 0.1 N. The
total normality of the reactant solution would be around 1 N (Kohlschutter et al. 1942;
Alcoa World Chemicals. 2001).
2. The hydrochloric acid solution and aluminum powder were placed inside a two-neck 250 ml
flask of as shown in figure 1.

Figure 2 Laboratory Apparatus for PAC Production (SK and OH, 2010)

3. A temperature thermometer was placed in one neck while the other neck was connected to a
glass condenser in order to reduce loss of HCI through vaporization.
4. The flask was heated with hot metal equipped with a temperature regulator in order to bring
the reaction to a suitable operating heat level (90 oC).
5. The solution will be assumed complete is the samples dark color disappeared, the solution
become transparent and all HCL vapor had been removed. The time of reaction will be
complete were estimated in at least 5 hour.
6. The sample was drawn and analyzed after the reaction to identify specific gravity and net
weight of product. The example laboratory analysis of the produced PAC is presented in
table 1.

Table 1 Example Analysis of the PAC Product(SK and OH, 2010)

Experimental Procedure
The Jar test is a pilot-scale test of the treatment chemicals used in a particular water plant. It is
stimulates the coagulation process in a water treatment plant and helps operators identify if they
are using the right amount of treatment chemicals which helps them improves the plants
performance (Mohammad et. al, 2010).

1. Prepare a six paddle stirrer with six beaker apparatus and each beaker (figure 3) should
be contained 150 ml of the prepared dye solution was used in this study.

Figure 3 The Paddle Stirrer and beaker (Mohammad et. al, 2010)
2. Mix the of dye solution with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for pH adjustment for a period of
1 minute at 60-65 rpm.
3. The initial pH of the dye solutions were measured by the pH meter.
4. The initial turbidity of the dye solution were measured by the turbidimeter
5. Add PAC into solution, dye solution was stirred for 3 minutes.
(While the stirrer operates, record the appearance of the water in each beaker. Note the
presence or absence of floc, the cloudy or clear appearance of water, and the color of the
water and floc.)
6. It was followed for a further mixing for 1 minute after the addition of polyelectrolyte
(polyelectrolyte functions to stabilize the flocculation procees).
7. The formed flocs were allowed to settle and the settling times( to reach half of the dye
solution height) were recorded. The supernatural of the treated dye solution was taken for
the determination of the colour remained.
8. Reduce the stirring speed to 20 rpm and continue stirring for 30 minutes. Record a
description of the floc in each beaker 10, 20 and 30 minutes after addition of the
chemicals.

9. Stop the stirring apparatus and allow the samples in the beakers to settle for 30 minutes.
Record a description of the floc and turbidity in each beaker after 15 minutes of settling
and again after 30 minutes of settling.
10. Determine the most effective dose of coagulant that gives the least turbid results by
plotting the graph of turbidity.
Reference
Alcoa World Chemicals (2001), Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC). Retrived from
[http://www.alumina.alcoa.com].
Dvju James. (2010). Dyes and dye intermediates. Most polluting industries of India.
SK Al-Dawery and OH Al-Joubori (2010). Preparation and Usage Of Polyaluminum Chloride as
a Coagulating Agent. TJER 2012,vol. 9. 31-36.
Kohlschutter HW, Hantelmann P, Diener K, Schilling H (1942), Basic aluminum chlorides.
Zeitschr Anorg, Und allgemeine Chem. 248(4):319-344.