Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SUBMITTED
TO
Mr. rana navneet roy
(FACULTY OF environmental law)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I,
come out with work on the topic CONCEPT OF GLOBAL WARMING AND RELEVANCE OF
MONITORIAL PROTOCOL.
First and foremost, I take this opportunity to thank MR. RANA NAVNEET ROY Faculty,
Environmental Law, HNLU, for allotting me such topic to work on. She has been very kind in
providing inputs for this work, by way of lectures and suggestions.
I would also like to thank my dear colleagues and friends in the University, who have
helped me with ideas about this work. Last, but not the least I thank the University
Administration for equipping the University with such good library and I.T. facilities, without
which, no doubt this work would not have taken this shape in correct time.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF CASES
1. M.C.Mehta v. UOI
2. Bhopal Gas Tragedy case
3. Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar
4. Vellore Citizen Welfare Forum v. Union of India & Ors
5. Rylands v.Fletcher.
6. Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union of India
7. Tehri Dam case
8. Narmada Dam Case
9. Rural Litigation & Entitlement Kendra vs. Stateof U.P.
10. Church of God (Full Gospel)in India vs.KKR Majestic Colony Welfare Association
11. T.N. Godavarman v. Union of India.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION....I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..............................................................................................................II
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..........................................................................................................III
LIST OF CASES...IV
Introduction.01
Research Methodology..
1. Public Interest Litigation.................................................................................................07
Evolution of PIL
Concept of PIL
Importance of PIL
4. Role of Judiciary...............................................................................................................10
Suggestion..
Conclusion.
Refrences.........................................................................................................................11
INTRODUCTION:
The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is a landmark
agreement that has successfully reduced the global production, consumption, and emissions of
ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). ODSs are also greenhouse gases that contribute to the
radioactive forcing of climate change. Using historical ODSs emissions and scenarios of
potential emissions, we show that the ODS contribution to radioactive forcing most likely would
have been much larger if the ODS link to stratospheric ozone depletion had not been recognized
in 1974 and followed by a series of regulations. The climate protection already achieved by the
Montreal
Protocol alone is far larger than the reduction target of the first commitment period of the Kyoto
Protocol. Additional climate benefits that are significant compared with the Kyoto Protocol
reduction target could be achieved by actions under the Montreal Protocol, by managing the
emissions of substitute fluorocarbon gases and/or implementing alternative gases with lower
global warming potentials.
3. OZONE DIPLOMACY:
Negotiations for an international convention on the ozone problem to regulate production and
consumption of CFC started in 1981 but progressed slowly. Two broad stances could be
observed during initial negotiations with the US and its allies favoring control on CFC
consumption and the EC arguing more in favors of production control. The Vienna convention
agreed in 1985 contained only pledges for cooperation and did not include any firm reduction
targets for ODS. Subsequent negotiations however moved faster with active work by UNEP and
Montreal Protocol was agreed by the world nations in 1987. Appendix B contains the full details
of the evolution of Montreal Protocol and the following schematic time line shows various stages
of the diplomacy and other milestones related to the Montreal Protocol. It may be worthwhile to
take stock of the findings of the assessment panel that completed its study in 2002 to gain better
understanding of the success of ozone diplomacy. The main findings of the assessment panel
include:
Even with full compliance of the Montreal Protocol by all Parties, the ozone layer willremain
particularly vulnerable during the next decade or so
The global ozone layer recovery has been linked mainly to decreasing chlorine and
bromineloading. A return to pre-1980 total column ozone amounts in the Antarctic is expected
by the middle of this century. Although Arctic ozone depletion is difficult to predict, a future
Arctic polar ozone hole similar to that of the Antarctic appears unlikely
New studies continue to confirm the adverse effects of UV-B radiation on the eyes, skin, and
immune system, including cortical cataract and skin cancer
Phase-out of the ozone-depleting chemical, methyl bromide, may lead to increased use and
numbers of other pesticides which may lead to additional health risks
Climate change is likely to modify the rates of UV-induced degradation of natural and synthetic
materials
developing countries until 2040. Ultimately, it is expected that it will not be until the year 2050
that all of these phase-out initiatives succeed in reducing the amount of chlorine and bromine in
the stratosphere from 5 parts per billion to 2 parts per billion, a level comparable to that in the
1980s when the first ozone hole was detected.
instances of second-hand ODS production plants shifting to developing countries including India
(in 1988 India purchased CFC-12 plant from Allied Chemical, Canada). However, the ODS
production cap of 0.3kg per capita meant that if any developing country increased its ODS
production by allowing industrial migration it would loose its status as Article 5 country and
hence will be deprived of access to multilateral fund and technology transfer. Thus, trade
restrictions alone could not be credited with the twin aims of their use in MP namely
encouraging participation and averting industrial migration, but their presence appears to have
had significant influence in achieving these goals.
As Brack (1996) argues trade provisions were necessary but not sufficient for effectiveness of
the Protocol as financial support and technology transfer also played significant role. This aspect
is further elaborated in the section on Indian perspective
CONCLUSION:
As we approach the 20th anniversary, the global success of the Montreal Protocol stands out as
an ever-more significant landmark of international cooperation to avert severe environmental
consequences. Major challenges remain, including the final phase-outs of key chemicals that
damage the ozone layer, including the agricultural fumigant methyl bromide. In all these areas,
decisive leadership has been vital to U.S. contributions to the global success of the Montreal
Protocol. Continuing success in completing the important agenda of future work that faces the
Parties will rely just as heavily on partnerships, vision, and the willingness to make difficult
decisions and implement them rigorously.
The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is a landmark international
agreement designed to protect the stratospheric ozone layer. The treaty was originally signed in
1987 and substantially amended in 1990 and 1992. The Montreal Protocol stipulates that the
production and consumption of compounds that deplete ozone in the stratosphere-chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform--are to be
phased out by 2000 (2005 for methyl chloroform). Scientific theory and evidence suggest that,
once emitted to the atmosphere, these compounds could significantly deplete the stratospheric
ozone layer that shields the planet from damaging UV-B radiation. The United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP) has prepared a Montreal Protocol Handbook that provides
additional detail and explanation of the provisions. (CIESIN's Thematic Guide on Ozone
Depletion and Global Environmental Change presents an-in-depth look at causes, human and
environmental effects, and policy responses to stratospheric ozone depletion.)
REFRENCES: