SYLLABUS FOR CIVIL PROCEDURE (MIDTERMS)

Atty. Henedino Joseph P. Eduarte Jr, Ll.b., Ll.m.

I. General Principles
A. Concept of remedial law
B. Substantive law as distinguished from remedial law
C. Rule-making power of the Supreme Court
1. Limitations on the rule making power of the Supreme Court
Atty. Romulo Macalintal vs. Presidential Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 191618, June 7, 2011

2. Power of the Supreme Court to amend and suspend procedural rules

Jimmy Barnes vs. Judge Padilla, G.R. No. 160753, June 28, 2005
Solgen vs. Metro Manila Authority, G.R. No. 102782, December 11, 1991
Domingo De Guzman vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 103276, April 11, 1996
Danilo Parel vs. Heirs of Simeon Prudencio, G.R. No. 192217, March 2, 2011
Golden Arches Development Corporation vs. St. Francis Square Holdings, Inc., G.R. No.
183843. January 19, 2011
Sps. Bergonia vs. CA, G.R. No. 189151, January 25, 2012

D. Nature of Philippine Courts

1. Meaning of a court
2. Court as distinguished from a judge
3. Classification of Philippine Courts
a. Constitutional courts
b. Statutory courts
c. Superior courts
d. Inferior courts
e. Courts of original jurisdiction
f. Appellate courts
g. Courts of law
h. Civil courts
i. Criminal courts
j. Courts of general jurisdiction
k. Courts of special jurisdiction
l. Courts of record
m. Probate courts
n. Land registration courts
o. Ecclesiastical courts
p. Tribal courts
q. Family courts
r. Military courts
4. Courts of original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction
5. Courts of general jurisdiction and special jurisdiction
6. Constitutional and statutory courts
7. Courts of law and equity
Reyes vs. Lim, 408 SCRA 560
8. Principle of judicial hierarchy
St. Martin Funeral Homes vs. NLRC, 295 SCRA 494
Alcazaren vs. Univet Agri., 476 SCRA 636

9. Doctrine of non-interference or doctrine of judicial stability

Lions Club International vs. Amores, 121 SCRA 621
Felipe vs. Leuterio, 91 Phil. 482
U.S. vs. Caete, 38 Phil. 253
Fortuno vs. Hon. Palma, G.R. No. 70203, December 18, 1987, 156 SCRA 691
Yau vs. Manila Banking Corporation, 384 SCRA 340
Ngo Bun Tiong vs. Judge Sayo, 163 SCRA 237
Paper Industries Corporation vs. IAC, 151 SCRA 161
NEA vs. Mendoza, 138 SCRA 632
PICOP vs. IAC, 151 SCRA 161
Traders Royal Bank vs. IAC, 133 SCRA 259
Santos vs. Bayhon, 199 SCRA 525
II. Jurisdiction
Arevalo vs. Benedicto, 58 SCRA 186
Planas vs. CIR, 3 SCRA 395
Anuran vs. Aquino, 38 Phil. 29
Andaya vs. Abadia, 228 SCRA 705
Zamora vs. CA, 183 SCRA 279
Solid Homes Inc., vs. Payawal, 177 SCRA 72
Estoesta vs. CA, 179 SCRA 203
Abain vs. Chua, 11 SCRA 754
Dela Cruz vs. CA, 510 SCRA 103
ABC Auto Supply vs. CA, 284 SCRA 218
Heirs of Dela Cruz vs. Heirs of Dela Cruz, 475 SCRA 743
Asia Internationa Auctioneers vs. Parayno, G.R. No. 163445, Dec. 18, 2007
ACE vs. Commissioner of Customs, 11 SCRA 147
Padunan vs. DARAB, 396 SCRA 196
United Homeowners Association, Inc., vs. BF Homes, Inc., 310 SCRA 304
Municipality of Antipolo vs. Zapanta, 133 SCRA 820
Rep vs. Marcos, 29 SCRA 517
Rep vs. Marcos, 52 SCRA 238
Filing fees
Mangaspi vs. Ramolete, 115 SCRA 193
Manchester vs. CA, 149 SCRA 562
Sun Insurance vs. Asuncion, 170 SCRA 274
Pilipinas Shell vs. CA, 171 SCRA 674
Original Development and Construction Corp vs. CA, 202 SCRA 753
Ballatan vs. CA, 304 SCRA 35
Hodges vs. CA, 184 SCRA 281
A. Jurisdiction over the parties
1. How jurisdiction over the plaintiff is acquired
Calauag vs. Pecson, 82 Phil. 12
Davao and Light Power Co., Inc., vs. CA, 204 SCRA 343
Ang Ping vs. CA, 310 SCRA 343
2. How jurisdiction over the defendant is acquired
Navale vs. CA, 253 SCRA 699
La Naval Drug vs. CA, 236 SCRA 78; 2nd sentence, Sec. 20, Rule 14 and Sec. 8, Rule 15
Jose vs. Bayon, 414 SCRA 216
Avon Insurance PLC vs. CA, G.R. No. 97642, August 29, 1997
French Oil Machinery Co., vs. CA, 295 SCRA 462
Nature of action: Action in personam, in rem or quasi-in rem

Asiavest Ltd., vs. CA, 296 SCRA 539

Gomez vs. CA, 425 SCRA 98
PCIB vs. Alejandro, 533 SCRA 738
Biaco vs. PCRB, 515 SCRA 106
Alba vs. CA, 465 SCRA 495
Navale vs. CA, 253 SCRA 705
Carballo vs. Encarnacion, 92 SCRA 974
B. Jurisdiction over the subject matter
1. Meaning of jurisdiction over the subject matter
De Jesus vs. Garcia, 19 SCRA 554
Sanchez vs. Marin, G.R. No. 171346, October 19, 2007
Department of Health vs. NLRC, 251 SCRA 700
Zamora vs. CA, 183 SCRA 279
Magay vs. Estandian, 69 SCRA 456
Sarmiento vs. CA, 262 SCRA 101
Tinitigan vs. Tinitigan, 100 SCRA 619
Notre Dame de Lourdes Hosp vs. Judge Mallare-Philipps, 197 SCRA 87
Bernardo vs. CA, 263 SCRA 660
Sea-Land Service Inc., vs. Cabato, 327 SCRA 521
Commart (Phils.), Inc., vs. SEC, 198 SCRA 73
Multinational Village Homeowners vs. CA, 203 SCRA 104
De Jesus vs. Bristol Laboratories 55 SCRA 349
Dela Rama vs. Mendiola, 401 SCRA 704
Jurisdiction over nature of the action (i.e., Jurisdiction over the subject matter, Sec. 1 (a) Rule 16
La Naval Drug vs. CA, 236 SCRA 78
Exception
A.M. No. 00-11-03 SC
Philex Mining Corp vs. Reyes, 118 SCRA 602
Union Glass and Container Corp., vs. SEC, 126 SCRA 31
BSBA vs. Leano, 127 SCRA 778
Realty Exchange vs. Sendino, 233 SCRA 665
Solid Homes vs. Payawal, 177 SCRA 72

2. Jurisdiction versus the exercise of jurisdiction

Arranza vs. B.F. Homes, Inc., 333 SCRA 799
Rep vs. Asset Privatization Trust, 475 SCRA 608
Tolentino vs. Leviste, 443 SCRA 274
3. Error of jurisdiction as distinguished from error of judgment
Cabrera vs. Lapid, 510 SCRA 55
Heirs of Maura So vs. Obliosca, 542 SCRA 406
Banco Filipino Savings and Mortgage Bank vs. CA, 334 SCRA 305
Suntay vs. Gacolay, 470 SCRA 627
BPI vs. ALS Management & Development Corp., 427 SCRA 564
Makawiag vs. Balindong, 502 SCRA 454
4. How jurisdiction is conferred and determined
Padre vs. Badillo, et., al., G.R. No. 165423, January 19, 2011
De Jesus vs. Garcia, 19 SCRA 554
De Leon vs. CA, 245 SCRA 166
RP vs. Estipular, 336 SCRA 333
Sanchez vs. Marin, supra
Zamora vs. CA, supra

De Jesus vs. Garcia, supra

Santos vs. Northwest Orient Airlines, 210 SCRA 256
Del Castillo vs. Aguinaldo, 212 SCRA 169
Amigo vs. CA, 253 SCRA 382
Sea Land Service, Inc., vs. CA, 327 SCRA 135
Navales vs. Abaya, 441 SCRA 393
Dela Cruz vs. CA, 510 SCRA 103
Guiang vs. CA, 510 SCRA 568
Dela Rosa vs. Roldan, 501 SCRA 34
Bokingo vs. CA, 489 SCRA 521
Tecson vs. Guiterrez, 452 SCRA 781
Gocotano vs. Gocotano, 469 SCRA 326
Denilla vs. Bellosillo, 64 SCRA 63
Tinitigan vs. Tinitigan, supra
Lahom vs. Sibulo, 406 SCRA 135
Commart vs. SEC, supra
Multinational Village vs. CA, supra
Baltazar vs. Ombudsman, 510 SCRA 74
Solid Homes vs. CA, 271 SCRA 157
Bulao vs. CA, 218 SCRA 321Inton vs. Quintana, 81 Phil. 120
Exception
Concepcion vs. CFI of Bulacan, 119 SCRA 222
Bayog vs. Natino, 258 SCRA 378
Ignacio vs. CFI Bulacan, 42 SCRA 89
Dela Cruz vs. CA, 510 SCRA 103
Onquit vs. Binamira-Parcia, 297 SCRA 354
Vda de Victoria vs. CA, 449 SCRA 319
Hilado vs. Chavez, 438 SCRA 623
5. Doctrine of primary jurisdiction
Brett vs. IAC, 191 SCRA 687
Roxas vs. CA, G.R. No. 127876, Dec. 17, 1999
First Lepanto Ceramics vs. CA, 253 SCRA 552
Machete vs. CA, 250 SCRA 176
Paloma vs. Mora, 470 SCRA 711
6. Doctrine of adherence of jurisdiction/ Doctrine of continuity of jurisdiction
Dela Rosa vs. Roldan, 501 SCRA 34
Bokingo vs. CA, 489 SCRA 521
Bantua vs. Mercader, 350 SCRA 86
Aruego Jr vs. CA, 254 SCRA 711
Rep vs. Atlas Farms, 345 SCRA 296
7. Objections to jurisdiction over the subject matter
Laresma vs. Abellana, 442 SCRA 156
Estoesta vs. CA, 179 SCRA 203
De Leon vs. CA, 245 SCRA 166
La Naval Drug vs. CA, 236 SCRA 78
Fabian vs. Desierto, 295 SCRA 470
Calimlim vs. Ramirez, 118 SCRA 399
Francel Realty Corp., vs. Sycip, 469 SCRA 424
Vda de Barrera vs. Heirs of Legaspi, G.R. No. 174346, September 12, 2008
8. Effect of estoppels on objections to jurisdiction

Tijam vs. Sibonghanoy, 23 SCRA 29

Tolentino vs. Escalona, 26 SCRA 613
Carrillo vs. Allied Workers, 24 SCRA 566
La Naval Drug Corporation vs. CA, 236 SCRA 78, supra
PNOC Shipping and Transport Corp., vs. CA 297 SCRA 402
Alday vs. FGU Insurance Corp., 350 SCRA 113
Calimlim vs. Ramirez, 118 SCRA 399
Pangilinan vs. CA, 321 SCRA 51
C. Jurisdiction over the issues
Reyes vs. Diaz, 73 Phil. 484
Distinction between a question of law and a question of fact
Sps. Santos vs. CA, 337SCRA 67
Velayo-Fong vs. Sps. Velayo, 510 SCRA 320
Avon Cosmetics vs. LUNA, 511 SCRA 376
Exception: Sec. 5, Rule 10
Estolas vs. Acena, 448 SCRA 333
Cindy and Lynsy Garment vs. NLRC, 284 SCRA 38
D. Jurisdiction over the res or property in litigation
Perkins vs. Dizon, 69 Phil. 186
Sec. 15, Rule 14, 1997 Rules of Court
E. Jurisdiction of courts
1. Supreme Court
2. Court of Appeals
Valdez vs. China Banking Corp., 455 SCRA 687
3. Court of Tax Appeals
4. Sandiganbayan (R.A. 8294)
Carandang vs. Hon. Aniano Desierto, G.R. No. 148076, G.R. No. 153161, January 12, 2011
5. Regional Trial Courts
R.A. 7691, An Act Expanding the Jurisdiction of the MTC, MTC and MCTCs (Admn Circ. No. 0994)
Courts of General Jurisdiction
Durisol Philippines, Inc., vs. CA, 377 SCRA 353
De Jesus vs. Garcia, 19 SCRA 554
Real Actions
Assessed value
Laresma vs. Abellana, 442 SCRA 156
Personal Actions
Actions incapable of pecuniary estimation
Cruz vs. Tan, 87 Phil. 627
Vda. De Murga vs. Chan, 25 SCRA 441
Ortigas vs. Herrera, 120 SCRA 89
Raymundo vs. CA, 213 SCRA 457
Singson vs. Isabela Sawmill, 88 SCRA 623
Russel vs. Vestil, 304 SCRA 739
Barangay Sawmill vs. Heirs of Pastor, 334 SCRA 127
Polomok Water District vs. Polomok General Consumers Association, G.R.
No.162124, October 19, 2007
Cruz vs. Tan, 87 Phil. 627

Bokingo vs. CA, 489 SCRA 521

Makati Development Corp., vs. Tanjuatco, 27 SCRA 401
Davao Light and Power Co., Inc., vs. CA, G.R. No. 147058, March 10, 2005
6. Family Courts (R.A. 8369)
7. Metropolitan Trial Courts
R.A. 7691, supra
Courts of Limited Jurisdiction
Accion interdictal Rule 70, Rules of Court; Summary Rules
Accion publiciana as amended by R.A. 7961
Accion reivindicatoria as amended by R.A. 7961
Hilaro vs. Salvador, 457 SCRA 815
Quinagoran vs.CA, G.R. No. 155179, August 24, 2007
Atuel vs. Valdez, 403 SCRA 517
Vda. De Barrera vs. Heirs of Legaspi, G.R. No. 174346, September 12, 2008
Brgy. Piapi vs. Talip, 469 SCRA 409
Heirs of Concha vs. Sps. Lumocso, 540 SCRA 1
Delagated Jurisdiction
8. Shariah Courts
F. Jurisdiction over small claims, cases covered by the Rules on Summary Procedure and Barangay
Conciliation.
Barangay Conciliation
Rosaria Pang-et, et., al., vs. Catherine Dao-as, G.R. No. 167261, March 2, 2007
Galuba vs. Sps. Alfredo Laureta, G.R. No. 71091, January 29, 1988
Summary Procedure
Go vs. CA, 297 SCRA 574
Five Star Marketing Corp., vs. Booc, 535 SCRA 28
Garcia vs. Zosa, Jr., 469 SCRA 334
Habagat Grill vs. DMC-Urban Property Developer,454 SCRA 653
A.M. No. 08-8-7-SC October 1, 2008 (Small Claims)
G. Totality rule
Enerio vs. Alampay, 64 SCRA 142
Agustin vs. Bacalan, 135 SCRA 340
Flores vs. Mallare-Philipps, 144 SCRA 377
Sec. 33[1], BP Blg., 129, as amended by R.A. No. 7691
Pantranco North Express, Inc., vs. Standard Insurance Co, Inc., 453 SCRA 482
Excluding: Interest, damages of whatever kind, attorneys fees, litigation expenses and costs.
(IDALEC) Admin Circ., No. 09-94, June 14, 1994
H. Residual jurisdiction
Sec. 9, Rule 41, 1997 Rules of Court
Alama vs. Abbas, 18 SCRA 836
Fortune Life Ins. vs. CA, 224 SCRA 829

III. Civil Procedure

Liberal Interpretation
Asia Pacific Overseas Shipping Corporation vs. NLRC, 161 SCRA 122
Alonso vs. Villamor, 16 Phil. 315
Allied Banking Corporation vs. Eserjose, 453 SCRA 163
Tan Boon Bee & Co., Inc., vs. Judge Jarencio, 163 SCRA 205
Cometa vs. CA, 351 SCRA 294
Santos vs. CA, 198 SCRA 806
A. Actions
1. Meaning of ordinary civil actions
Denoso vs. CA, 163 SCRA 683
2. Meaning of special civil actions.
3. Meaning of criminal actions
4. Civil Actions versus special proceedings
Lopez vs. Filipinas Compania de Seguros, 16 SCRA 859
Pacific Banking Corporation Employees Organization vs. CA, 249 SCRA 492
5. Commencement of Actions
Mangaspi vs. Ramolete, 115 SCRA 193
Manchester vs. CA, 149 SCRA 562
Sun Insurance vs. Asuncion, 170 SCRA 274
Pilipinas Shell vs. CA, 171 SCRA 674
Original Development and Construction Corp vs. CA, 202 SCRA 753
Ballatan vs. CA, 304 SCRA 35
Hodges vs. CA, 184 SCRA 281
6. Kinds of Action
a. As to cause or foundation: Personal actions and real actions
R.A. 7691, supra
Sec. 1, Rule 4 and Sec. 2 [a], Rule 4
Hernandez vs. Development of the Philippines, 71 SCRA 292
Domagas vs. Jensen, G.R. No. 158407, January 17, 2005
b. As to place: Local and transitory actions
c. As to object: Actions in rem, in personam and quasi in rem
Asiavest Ltd., vs. CA, 296 SCRA 539
Gomez vs. CA, 425 SCRA 98
PCIB vs. Alejandro, 533 SCRA 738
Biaco vs. PCRB, 515 SCRA 106
Alba vs. CA, 465 SCRA 495
Navale vs. CA, 253 SCRA 705
Carballo vs. Encarnacion, 92 SCRA 974
RP vs. Herbieto, G.R. No. 156117, May 26, 2005
Midgely vs. Fernandos, 64 SCRA 23
Banco-Filipino Espaol vs. Palanca, 37 Phil, 921
Valmonte vs. Santos, 252 SCRA 92
Rayray vs. Chae Kyung Lee, 18 SCRA 450
Barco vs. CA 420 SCRA162
Hernandez vs. Rural Bank of Lucena, 81 SCRA 75
PNB vs. CA, 153 SCRA 435
Domagas vs. Jansen, supra
B. Cause of action

1. Meaning of cause of action

2. Right of action versus cause of action
3. Failure to state a cause of action
4. Test of the sufficiency of a cause of action
5. Splitting a single cause of action and its effects
Priority-in-time Rule
Investors Finance Corp., vs. Ebarce, 163 SCRA 60
Dasmarias Village Association Inc., vs. CA, 299 SCRA 598
NPC vs. CA, 279 SCRA 506
6. Joinder and misjoinder of causes of action
C. Parties to civil actions
Entities authorized by law
Limjoco vs. Intestate Estate of Fragante, 8 Phil. 776
Nazareno vs. CA, 343 SCRA 637
Barlin vs. Ramirez, 7 Phil. 47
1. Real parties in interest
Aguila vs. CA, 319 SCRA 246
Balagtas vs. CA, 317 SCRA 69
Rayo vs. Metrobank, 539 SCRA 571
Fortich vs. Corona, 289 SCRA 624
Figuracion vs. Libi, 539 SCRA 50
Samaniego vs. Aguila, 334 SCRA 438
Mayor Rhustom Dagadag vs. Tongnawa, 450 SCRA 437
Lee vs. Romillo, 161 SCRA 589
Sustiguer vs. Tamayo, 176 SCRA 579
Uy vs. CA, 314 SCRA 69
Westmont Bank vs. Shugo Noda & Co., Ltd., 307 SCRA 381
Periquet Jr., vs. IAC, 238 SCRA 697
Carillo vs. CA, 503 SCRA 66
Phil Trust Co., vs. CA, 320 SCRA 719
Stonehill vs. Diokno 20 SCRA383
Asset Privatization Trust Fund vs. CA, 300 SCRA 579
Aguila vs. CA, 319 SCRA 345
Figuracion vs. Libi, 539 SCRA 50
Rep vs. Aquino Sr., 451 SCRA735
Balagtas vs. CA, 317 SCRA 69
Vlason Enterprises vs. CA, 310 SCRA 26
Baltazar vs. Ombudsman, G.R. No. 136433, December 6, 2006
Kilosbayan Inc., vs. Morato 246 SCRA 540
Indispensable parties
Servicewide Specialist, Inc., vs. CA, 318 SCRA 493
De Castro vs. CA, 384 SCRA 607
Lucman vs. Malawi, G.R. No. 159794, December 19, 2006
MWSS vs. CA, 297 SCRA 287
Plasabas vs. CA, G.R. No. 166519, March 31, 2009
Pamplona Plantation Co vs. Tinghil, 450 SCRA 421
Uy vs. CA, 494 SCRA 535
Necessary parties
Borlasa vs. Polistico, 47 Phil. 345
Chua vs. Torres, 468 SCRA 358

Seno vs. Mangubat, 156 SCRA 113

Agro Conglomerates, Inc., vs. CA, 348 SCRA 450
Hemedez vs. CA, 316 SCRA 347
Republic vs. Sandiganbayan, 173 SCRA 72
Operators Inc., vs. American Biscuit Co., 154 SCRA 738
Santiago Land Development Corporation vs. CA, 267 SCRA 79
Galarosa vs. Valencia, 227 SCRA 726
Lozano vs. Ballesteros, 195 SCRA 681
Representatives as parties
Indigent parties
Alternative defendants
Rizal Surety and Insurance Co., vs. Manila, 70 SCRA 187
2. Compulsory and permissive joinder of parties
Sepulveda Sr., vs. Palaez, 450 SCRA 302
3. Misjoinder and non-joinder of parties
Almendras vs. CA, 293 SCRA 540
Republic vs. Herbieto, 459 SCRA 183
Lim Tan Hu vs. Ramolete, 66 SCRA 425
4. Class suit
Mathay vs. Consolidated Bank and Trust Co., 58 SCRA 559
Borlasa vs. Polistico, 47 Phil. 345
Berses vs. Villanueva, 25 Phil. 473
Sulo ng Bayan, Inc., vs. Araneta, 72 SCRA 347
Ibaes vs. Roman Catholic Church, 12 Phi. 227
Ortigas & Co., Ltd., Partnership vs. Ruiz, 148 SCRA 326
Mathay vs. Consolidated Bank and Trust Co., 58 SCRA 559
Newsweek Inc., vs. IAC, 142 SCRA 171
Oposa vs. Factoran, 224 SCRA 792
5. Suits against entities without juridical personality
6. Effect of death of party litigant
D. Venue
Manila Rail Road Co., vs. Attorney General, 20 Phil. 523
Heirs of Lopez vs. De Castro, 324 SCRA 591
Universal Corp., vs. Lim, G.R. No. 154338, October 5, 2007
Universal Robina Corp., vs. Lim 535 SCRA 95
Republic vs. Glasgow Credit, 542 SCRA 95
Dacuycoy vs. IAC, 195 SCRA 641
Consolidated Bank vs. IAC, 198 SCRA 34
Brgy. San Roque vs. Pastor, 334 SCRA 127
Torres vs. J.M. Tuason & Co., Inc., 12 SCRA 174
Dr. Antonio Lizares vs. Caluag, 14 SCRA 746
1. Venue versus jurisdiction
Padre vs. Badillo, et., al., G.R. No. 165423, January 19, 2011
2. Venue of real actions
Gumabon vs. Larin, G. R. No. 142523, November 27, 2001
Go vs. UCPB, 442 SCRA 264

Paderanga vs. Buissan, 226 SCRA 786

3. Venue of personal actions
Golden Arches Development Corporation vs. St. Francis Square Holdings, Inc., G.R. No.
183843. January 19, 2011
Clavecilla Radio System vs. Antillon, 19 SCRA 379
4. Venue of actions against non-residents
5. When the rules on venue do not apply
Lacquian vs. Baltazar, 31 SCRA 552
Diaz vs. Adiong, 219 SCRA 631
6. Effects of stipulations on venue
Universal Robina Corp., vs. Lim, 535 SCRA 95
Polytrade Corp., vs. Blanco, 30 SCRA 187
Supena vs. De la Rosa, 267 SCRA 1
Sps. Lantin vs. Lantion, 499 SCRA 718
Unimasters Conglomerations vs. CA, 267 SCRA 759
PBC vs. Trazo, G.R. No. 165500, August 30, 2006
Langkaan Realty Devt vs. UCPB, G.R. No. 139427, December 8, 2000
Auction in Malinta Inc., vs. Luyaben, G.R.No. 173979, February 12, 2007
Pacific Consultants, International Asia, vs. Schonfeld, G.R. No. 166920, February 19, 2007
Hoechst, Inc., vs. Torres, 83 SCRA 297
Emergency Loan Pawnshop vs. CA, 353 SCRA 89
Nocum vs. Tan, 470 SCRA 639

E. Pleadings
1. Kinds of pleadings
a. Complaint
b. Answer
i. Negative defenses
ii. Negative pregnant
iii. Affirmative defenses
Republic vs. Sarabia, G.R. No. 157847, August 25, 2005
Aquintey vs. Tibong, G.R.No. 166704, December 20, 2006
Camitan vs. CA, G.R. No. 128099, December 20, 2006
Warner Barnes vs. Reyes, 103 Phil. 662
Acabal vs. Acabal, 454 SCRA 555
Pesane Animas Mongao vs. Pryce Properties Corp., G.R. No. 156474, August
16, 2005
c. Counterclaims
Pro-Line Sports Center, Inc., vs. CA, 281 SCRA 162
Yulienco vs.CA, 308 SCRA 206
Raymundo vs. Felipe, 42 SCRA 615
Mercado vs. CA, G.R. No. 169576, October 17, 2008
i. Compulsory counterclaim
Arenas vs. CA, G.R. No. 126640, November 23, 2000
Yulienco vs. CA, 308 SCRA 206
Financial Building Corp., vs. Forbes Park Association, G.R.No. 133119, August
17, 2000
Bayer Philippines vs. CA, 340 SCRA 437

Beltran vs. Balbuena, 53 Phil. 697

Meliton vs. CA, 216 SCRA 485
Maceda vs. CA, 176 SCRA 440
Agustin vs. Bacalan, 135 SCRA 340
Calo vs. Ajax International, Inc., 22 SCRA 996
Reyes vs. CA, 38 SCRA 138
Financial Building Corp., vs. Forbes Park Association, G.R. No. 133119, August
17, 2000
ii. Permissive counterclaim
International Container Terminal Services vs. CA, G.R. No. 90530, October 17,
1992
Sandejas vs. Ignacio, G.R.No. 155033, December 19, 2007
Arenas vs. CAm G.R. No. 126640, November 23, 2000
Permissive counterclaim vs. Compulsory counterclaim
Sto. Tomas University vs. Surla, G.R. No. 129718, August 17, 1998
Ponciano vs. Parentela, 331 SCRA 605
Gojo vs. Goyala, 35 SCRA 557
Sarmiento vs. San Juan, 120 SCRA 403
La Tondea Distillers vs. CA, 209 SCRA 553
Cabaero vs. Cantos, 271 SCRA 391
Metals Engineerng Resources Corp., vs. CA, 203 SCRA 273
Sandejas vs. Ignacio, supra
Korea Technologies Co., Ltd., vs. Lerma, 542SCRA 1
iii. Effect of counterclaim when the complaint is dismissed
BA Finance Corp., vs. Co et., al., G.R. No. 105751, June 30, 1993
Pinga vs. Heirs of Santiago, G.R.No. 170354, June 30, 2006
d. Cross-claims
e. Third (fourth, etc.) party complaints
China Banking Corporation vs. Padilla, G.R. No. 143490, February 2, 2007
Sps. Uy vs. Ariza, G.R. No. 158370, August 17, 2006
f. Complaint-in-intervention
First Philippine Holdings Corp., vs. Sandiganbayan, 253 SCRA 30
Office of the Ombudsman vs. Samaniego, G.R. No. 175573, September 11, 2008
Santiago Land Development Corp., vs. CA, 267 SCRA 79
Mabayo Farms Inc., vs. Manila Banking Corp., G.R. No. 126731, July 11, 2002
Mago vs. CA, G.R. No. 115624, February 25, 1999
Mabayo Farms Inc., vs. CA, G.R. No. 140058, August 1, 2002
Acenas II vs. CA, 247 SCRA 773
Firestone Ceramics vs. CA, 313 SCRA 522
Robles vs. Timario, 6 SCRA 380
Roxas vs. Dinglasan, 28 SCRA 430
Heirs of Antonio Pael vs. CA, 325 SCRA 341
g. Reply
2. Pleadings allowed in small claim cases and cases covered by the Rules on Summary Procedure
3. Parts of a pleading
a. Caption
b. Signature and address

c. Verification and Certification against forum shopping

i. Requirement of a corporation executing the verification/certification against
forum-shopping
Loyola vs. CA, 245 SCRA 477
Gabionza vs. CA, 234 SCRA 192
Prince Transport Inc., vs. Diosdado Garcia, et., al., G.R. No. 167291, January
12, 2011
Sameer Oversees Placement Agency, Inc. v. Mildred R. Santos, G.R. No.
152579, August 4, 2009
Philippine Deposit Insurance Corp. (PDIC) Vs. Philippine Countryside Rural
Bank, Inc., et al., G.R. No. 176438. January 24, 2011
ii. Notarial Practices Act of 2004

d. Effect of the signature of counsel in a pleading

4. Allegations in a pleading
a. Manner of making allegations
i. Condition precedent
ii. Fraud, mistake, malice, intent, knowledge and other condition of the mind,
judgments, official documents or acts
b. Pleading an actionable document
c. Specific denials
i. Effect of failure to make specific denials
ii. When a specific denial requires an oath
5. Effect of failure to plead
a. Failure to plead defenses and objections
b. Failure to plead a compulsory counterclaim and cross-claim
6. Default
a. When a declaration of default is proper
Monzon vs. Addio Properties, Inc., G.R. No. 171827, September 17, 2008
Cathay Pacific Airways vs. Romillo Jr., 141 SCRA 451
Sps. De Los Santos vs. Carpio, G.R. No. 153696, September 11, 2006
Sablas vs. Sablas, G.R> No. 144568, July 3, 2007
Monarch Insurance vs. CA, 333 SCRA 7
Vlason Enterprises Corp., vs. CA, 310 SCRA 26
b. Effect of an order of default
c. Relief from an order of default
Villareal vs. CA, 295 SCRA 511
Republic vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 148154, December 17, 2007
Republic vs. Sandiganbayan, 540 SCRA 431
Talsan Enterprises Inc., vs. Baliwag Transit, Inc., 431 SCRA 156
Lina vs. CA, 135 SCRA 637
Balangcad vs. Justice of the Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 83888, February 12, 1992
Ampeloquio vs. CA, 333 SCRA 465
Lorbes vs. CA, G.R. No. 139884, February 15, 2001
Samartino vs. Raon, G.R. No. 131482, July 3, 2002
Sablas vs. Sablas, G.R. No. 144568, July 3, 2007
d. Effect of a partial default
e. Extent of relief
Vlason vs. CA, 310 SCRA 26

f. Actions where default are not allowed

7. Filing and service of pleadings
a. Payment of docket fees and acquisition of jurisdiction
Mangaspi vs. Ramolete, 115 SCRA 193
Manchester vs. CA, 149 SCRA 562
Sun Insurance vs. Asuncion, 170 SCRA 274
Pilipinas Shell vs. CA, 171 SCRA 674
Original Development and Construction Corp vs. CA, 202 SCRA 753
PAGCOR vs. Lopez, 474 SCRA 76
Nestle Philippines, Inc., vs. FY Sons, Inc., 489 624
Proton Pilipinas Corp., vs. Banque National de Paris, 460 SCRA 260
Rivera vs. Del Rosario, 419 SCRA 626
Regalado vs. Go, G.R. No. 167988, February 6, 2007
M.A. Santander Construction Inc., vs. Villanueva, 441 SCRA 525
Villamor vs. CA, 434 SCRA 565
Different Rule on Appeal
Macabungkil vs. Peoples Homesite and Housing Corp., 72 SCRA 326
Agricultural and Industrial Marketing vs. CA, 118 SCRA 49
Santos vs. CA, 125 SCRA 22
Garcia vs. Echiverri, 132 SCRA 631
Regalado vs. Go., G.R. No. 167988, February 6, 2007
M.A. Santader Construction Inc., Villanueva, 441 SCRA 525
Villamor vs. CA, 434 SCRA 565
b. Filing versus service of pleadings
c. Period of filing of pleadings
d. Manner of filing
e. Modes of service
i. Personal service
ii. Service by mail
iii. Substituted service
Paluwagan ng Bayan Savings Bank vs. King, 172 SCRA 62
Venturanza vs. CA, 156 SCRA 305
Samartino vs. Raon, G.R. No. 131482, July 3, 2002
Keister vs. Navarro 77 SCRA 209
Arevalo vs. Quilatan, 116 SCRA 700
Ma. Imelda Manotoc vs. CA, 499 SCRA 21
iv. Service of judgment, final orders or resolutions
v. Priorities in modes of service and filing
Solar Team Entertainment vs. Judge Ricafort, G.R. No. 132007. August 5, 1998
Peoroso vs. Dona, G.R. No. 154018, April 3, 2007

Cadornigara vs. NLRC, G.R. No. 158073, November 23, 2007

vi. When service is deemed complete
vii. Proof of filing and service
Republic vs. Resin Incorp., G.R. No. 175891, January 12, 2011
8. Amendment
a. Amendment as a matter of right
Navarro vs. Vda. De Taroma, 478 SCRA 336
Bautista vs. Maya-Maya Cottages, Inc., 476 SCRA 416
Breslin vs. Luzon Stevedorin, 84 Phil. 618
Ong Peng vs. Custodio, 1 SCRA 780
Alpine Lending Investors vs. Corpus, 508 SCRA 45

Paeste vs. Jaurigue, 94 Phil. 179

Republic vs. Ilao, 4 SCRA 106
Remington Industrial Sales vs. CA, 382 SCRA 499
National Mines and Allied Workers Union, vs. G.R. No. 157232, December 10, 2007
b. Amendment by leave of court
Calo and San Jose vs. Roldan, 76 Phil. 445
Buenaventura vs. Buenaventura, 94 Phil. 193
Siasoco vs. CA, 303 SCRA 186
Philippine Ports Authority vs. Gothong and Aboitiz,542 SCRA 406
c. Formal amendment
d. Amendment to conform to or authorize presentation of evidence
Sec. 5, Rule 10
Philippine Export and Foreign Loan Guarantee Corp., vs. Philippine Infrastructure
Inc., 419 SCRA 6
Azola Farms vs. CA, 442 SCRA 133
e. Amendment, cause of action and jurisdiction
Swagman Hotels and Travel Inc., vs. CA, 455 SCRA 175
Gumabay vs. Baralin, 77 SCRA 258
Soledad vs. Mamangun, 8 SCRA 110
Campos Rueda Corp., vs. Bautista, 6 SCRA 240
Rosario vs. Carandang, 96 Phil. 845
Gaspar vs. Dorado, 15 SCRA 331
Calabig vs. Villanueva, 135 SCRA 300
f. Effect of amended pleading
Sec. 8, Rule 10
Verzosa vs. CA, 299 SCRA 100
Ching vs. CA, 331 SCRA 16
Bastida vs. Menzi & Co., Inc., 58 Phil. 188
Torres vs. CA, 131 SCRA 224
Ching vs. CA, 331 SCRA 16
Vlason Enterprises vs. CA, 310 SCRA 26
Arcenas vs. CA, 299 SCRA 733
g. Different from supplemental pleadings
Sec. 6, Rule 10
Asset Privatization Trust Fund vs. CA, 324 SCRA 533
Young vs. Spouses Sy, 503 SCRA 151
Chan vs. Chan, G.R. No. 150746, October 15, 2008
F. Summons
Cano-Gutierrez vs. Gutierrez, 341 SCRA 670
Guanzon vs. Arradaza, 510 SCRA 309
Umandap vs. Sabio Jr., 339 SCRA 243
Habaa vs. Vamenta, 33 SCRA 569
Gomez vs. CA, 420 SCRA 98
Biaco vs. PCRB, 515 SCRA 106
PCI Bank vs. Alejandro, 533 SCRA 738
Pagalaran vs. Bal-latan, 13 Phil. 135
1. Nature and purpose of summons in relation to actions in personam, in rem, and quasi in rem
Pantaleon vs. Asuncion, 105 Phil. 761

Citizens Surety vs. Melencio-Herrera, 38 SCRA 369

Magdalena Estate, Inc., vs. Nieto, 125 SCRA 758
Ma. Imelda Manotoc vs. CA, 499 SCRA 21
Banco de Brasil vs. CA, 333 SCRA 545
2. Voluntary appearance
3. Personal service
Where defendant is a juridical person
E.B. Villarosa vs. Hon. Benito, 312 SCRA 65
Summit Trading vs. Avendao, 135 SCRA 397
Mason vs. CA, 413 SCRA 303
Paramount Insurance Corp vs. A.C. Ordoez Corp., G.R. No. 175109, August 6, 2008
Substantial Compliance Rule
G & G Trading Corp., vs. CA, 158 SCRA 466
Porac Trucking Inc., vs. CA, 183 SCRA 45
Millennium Industrial Commercial Corp., vs. Tan, G.R. No. 131724, February
28, 2000
Talsan Enterprises Inc., vs. Baliwag Transit, G.R. No. 126258, July 8, 1999
Isolated Transaction Rule Foreign Corporations
CIR vs. K.M.K. Gani, 182 SCRA 591
4. Substituted service
Paluwagan ng Bayan Savings Bank vs. King, 172 SCRA 62
Venturanza vs. CA, 156 SCRA 305
Samartino vs. Raon, G.R. No. 131482, July 3, 2002
Keister vs. Navarro 77 SCRA 209
Arevalo vs. Quilatan, 116 SCRA 700
Ma. Imelda Manotoc vs. CA, 499 SCRA 21
Guanzon vs, Arradaza, 510 SCRA 309
Montalban vs. Maximo, 22 SCRA 1070
Robinson vs. Miralles, 510 SCRA 678
Jose vs. Boyon, 414 SCRA 216
Domagas vs. Jensen, 448 SCRA 663
Paluwagan ng Bayan Savings Bank vs. King 172 SCRA 62
Laus vs. CA, 219 SCRA 688
5. Alias Summons
Millennium Industrial Commercial Corporation vs. Tan, G.R. No. 131724, June 21, 2001
Paluwagan ng Bayan Savings Bank vs. King 172 SCRA 62, supra
Santos vs. NLRC, 254 SCRA 673
6. Constructive service (by publication)
a. Service upon a defendant where his identity is unknown or where his whereabouts are
unknown
Santos vs. PNOC Exploration Corp., G.R. No. 170943, September 23, 2008
Pantaleon v.s Asuncion, 105 Phil. 761
Citizens Surety vs. Melencio-Herrera, 38 SCRA 369
Magdalena Estate, Inc., vs. Nieto, 125 SCRA 758
Fontanilla vs. Dominguez, 73 Phil. 579
b. Service upon residents temporarily outside the Philippines
Sahagun vs. CA, 198 SCRA 44
Mengha vs. Tarachand, 67 Phil. 286
Montalban vs. Maximo, 22 SCRA 1070

7. Extra-territorial service, when allowed

Banco de Brasil vs. CA, 333 SCRA 545
Cynthia Alaban vs. CA, 470 SCRA 697
Jose vs. Boyon, 414 SCRA 216
Kawasaki Port Service Corp., vs. Amores, 199 SCRA 230
Banco Espaol vs. Palanca, 37 Phil. 921
Perkins vs. Dizon, 69 Phil. 186
Asiavest Limited vs. CA, 296 SCRA 539
Valmonte vs. CA, 252 SCRA 92
Gemperle vs. Schenker, 125 Phil. 458
Velayo Fong vs. Sps. Velayo, 510 SCRA 320
8. Summons when complaint is amended
Paradise Sauna Massage Corp., vs. Ng, 181 SCRA 719
Atkins vs. Domingo, 44 Phil. 680
Ong Peng vs. Custodio, 1 SCRA 780
Gumabay vs. Baralin, 77 SCRA 258
Vlason Enterprises vs. CA, 310 SCRA 49
9. Proof of service
G. Motions
1. Motions in general
a. Definition of a motion
b. Motion versus pleading
c. Contents and forms of motions
Jehan Shipping Corporation vs. NFA, 477 SCRA 781
Philville vs. Javier, 477 SCRA 533
d. Notice of hearing and hearing of motions
e. Omnibus motion rule
Misamis Occidental II Cooperative Inc., vs. David, 468 SCRA 63
f. Litigated and ex parte motions
Bayview Hotel Inc., vs. CA, G.R. No. 119337, June 17, 1997
g. Pro-forma motions
2. Motions for bill of particulars
a. Purpose and when applied for
Republic vs. Sandiganbayan, 540 SCRA 431
Lirag, et., al., vs. Hon. Galano, G.R. No. L-46244 August 18, 1988
Tantuico, Jr. v. Republic, 204 SCRA 428
Salita vs. Hon. Magtolis, G.R. No. 106429 June 13, 1994
b. Actions of the court
c. Compliance with the order and effect of non-compliance
d. Effect of the period to file a responsive pleading
3. Motion to dismiss
A.M. No. 03-1-09 SC, July 13, 2004
a. Grounds
Peltan Development Inc., vs. CA, 270 SCRA 82
De Dios vs. Bristol Laboratories, 55 SCRA 349
Dalandan vs. Julio, 10 SCRA 4000
Vette Industrial Sales Co., vs. Cheng, 509 SCRA 532

Laches
Pineda vs. Heirs of Guevara, G.R. No. 143188, February 14, 2007
Res Judicata
Fels, Inc., vs. Province of Batangas, G.R. No. 168557, February 19, 2007
Heirs of Wenceslao Tabia vs. CA, G.R. Nos. 129377 and 129399, February 22, 2007
Moraga vs. Sps. Somo, 501 SCRA 118
Trinidad vs. Office of the Ombudsman, G.R. No. 166038, December 4, 2007
b. Resolution of motion
c. Remedies of plaintiff when the complaint is dismissed
d. Remedies of defendant when the motion is denied
Douglas Lu Ym vs. Nabua, 451 SCRA 298
e. Effect of dismissal of complaint on certain grounds
f. When grounds pleaded as affirmative defenses
Sps. Rasdas vs. Villa, 477 SCRA 538
g. Bar by dismissal
h. Distinguished from demurrer to evidence under Rule 33
H. Dismissal of actions
1. Dismissal upon notice by plaintiff; two-dismissal rule
2. Dismissal upon motion by plaintiff; effect on existing counterclaim
3. Dismissal due to the fault of plaintiff
4. Dismissal of counterclaim, cross-claim or third-party complaint
I. Pre-trial
1. Concept of pre-trial
2. Nature and purpose of pre-trial
Tiu vs. Middleton, G.R. No. 134998 July 19, 1999
3. Notice of pre-trial
4. Appearance of parties; effect of failure to appear
Olave v. Mistas, G.R. No. 155193, November 26, 2004, 444 SCRA 479, 495
BPI vs. Dando, G.R. No. 177456, September 4, 2009
PhilAmLife vs. Enario, G.R. No. 182075, September 15, 2010
5. Pre-trial brief; effect of failure to appear
Durban Apartment Corp., vs. Pioneer Insurance Corp., G.R. No. 179419, January 12, 2011
6. Distinction between pre-trial in civil case and pre-trial in criminal case
7. A.M. No. 03-1-09-SC, Proposed rule on guidelines to be observed by trial court judges and clerks of
court in the conduct of pre-trial and use of deposition-discovery measures
8. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Judicial Dispute Resolution (JDR)
links: http://www.pmc.org.ph/faq-the-case-for-mediation.htm
links: http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/researches/rrb_0302_1.pdf
links: http://pmc.judiciary.gov.ph/downloads/JURIS_Primer.pdf
a. Court Annexed Mediation (CAM)
A. M. No. 02-2-17SC, April 16, 2002
A.M. No. 01-10-5-SC-PHILJA, October 16, 2001
b. Judicial Dispute Resolution (JDR)
A.M. No. 04-1-12-SC-PhilJA, August 29, 2006
Linda Kent vs. Dionesio Micarez, et., al., G.R. No. 185758, March 9, 2011
J. Intervention
First Philippine Holdings Corp., vs. Sandiganbayan, 253 SCRA 30
Office of the Ombudsman vs. Samaniego, G.R. No. 175573, September 11, 2008

Santiago Land Development Corp., vs. CA, 267 SCRA 79

Mabayo Farms Inc., vs. Manila Banking Corp., G.R. No. 126731, July 11, 2002
Mago vs. CA, G.R. No. 115624, February 25, 1999
Mabayo Farms Inc., vs. CA, G.R. No. 140058, August 1, 2002
Acenas II vs. CA, 247 SCRA 773
Firestone Ceramics vs. CA, 313 SCRA 522
Robles vs. Timario, 6 SCRA 380
Roxas vs. Dinglasan, 28 SCRA 430
Heirs of Antonio Pael vs. CA, 325 SCRA 341
1. Requisites for intervention
2. Time to intervene
3. Remedy for the denial of motion to intervene
K. Subpoena
1. Subpoena duces tecum
2. Subpoena ad testificandum
3. Service of subpoena
4. Compelling attendance of witnesses; contempt
5. Quashing of sobpoena
L. Computation of Time
Golden Arches Development Corporation vs. St. Francis Square Holdings, Inc., G.R. No.
183843. January 19, 2011

Syllabus Civil Procedure for Finals

L. Modes of discovery
1. Depositions pending action; depositions before action or pending appeal
a) Meaning of deposition
b) Uses; scope of examination
c) When may objections to admissibility be made
d) When may taking of deposition be terminated or its scope limited
2. Written interrogatories to adverse parties
a) Consequences of refusal to answer
b) Effect of failure to serve written interrogatories
3. Request for admission
a) Implied admission by adverse party
b) Consequences of failure to answer request for admission
c) Effect of admission
d) Effect of failure to file and serve request for admission
4. Production or inspection of documents or things
5. Physical and mental examination of persons
6. Consequences of refusal to comply with modes of discovery
M. Trial
1. Adjournments and postponements
2. Requisites of motion to postpone trial
a) For absence of evidence
b) For illness of party or counsel
3. Agreed statement of facts
4. Order of trial; reversal of order
5. Consolidation or severance of hearing or trial
6. Delegation of reception of evidence
7. Trial by commissioners
a) Reference by consent or ordered on motion
b) Powers of the commissioner
c) Commissioners report; notice to parties and hearing on the report
N. Demurrer to evidence
1. Ground
2. Effect of denial
3. Effect of grant
4. Waiver of right to present evidence
5. Demurrer to evidence in a civil case versus demurrer to evidence in a criminal case
O. Judgments and final orders
1. Judgment without trial
2. Contents of a judgment

3. Judgment on the pleadings

4. Summary judgments
a) For the claimant
GRAND FARMS, INC. and PHILIPPINE SHARES CORPORATION vs. COURT OF APPEALS, JUDGE
ADRIAN R. OSORIO, and BANCO FILIPINO SAVINGS AND MORTGAGE BANK, G.R. No. 91779
February 7, 1991
b) For the defendant
c) When the case not fully adjudicated
d) Affidavits and attachments
5. Judgment on the pleadings versus summary judgments
6. Rendition of judgments and final orders
7. Entry of judgment and final order
P. Post-judgment remedies
1. Motion for new trial or reconsideration
a) Grounds
b) When to file
c) Denial of the motion; effect
d) Grant of the motion; effect
e) Remedy when motion is denied, fresh 15-day period rule
2. Appeals in general
a) Judgments and final orders subject to appeal
b) Matters not appealable
c) Remedy against judgments and orders which are not appealable
d) Modes of appeal
(i) Ordinary appeal
(ii) Petition for review
(iii) Petition for review on certiorari
e) Issues to be raised on appeal
f) Period of appeal
g) Perfection of appeal
h) Appeal from judgments or final orders of the MTC
i) Appeal from judgments or final orders of the RTC
j) Appeal from judgments or final orders of the CA
k) Appeal from judgments or final orders of the CTA
l). Review of final judgments or final orders of the COA
m) Review of final judgments or final orders of the Comelec
n) Review of final judgments or final orders of the CSC
o) Review of final judgments or final orders of the Ombudsman
p) Review of final judgments or final orders of the NLRC
q) Review of final judgments or final orders of quasi-judicial agencies
3. Relief from judgments, orders and other proceedings
a) Grounds for availing of the remedy
b) Time to file petition
c) Contents of petition
4. Annulment of judgments or final orders and resolutions
a) Grounds for annulment
b) Period to file action
c) Effects of judgment of annulment
5. Collateral attack of judgments

Q. Execution, satisfaction and effect of judgments

1. Difference between finality of judgment for purposes of appeal; for purposes of execution
2. When execution shall issue
a) Execution as a matter of right
b) Discretionary execution
3. How a judgment is executed
a) Execution by motion or by independent action
b) Issuance and contents of a writ of execution
c) Execution of judgments for money
d) Execution of judgments for specific acts
e) Execution of special judgments
f) Effect of levy on third persons
4. Properties exempt from execution
5. Proceedings where property is claimed by third persons
a) In relation to third party claim in attachment and replevin
6. Rules on redemption
7. Examination of judgment obligor when judgment is unsatisfied
8. Examination of obligor of judgment obligor
9. Effect of judgment or final orders
10. Enforcement and effect of foreign judgments or final orders