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CHAPTER 12 Fluid Mechanics

Q12.17 At a certain depth in an incompressible liquid, the

absolute pressure is p. At twice this depth, will the absolute
pressure be equal to 2p, greater than 2p, or less than 2p? Justify
your answer.
Q12.18 A piece of iron is glued to the top of a block of wood.
When the block is placed in a bucket of water with the iron on top,
the block oats. The block is now turned over so that the iron is
submerged beneath the wood. Does the block oat or sink? Does
the water level in the bucket rise, drop, or stay the same? Explain
your answers.
Q12.19 You take an empty glass jar and push it into a tank of water
with the open mouth of the jar downward, so that the air inside the
jar is trapped and cannot get out. If you push the jar deeper into the
water, does the buoyant force on the jar stay the same? If not, does
it increase or decrease? Explain your answer.
Q12.20 You are oating in a canoe in the middle of a swimming
pool. Your friend is at the edge of the pool, carefully noting the
level of the water on the side of the pool. You have a bowling ball
with you in the canoe. If you carefully drop the bowling ball over
the side of the canoe and it sinks to the bottom of the pool, does the
water level in the pool rise or fall?
Q12.21 You are oating in a canoe in the middle of a swimming
pool. A large bird ies up and lights on your shoulder. Does the
water level in the pool rise or fall?
Q12.22 At a certain depth in the incompressible ocean the gauge
pressure is pg. At three times this depth, will the gauge pressure be
greater than 3pg, equal to 3pg, or less than 3pg ? Justify your answer.
Q12.23 An ice cube oats in a glass of water. When the ice melts,
will the water level in the glass rise, fall, or remain unchanged?
Explain.
Q12.24 You are told, Bernoullis equation tells us that where there
is higher uid speed, there is lower uid pressure, and vice versa.
Is this statement always true, even for an idealized uid? Explain.
Q12.25 If the velocity at each point in space in steady-state uid
ow is constant, how can a uid particle accelerate?
Q12.26 In a store-window vacuum cleaner display, a table-tennis
ball is suspended in midair in a jet of air blown from the outlet
hose of a tank-type vacuum cleaner. The ball bounces around a
little but always moves back toward the center of the jet, even if
the jet is tilted from the vertical. How does this behavior illustrate
Bernoullis equation?
Q12.27 A tornado consists of a rapidly whirling air vortex. Why is
the pressure always much lower in the center than at the outside?
How does this condition account for the destructive power of a
tornado?
Q12.28 Airports at high elevations have longer runways for takeoffs and landings than do airports at sea level. One reason is that
aircraft engines develop less power in the thin air well above sea
level. What is another reason?
Q12.29 When a smooth-ow- Figure Q12.30
ing stream of water comes out
of a faucet, it narrows as it falls.
Explain why this happens.
Q12.30 Identical-size lead and
aluminum cubes are suspended
at different depths by two
wires in a large vat of water
Alumi(Fig. Q12.30). (a) Which cube
num
experiences a greater buoyant
force? (b) For which cube is
Lead
the tension in the wire greater?
(c) Which cube experiences a

greater force on its lower face? (d) For which cube is the difference
in pressure between the upper and lower faces greater?

EXERCISES
Section 12.1 Density

12.1 .. On a part-time job, you are asked to bring a cylindrical

iron rod of length 85.8 cm and diameter 2.85 cm from a storage
room to a machinist. Will you need a cart? (To answer, calculate
the weight of the rod.)
12.2 .. A cube 5.0 cm on each side is made of a metal alloy. After
you drill a cylindrical hole 2.0 cm in diameter all the way through
and perpendicular to one face, you nd that the cube weighs 7.50 N.
(a) What is the density of this metal? (b) What did the cube weigh
before you drilled the hole in it?
12.3 . You purchase a rectangular piece of metal that has dimensions 5.0 * 15.0 * 30.0 mm and mass 0.0158 kg. The seller tells
you that the metal is gold. To check this, you compute the average
density of the piece. What value do you get? Were you cheated?
12.4 .. Gold Brick. You win the lottery and decide to impress
your friends by exhibiting a million-dollar cube of gold. At the time,
gold is selling for $426.60 per troy ounce, and 1.0000 troy ounce
equals 31.1035 g. How tall would your million-dollar cube be?
12.5 .. A uniform lead sphere and a uniform aluminum sphere
have the same mass. What is the ratio of the radius of the aluminum sphere to the radius of the lead sphere?
12.6 . (a) What is the average density of the sun? (b) What is the
average density of a neutron star that has the same mass as the sun
but a radius of only 20.0 km?
12.7 .. A hollow cylindrical copper pipe is 1.50 m long and has
an outside diameter of 3.50 cm and an inside diameter of 2.50 cm.
How much does it weigh?

Section 12.2 Pressure in a Fluid

12.8 .. Black Smokers. Black smokers are hot volcanic vents

that emit smoke deep in the ocean floor. Many of them teem
with exotic creatures, and some biologists think that life on earth
may have begun around such vents. The vents range in depth
from about 1500 m to 3200 m below the surface. What is the
gauge pressure at a 3200-m deep vent, assuming that the density
of water does not vary? Express your answer in pascals and
atmospheres.
12.9 .. Oceans on Mars. Scientists have found evidence that
Mars may once have had an ocean 0.500 km deep. The acceleration due to gravity on Mars is 3.71 m>s2. (a) What would be the
gauge pressure at the bottom of such an ocean, assuming it was
freshwater? (b) To what depth would you need to go in the earths
ocean to experience the same gauge pressure?
12.10 .. BIO (a) Calculate the difference in blood pressure
between the feet and top of the head for a person who is 1.65 m
tall. (b) Consider a cylindrical segment of a blood vessel 2.00 cm
long and 1.50 mm in diameter. What additional outward force
would such a vessel need to withstand in the persons feet compared to a similar vessel in her head?
12.11 . BIO In intravenous feeding, a needle is inserted in a vein
in the patients arm and a tube leads from the needle to a reservoir of fluid 1density 1050 kg>m32 located at height h above the
arm. The top of the reservoir is open to the air. If the gauge pressure inside the vein is 5980 Pa, what is the minimum value of h
that allows fluid to enter the vein? Assume the needle diameter is
large enough that you can ignore the viscosity (see Section 12.6)
of the uid.