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SOC/POL 374
Exam 2/Final Exam Package
SBU
Fall 2014
Moran

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Oct 21
The Wealth and Poverty of Nations
Or
Rich States Poor States
What is development?
What is a developing country?
What is a developed country?
Term came after president Truman brought it up

Common Myths of Development

1) Developing countries are not (sufficiently) part of world markets
a. Ex: sub-Saharan country everyone is trading and communicating but that
country is like a broken car on the side, not moving. Myth: need to open up to
globalize
2) Increased GNIPC (Gross National Income per Capita) constitutes and adequate
yardstick for development
a. When concept was created, infrastructure, healthcare, their lifestyle and
wellbeing, all became reduced to raise per capita income. Concept to raise the
GNIPC related it to catching up to developed country
b. Environmental destruction is a good thing if you do that, then you are raising
the GNIPC by jobs and economics to and from countries
3) *Poverty is a natural, original state from which we can all evolve. Wealth is created (not
a condition); Poverty is a condition (not created)
a. Wealth is always created, not considered a condition to be rich. Poverty is never
created but a condition (these poor people, theyre in this state of poverty, not
created but a condition.).
b. Generations of research by economics historian David Landes, Desidre
McClokset and Joel Mokyr, among others show that the wealth of the West was
homegrown, the result of a stream of Western technology since the industrial
revolution.

Colonialism: India and the UK

Civilizations and societies existed for millennia (3000 years) then they know and have
figured out how to be reproductive (allow societies to thrive for long periods of time,
how to protect from disease, how to read and write and make buildings) colonialism
made them lose the ability to do that. They were doing that by being conscripted into a
London centered world economy.
How London is generating wealth through the destruction of these institutions who
were able to be reproductive for thousands of years
Ex: prior to colonialism, Indian villages developed food reserves (welfare systems). If
one village had surplus, other villages who were in drought would be given through a
type of system; when the British came, they used that surplus of economics and trade.

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Millions are dying in a previously successful society, dying via famine, forced labor;
dying during the process of being forcibly integrated to the world economic and
political structure that is colonialism

Slavery: Haiti and France

Other major global transformative era transatlantic slave trade
By 1790s, Haiti produced 70% of all the worlds sugar and 60% of all its coffee; vast
majority consumed in Europe [simultaneously French Revolution. Haiti French]
People in England didnt consume sugar until the 18th century
Haiti was likely the richest society in the world on a per capita basis in 1790, on the eve
of its revolution Sokoloff and Engerman (2000:217)
o 1791: slaves took over the island in Haiti stage of revolution. United States was
freaked out when this happened, suppressed the information and placed an
embargo
o If youre a slave, sugar plantation is where you dont want to be; very grueling
process
o 1804 declare independence, 2nd independence nation in the western hemisphere
(US then Haiti). Only successful slave revolt in world history. Upon declaration,
US, France and UK place embargo on Haiti (nothing goes in or out to Haiti)
o One of the poorest places in the world, and probably the poorest on the western
hemisphere.
History created Haiti, not nature.
What did we learn?
1) Developing countries are not (sufficiently) part of the world markets
a. Colonialism and slavery did not constitute global processes?
2) Increased GNIPC constitutes an adequate yardstick for development
a. Perhaps access to sanitation of the desperately poor could be left out of
income---?
3) Poverty is a natural. Original state from which we can all evolve. Wealth is created (not a
condition); Poverty is a condition (not created)
a. The wealth of France and Great Britain was not generated by the internal
dynamics of innovating societies operating within their borders
History created India, history created Haiti, history creates the term 3rd world they were
already high class societies but were broken out of that.

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Oct 28
Thursday conference on women and human rights.
Reading universal declaration of human rights (UDHA). Adopted by assembly in 1948. Direct
product of the atrocities of WWII
Eleanor Roosevelt very instrumental; most highly regarded first lady in the US history.
International campaigner for human rights.
No other major state (a state in which taking the lead could cause something to happen) has
ever played a role of promoting human rights in the UN
Civil societies and NGOs have been the prime actors
How to facilitate NGOs and Civil Societies more effectively to the UN and toward the future? (all
the good ideas have come from us and not from the states)
3 generations of Human Rights developing
Civil and Political Rights
o Also called negative rights intended to block govt authorities from doing to
you. Rights that the state cannot do to civil society thats why theyre called
negative rights
Economic and Social Rights
o Also called positive rights what the states gives you. Considered 2nd
generation b/c not part of the revolution but later when govt took on more
structure development of welfare (social security, pension) National Rights
Post-National Human Rights [in 21st century]
o Introducing the idea of consistent rights.
o Universal Rights
o Within national subgroup - subgroup claiming something about post national
rights.
o Is there any other container, other than national citizenship/govt, for rights to
be the basis
o Protection of minority groups within society collective rights
Revolution: destroys the institutional foundations of the old order. US wasnt destroying the
institution of an old order, it was going away from Britain. Political ruling elites stayed the same
in US case and not in the French Revolution.
French and Haitian revolution old elites are gone and whole institutional framework is
destroyed. Given its attachment to slavery, Haiti was more revolutionary than France.
2 radical revolutionary idea from French Revolution:
4) A political expression to theories of progress. We progress and get better. Political
change is normal and good
5) Concept of sovereignty did not reside or belong in with a monarch but with the people.
People alone could legitimate a regime

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So radical that the US could not make that change.

Concept of citizenship universal suffrage.

Consequences of this: 19th and 20th century became politics of inclusion and seclusion (womens
movements, labor movements, etc.)
2nd generation of human rights: economic and social rights. Often referred to as Positive rights
Today, 14 core international human rights theories at the UN; but these are for signatory states.
Of all the faults of ICC, it represents a stronger move on a global scale: International Universal
Human Rights
Two 21st century cutting edge debates:
A) Universal Rights vs. National Rights
Major political idea of our time could be as radical as French revolution that protection of
human rights is not a state matter and that us (intl community) has an obligation to set
standards for and set rights even if they come at the expense of state sovereignty,
Radical idea which we as people can say no to states
Q1: who sets the standards?
4) Who decides what is universal and what is not?
5) When you decide something is universal, then what youre debating upon is what makes
us intrinsically human? What makes us look to other and convey the same to other
humans?
6) Rights as universal juxtaposed to national. National rights are said to be exclusionary excluded from one country to another
7) By definition, National Rights define rights from one to another by citizenship but what
about universal rights?
8) What about right to food? Right to fare wages? Right to economic opportunity (but some
dont that people should not be denied that right)? Right to a job? Right to live wherever
you want? challenging the order of the 21st century
Q2: who enforces?
Ex: Abolitionist movement, not in US or England, it was a global movement.
Continuing problem of national identity; new idea of ppl of the US of having human rights
as well has having constitutional rights as citizens.
B) Universal Rights vs. Cultural Relativism
Q1: Who sets the standards?
Q2: Universal Rights vs. Cultural Relativism
Womens rights
Idea of female genital mutilation (FMG) aka female circumcision aka cutting. In the
West it is an appalling practice. Universal right for every girl not to be mutilated. But
those places say its been done for centuries and centuries

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Demystify the word culture, most abused word

Cultures as a way of keeping interventions out of human affairs

Nov 4
Unveiling Inequality: Your World in 2010 (2014)
Two World-Economic Trends at the Start of the 21st Century:
The creation of a borderless world of interconnected capital, financial, and labor
markets
o Vitally important trend that has happened recently. Labor market: all over the
world ppl with PhD compete with other professors. Everyone will enter markets
that are global
The De-nationalization of money and jobs
6) American companies and American jobs (as if having a nationality) but no longer.

The growing importance of national boundaries in determining access to (or restricting

from) economic opportunity and income mobility
o The Re-Nationalization of people
(De and Re complete reversal of how things were 100-150 years
ago) people were able to go wherever they wanted in the world but
money and jobs were not able to. This gave rise to passports. Massive
migration to US and Argentina.

[Migration]
Unsustainable Contradictions for two reasons
given where people will be living in the world in the next 50 years (demographic trends
basically means where people will be living and how they will look like)
.given increasing inequality of economic opportunity
Population Projections in the United States
9) Nearly 1 in 5 Americans (19%) will be an immigrant in 2050, compared with 1 in 8 (12%)
in 2005. By 2025, the immigrant, or foreign-born, share of the population will surpass the
peak during the last great wave of immigration a century ago
10) The percentage of immigrants will increase as the avg. number of birth to U.S.-born
women will continue to drop
11) The Latino population, already the nations largest minority group, will triple in size and
will account for most of the nations population growth over the next 45 years
12) Births in the US will play a growing role in Hispanic and Asian population growth; as a
result, a smaller proportion of both groups will be foreign-born in 2050 than is the case
now
13) White children will be a minority by 2019, and are currently so in 10 states and 34
metropolitan areas.
14) The non-Hispanic white population will become a minority (47%) by 2042
15) This is b/c the fertility rates of blacks and whites are below 2 per women.
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16) 20% of the world lives in China and another 20% lives in India
17) What % of the world lives in the 22 richest countries? 13%
Reason #1: where people will be living in the world in the next 50 years
Reason #2: economic opportunity in smaller and smaller statements
Favela (like tenements) buildings on top of each other [Brazil]
Rio de Janiero
(professors book: Availing Inequality)

Nov 11
Syria Video
E-TEAM (Emergency Team by Human Rights Watch)
More testimonies/interviews, more accurate report
BERLIN
Base
Video chat there
Fred Abrahams Human Rights Watch
Prediction: Assad will be harmful for a while because he has a lot of support
Why keep writing report and harming yourself when there seems no support
MACEDONIA
Mass refugees
Villages on fire
Worked right away, names and pictures
Ethnic Albanian cleansing
Clinton time
NY Times front page president taking action
GENEVA, SWITZERLAND
Peter
LIBYA
Tripoli capital
2011 Civil war
Gaddafi mass slaughter of prisoners
Soldiers arresting people randomly, opened fire
Man survived under all the bodies

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Started Emergency Approach at Kosovo, now more relevant, close to criminal investigators, dig
a lot deeper
Found names of soldiers in the room
Anna and Ole planning to make the evidence public
Since beginning of Syria civil war
Putin supported Assad regime
Press conference
Syrians living in Russia
Tough time in Russia
Referring Syria to ICC
E-TEAM investigates abuses
Happiness in Libya
When war is over, make peace with your enemies
SYRIA 2012
Military increasing helicopter gunships Air strikes
PARIS
With family, both husband and wife with their kid
ALEPPO
Azaz bombed, civilians and poor people
40 injured and 20 dead
Air strike from military country
One of the biggest attacks in Syria
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH HEAD QUARTERS NY EMPIRE STATE BUILDING
Carroll Bogert Deputy Executive Director of Human Rights Watch
Sloban president of Yugoslav convicted by ICC
Serbian police
In court
Fredrick Abraham expert witness, went to the sites

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Dec 2
Nation States (and National Borders) in the 20th century (2nd lecture of class)
To what extent will national borders continue to define?
The principle instrument of identity (a national society)?
o Are we arriving at a post-national moment?
o World citizenship? Global civil society? ex: dual citizenship, Italian but also
member of EU, Mexican politics campaigning in Southern US
Two contradictory dynamics:
A natural cosmopolitan (worldly inclusive) impulse and need to work together
VS.
Contradictions and conflict resulting precisely from this progress
Ex: Arab Spring (myth: did not start in Egypt)
April 6th youth movement started the revolution (our age) in Egypt. Police crackdown that day
on a different protest. Led by young civil engineer, about 20 of his friends have an office in
Cairo. They networked to thousands of activists using social media. Started putting pictures and
videos (leaked from jails) into social media. Then they decided it was time to take action. They
traveled to different countries about non-violent protest and how to combat police non-violently.
On Jan 25th, 2011 (national holiday) led them to carry out a protest that day. [Title: April 6th youth
movement, when hundreds of protesters were beat and killed)
Tahrir Square: April, November,
To what extent will national borders continue to define?
#2: Administrative and political power (an economic and political unit)?
More non-zero sum outcomes? [I win, you lose]
Global governance?
Two contradictory dynamics:
Doctrine of state sovereignty
Vs.
International rule of law
#3: The primary determination of a persons life chances (global inequality)?
Trans-state forms of citizenship?
Global human rights regime?
Economic rights as human rights (implications for migration)?
Two contradictory dynamics:
Rights of human brings
Vs.
Rights of states and their citizens

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Big, Huge, 21st Century Issue

Inequality and National Borders
Big Questions
7) Q1) to what extent are people included in their economics and political communities? Is
the level of exclusion sustainable?
8) Q2) what boundaries define our economic community, our political community?
9) What boundaries define citizenship, human rights, and rights to economic opportunity?
a. [answers to all these questions were different 200 years ago, different 100 years
ago, and different 100 years from now things are constantly changing at a pace
that we cant see]
What are the relevant boundaries? 19th century today
19th century today 23rd century
It included enslaving an entire race of people and thinking that it is natural
Darkness cannot drive out darkness:
Only light can do that
Hate cannot drive out hate:
Only love can do that

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