ABSTRACT

This experiment was carried out to determine the types of rock in reservoir environment.
This experiment was started by cut the rock using the rock cutting machine into 5 mm thickness
and its surface was clean by using sand paper. The instrument to cut the rock, can be cut any
types of rock at any length and thickness that what we need. After that, lay the rock on the
microscope slide and thin the rock into 0.8 mm by using the thin section instruments. Next, Put
the sample under a transmitted polarized light microscope to do the analysis on properties and
type of the rocks that possessed. Using the 40x magnification, 20x magnification, 40x
magnification and 4x magnification to determine the type of rock and minerals. And, this process
was called petrography analysis. From the analysis of the rock under microscope the rock sample
was a sandstone. This is because, that rock have composition of a sandy-like on that rock. It can
be concluded that the rock can be analyzed by apply that thin section under a transmitted
polarized light microscope to observe the type of rock and minerals. To do this the cutting rock
sample have to be observe its composition and its roughness.

INTRODUCTION
Rocks and minerals are the building blocks of the earth surface. They provide with
valuable resources and formed the earth. By studying rocks and minerals we can get better
understanding on the events that shaped the earth. Minerals are naturally occurring chemical
compounds that have been formed by geological processes. Minerals also provide chemicals that
are essential for life on the earth. Usually the rocks that underneath the earth are mixture of
different minerals. They formed can show remarkable variations in texture and composition. (
Hynes, N.J. 1991)
Based on optical mineralogy and petrography, a thin section is a laboratory preparation of
a rock, mineral, soil, pottery, bones, or even metal sample for use with a polarize petrographic
microscopic, electron microscopic and electron microscopic. A thin sliver of rock is cut from the
sample with a diamond saw and ground optically flat. It is mounted on a slide microscopic and
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then attenuate that sample into 0.8 mm by using thin section lapping machine. The method
involved using the Michel-Lvy interference colour chart. (Nickel, Ernest H. (1995)
When placed on polarizing light microscope, the optical properties of the minerals in the
thin section alter the colour and intensity of the light as seen by the viewer. As different minerals
have different optical properties, most rock forming minerals can be easily identified.

OBJECTIVES

To determine the rocks and minerals by using a polarized light microscope.

To study the rocks and minerals using a microscope with Cross sections are useful for the
identification of rocks, minerals and ores.

To describe the mineralogy and texture in the individual samples.

To study the rocks and minerals under microscope. Rocks were cut in cross
section before microscopic study.

THEORY
Petrography as a science began in 1828 when Scottish physicist William Nicol invented
the technique for producing polarized light by cutting a crystal of Iceland spar, a variety of
calcite, into a special prism which become known as the Nicol prism. The addition of two such
prisms to the ordinary microscope converted the instrument into a polarizing, orpetrographic
microscope. Using transmitted light and Nicol prisms, it was possible to determine the internal
crystallographic character of very tiny mineral grains, greatly advancing the knowledge of a
rocks constituents.

During the 1840s, a development by Henry C. Sorby and others firmly laid the
foundation of petrography. This was a technique to study very thin slices of rock. A slice of rock
was affixed to a microscope slide and then ground so thin that light could be transmitted through
minerals grains that otherwise appeared opaque. The position of adjoining grains was not
disturbed, thus permitting analysis of rock texture. Thin section petrography became the standard
method of rock study. Since textural details contribute greatly to knowledge of the sequence of
crystallization of the various mineral constituents in a rock, petrography progressed into
petrogenesis and ultimately into petrology.

When dealing with unfamiliar types or with rock so fine grained that their component
minerals cannot be determined with the aid of a hand lens, a microscope is used. Characteristics
observed under the microscope include colour, colour variation underplane polarized light
(pleochroism, produced by the lower Nicol prism, or more recently polarizing films) fracture
characteristics of the grains, refractive index, and optical symmetry. In other word, these
characteristics are sufficient to identify the mineral, and often to quite tightly estimate its major
element composition. The process of identifying minerals under the microscope is fairly subtle,
but also mechanistic it would be possible to develop an identification key that would allow a
computer to do it. The more difficult and skillful part of optical petrography is identifying the
interrelationships between grains and relating them to features seen in hand specimen at outcrop,
or in mapping.

APPARATUS
1) Rock cutting machine
2) Hot plate
3) Thin section lapping machine
4) Polarized light microscope
5) Glass slide
6) Thermoplastic cement
7) Sand paper

PRODECURES

1. The sample was cutted into 5mm thickness using rock cutting machines
2. The sample of the sample was cleaned with sand paper
3. The glass slide was heated with beam heater and the thermoplastic cement was put on the
glass slide and the sample was put onto the glass slide
4. The sample was flatten to comfort it on the glass slide
5. The sample was attenuate to 0.8 mm by using thin section lapping machine and then the
surface sample was cleaned.
6. The sample was put under transmitted polarized microscope
7. The rock sample was observed by using 4x magnification
8. The sample rock picture was captured
9. The step was repeated at 10x magnification, 20x magnification and 40x magnification
respectively.

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RESULT

Figure 1: The surface of sandstone after Figure 2: The surface of sandstone after
undergo 4x magnification

undergo 10x magnification

Figure 3: The surface of Sandstone after Figure 4: The surface of sandstone after
undergo 20x magnification

undergo 40x magnification

DISCUSSIONS
Based on the result, we can see the color of the rock are grey, and yellow. From that color
we can determine that sample was a sandstone. Other than that, we can see their texture which is
clastic. Next, its grain size almost well-sorted which can show that rocks has high porosity and
high permeability surface. In other words, we can see their hardness. The other features was
gritty to touch as the surface of sandpaper.
From the observation and a little bit of analysis, we can concluded that the sample was
sandstone. By the process of the thin section and petrography. This sandstone was very porous
and water will penetrate it easily. The environment where sandstone components are deposited
determines the nature of sandstone. The size of component grains of rock or minerals, how the
grains are sorted and the structure of the sediment formed are some of the determinant
environmental factors.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the result obtain, the sample shows that the color was grey and yellow which
can be conclude as sandstone. Next, the grains size are well sorted and show that the sample
have high probability of high property of porosity and permeability. After that, the texture of the
sample was clastic. In other words, the sample of hardness has shown that it has hard and rough
surface. So, the experiment has shown the sample was sandstone.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Make sure the sample was cutting more than 5 mm and cut slowly to avoid that rock from
break easily.
2. Make sure the glass slide heated before put thermoplastic cement and rock on the glass
slide.
3. Make sure attenuate the sample slowly to avoid from break easily.
4. The view must be clear before observe the sample and take the result.

REFERENCES

1. The World Wide Rock Catalog. 1990. Houston: Reservoirs Inc.

2. A Catalog of Petrophysical and Geological Properties of Typical Reservoir Rocks. 1995.
Houston: Shell Oil Co
3. Burke, J.A., Campbell Jr., R.L., and Schmidt, A.W. 1969. The Litho-Porosity Cross Plot
a Method of Determining Rock Characteristics for Computation of Log Data. Presented
at the SPE Illinois Basin Regional Meeting, Evansville, Indiana, 30-31 October. SPE2771-MS
4. Robert, H.V. and Campbell, R.L. Jr. 1976. Applications of CORIBAND to the Evaluation
of Sandstones Containing Mica.The Log Analyst
5. Nations, J.F. 1974. Lithology and Porosity from Acoustic Shear and Compressional
Wave Transit Time Relationships.The Log Analyst
6. Tsuneyama, F. et al. 2003. Vp/Vs Ratio as a Rock Frame Indicator for a Carbonate
Reservoir. First Break 21 (7): 5358
7. Zhang, T., Tang, X.M., and Patterson, D. 2000. Evaluation of Laminated Thin Beds in
Formations Using High-Resolution Acoustic Slowness Logs, paper XX. Trans., 2000
Annual Logging Symposium, SPWLA, 114

8. Hensel Jr., W.M. 1982. An Improved Summation-of-Fluids Porosity Technique. Society

of Petroleum Engineers Journal22 (2): 193-201. SPE-9376-PA
9. Sneider, R.M. and Erickson, J.W. 1994. Rock Types, Depositional History, and Digenetic
Effects, Ivishak Reservoir, Prudhoe Bay Field. SPE Res Eng 12 (1): 2330. SPE-28575PA
10. Fundamentals of Rock Properties. 2002. Aberdeen: Core Laboratories UK Ltd.
11. Castagna, J.P., Batzle, M.L., and Kan, T.K. 1993. Rock physicsthe link between rock
properties and AVO response. InOffset-Dependent ReflectivityTheory and Practice of
AVO Analysis, ed. P. Castagna and M.M. Backus, No. 8, 124157. Tulsa, Oklahoma:
Investigations in Geophysics series, Society of Exploration Geophysicists
12. Rieke III, H.H. and Chilingarian, G.V. 1974. Compaction of Argillaceous Sediments.
Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company
13. McCulloh, T.H. 1967. Mass properties of sedimentary rocks and gravimetric effects of
petroleum and natural-gas reservoirs. USGS Professional Paper 528-A, Department of the
Interior, United States Geological Survey, Washington, DC
14. Eaton, B.A. 1969. Fracture gradient Prediction and Its Application in Oilfield
Operations. J Pet Technol 21 (10): 13531360. SPE-2163-PA.
15. Dallmus, K.F. 1958. Mechanics of basin evolution and its relation to the habitat of oil in
the basin. In Habitat of Oil, L.G. Weeks, No. 36, 20712174. Tulsa, Oklahoma: AAPG
Memoir, AAPG
16. Stuart, C.A. 1970. Geopressures. Presented at the Louisiana State University 1970
Symposium on Abnormal Subsurface Pressure, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
17. Katahara, K.W. 1996. Clay Mineral Elastic Properties. Presented at the 1996 SEG
Annual Meeting, Denver, 10-15 November. Paper No. 1996-1691
18. Wang, Z.Z., Wang, H., and Cates, M.E. 1998. Elastic Properties of Solid Clays.
Presented at the 1998 SEG Annual Meeting, New Orleans, 13-18 September. Paper No.
1998-1045
19. Prasad, M., Kopycinska, M., Rabe, U. et al. 2002. Measurement of Young's modulus of
clay minerals using atomic force acoustic microscopy. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29 (8): 1172
20. Jones Jr., F.O. 1964. Influence of Chemical Composition of Water on Clay Blocking of
Permeability. J Pet Technol 16(4): 441-446
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APPENDICES

Glass Slide

Thermoplastic Cement

Rock Cutting Machine

Beam Heater

Polarized Light Microscope Thin Section Lapping Machine

WORD

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA, GEOLOGY AND DRILLING LABORATORY (CGE 558)
NAME

MUHAMMAD MASRUL BIN ISMAIL

(2013866234)

MUHAMMAD HAFIZSZUL BIN AMIRUSHAM

(2013474602)

FARAH ADEEBA BINTI JAMAL

(2013833308)

SOFEA WAHIDAH BINTI SALLEH

(2013607494)

NOR SYAMIMI BINTI ASYMAWI RAMAKRISHNAN (2013432044)

EXPERIMENT 6

DATE PERFORMED :
SEMESTER

PROGRAMME/ CODE

EH2233

GROUP

EH2233b

No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Title

Allocated Marks %

Marks

Abstract/ Summary
Introduction
Aims/ Objectives
Theory
Apparatus
Procedures
Result
Calculations
Discussion
Conclusions
Recommendations
References
Appendices
TOTAL
10

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