SUBJECT

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS IN COASTAL

ENGINEERING

Zahid Ullah, ID:2013750695

Page 1

Question#1. Prove that

23 32

Proof.
Although we know that there 9 stress components in the stress matrix, we can assume that the
body is in equilibrium. By inspecting the equilibrium of forces at a point in terms of these 9
stress components, we can see that for there to be a resultant moment of zero, then the shear
stresses opposite from one another must be equal in magnitude. Thus, by considering moment
equilibrium around the x1, x2 and x3 axes, we find that:

23 32

13 31

21 12

To show that 23 32 , We will Consider moment equilibrium about the x1 axis of the shown
(below) control volume, which is moving with the fluid. Conservation of momentum requires the
following. Where r denotes an arbitrarily chosen moment arm,

mrxa rxFS (A)

x3

x3
x1

x1 x2

x2
The control volume has dimensions x1, x2 and x3. The acceleration vectors a1, a2 and a3
are located at the center of the control volume. We want to compute the moment of the
acceleration vector about the x1 axis.

Zahid Ullah, ID:2013750695

Page 2

The acceleration a1 contributes nothing to this moment, as it is parallel to x1. The arm for
computing the moment arm of a2 about x1 is (1/2)x3. The contribution to the moment from a2
is thus;

a 2 x3
2

a3
a2

a1

x3

x3
2

x3
x1

x1 x2

x2
2

a2
x2
The contribution to the moment about the x1 axis from a3 is computed as follows. The arm for
computing the moment of a3 about x1 is (1/2)x2. The contribution to the moment from a3 is thus

a 3 x2
2
The x1 component of

mrxa

is thus given as;

a 2 x3 a 3 x2

)
2
2
a x a x
mrxa x1x2 x3 ( 3 2 2 3 ) (A)
2
2

mrxa x1x2 x3 (

Now we will compute the affect of all the surfaces by;

rxFS
Where, FSi ji n j dA
S

So, rxFS r ji n j dA
S

We will compute the contribution of each face of the control volume to get total contribution.
Zahid Ullah, ID:2013750695

Page 3

1. Face A and B
a. Face A Contribution
No contribution from 23 because moment arm is zero.
No contribution from 21 because 21 is parallel to x1
There is only contribution 22, which is

22 x x1x3
2

x3
2

b. Face B Contribution
No contribution from 21 because 21 is parallel to x1.
Contribution of 22 and 23 is,

x3
) 23 x x ( x1 x 2 x 3 )
2
2
2
Thus total contritbution from Face A and Face B becomes
22

x2 x2

( x1 x 3

x32
22 x x1
22
2
2

22 x 22 x x
2

x32
( x1
) 23 x x ( x1 x 2 x 3 )
x2 x2
2
2
2

22 x 2
x2

x32
22

x 2 x1
23 x2 x2 ( x1 x 2 x 3 )
x2
2

x32
22

x1 x2
23 x x x1 x 2 x 3 (1)
2
2
x2
2

Face B

Face A

32
22
x3

21

23
x1

22
12

x3
x1 x2

x2

Zahid Ullah, ID:2013750695

Page 4

2.

Face C and D
a. Face C Contribution
No contribution from 11 because 21 is parallel to x1
Contribution from 13 and 12, which is

12 x x2 x3
1

x3
x
13 x x2 x3 2
1
2
2

b. Face B Contribution
No contribution from 11 because 11 is parallel to x1.
Contribution of 12 and 13 is,

x3
x2
) 12 x x ( x 2 x 3
)
1
1
2
2
Thus total contritbution from Face C and Face C becomes
x
x
x2
12 x x2 x3 3 13 x x2 x3 2 13 x x ( x 2 x 3
) 12
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
As,

12 x 12 x x 12 x1
1
1
1
x1
13 x x ( x 2 x 3
1

13 x 13 x x
1

x1 x1

( x 2 x 3

x3
)
2

13
x1
x1

So,
13
x 32
x 2
x1 x3 2 12 x1 x 2
x1
2
x1
2
13
x 32
x2 2 12
x1 x3

x1 x 2
(2)
x1
2
x1
2

21

x3
x1

Zahid Ullah, ID:2013750695

11

11
31

13
x3

Face C

Face D
12

x1 x2

x2

Page 5

3. Face E and F
a. Face E Contribution
No contribution from 31 because it is parallel to x1.
No contribution from 32 because moment arm is zero.
Contribution from 33 is,

33 x x1x2
3

x2
2

b. Face F Contribution
No contribution from 31 because it is parallel to x1.
Contribution of 32 and 33 is,

x2
) 32 x x ( x1 x 2 x 3 )
3
3
2
Thus total contritbution from Face C and Face C becomes
33 x x ( x 2 x1
3

x 22
x2 2
33 x x ( x1
) 33 x x1
32
3
3
3
2
2
As,

33
33 x 33 x 3
x 3 x3
3
x3

x3 x3

( x1 x 2 x 3 )

So,
33
x 2
x1 x3 2 32
x3
2
33
x
x1 x3 2 32
x3
2

x3 x3

( x1 x 2 x 3 )
Face F

x3 x3

33

( x1 x 2 x 3 ) (3)
13

x3

x3
x1

x1 x2

32
x2

Zahid Ullah, ID:2013750695

23

31
33
Face E
Page 6

Total Contribution of all faces becomes;

x 2
x 32
x 2
rxFS 22 x1 x2 3 23 x x x1 x 2 x 3 13 x1 x3 2 12 x1 x 2

2
2

x
2

x
2

x
2
2
1

2
33

x
x1 x3 2 32 x x ( x1 x 2 x 3 ) (C)

3
3
2
x3

From Equilibrium Equation (A);

mrxa rxFS
putting equation (B) and (C) in above equation,

x1x2 x3 (

a 3 x2 a 2 x3
x 2

) 22 x1 x2 3 23 x x x1 x 2 x 3
2
2
2
2
2
x2

13
x 32
x2 2 12
x1 x3

x1 x 2

2
x1
2
x1

33
x2 2

x
32

1
3

x
2
3

Dividing both sides by x1x2 x3 , we get,

a 3 x2 a 2 x3

) 23 x x 32
2
2

2
2

x3 x3

x
)

1
2
3
x3 x3

13 x2 12 x 3 22 x3 33 x2
x1 2
x1 2
x2 2
x3 2

Taking the limits x1, 2 and x3 , we get

23 32

Zahid Ullah, ID:2013750695

Page 7

Question#2: Show that

1 u2 u3

2 x3 x2

23
Proof:

Consider a deformable body as shown in figure below, subjected to shear deformation in x 2 and
x3 plane. The velocities in the x2 direction at points A and C are, respectively,

u2

and u2

u2
x3
x3

and the velocities in the x3 direction at points A and B are, respectively,

u3

u2

u2
x
x3 3

and

u3

u3
x2
x2

C
X3

X3
X2

u2
X2

u3

u3

u3
x2
x2

The body undergoes shear deformation over time t. That is:

Point A moves a distance u2t in the x2 direction and u3t in the x3 direction.
Point B moves a distance [u3 + (u3/x2)x2]t in the x3 direction.
Point C moves a distance [u2 + (u2/x3)x3]t in the x2 direction.
The deformed shape after time t is shown in figure below.

Zahid Ullah, ID:2013750695

Page 8

u2
u

x
2
3 t

x
3

x3

u 2 t

x2

u3 t

x3

u3
u

x
3
2 t
x2

x2
Angles and are created as result of shear deformation in time t. we know that for small
angles sin , So the created angles can be approximated as below,

u2
u

x
2
3 t u2 t
x3
u

2 t
x3
x3

u3
x2 t u3t
u3

x
u
2

3 t
x2
x2

Zahid Ullah, ID:2013750695

Page 9

The strain rate due to shearing can be defined as the angle increase rate ( + )/t, or thus

u2 u3

x
( ) 3
u u
2

2 3
t
t
x3 x2

The strain rate due to shearing due to shearing d( + )/dt in the x2-x3 plane is related to the
component 23 of the strain rate tensor as

23

1 ( ) 1 u2 u3

2
t
2 x3 x2
1 u2 u3

2 x3 x2

23

Zahid Ullah, ID:2013750695

Page 10

Question#3: Find circulation for the given element (shown in figure).

ds
ds

H
y

ds
x

1
L

ds

Solution:
The flow in x-direction is zero.
the flow in y direction varies linearly with velocity v along L.
So,

(u, v, w) 0, v(1 ), 0
L

It shows that v = 1 where x = 0 and v = 0 where x = L.

Circulation

v ds

v ds v ds v ds v ds
1

L
L
0
2
v(1
) Lcos90 v(1 ) Hcos 0 v(1 2 ) Lcos 270 v(1 ) Hcos180
L
L
L
L
0 0 0 v H(1)
v H
v H
Thus there is negative circulation (Clockwise).

Zahid Ullah, ID:2013750695

Page 11