Odd12 PDF

C H A P T E R 1 2
Functions of Several Variables

Section 12.1 Introduction to Functions of Several Variables . . . . . . . 76
Section 12.2 Limits and Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Section 12.3 Partial Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Section 12.4 Differentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Section 12.5 Chain Rules for Functions of Several Variables . . . . . . . 92
Section 12.6 Directional Derivatives and Gradients . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Section 12.7 Tangent Planes and Normal Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Section 12.8 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables . . . . . . . . . . 109
Section 12.9 Applications of Extrema of Functions of Two Variables
. 113
Section 12.10 Lagrange Multipliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Review Exercises
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
C H A P T E R 1 2
Section 12.1
Introduction to Functions of Several Variables
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises

1. x 2z yz xy 10
3.
zx 2 y 10 xy
x2 y2
z2 1
4
9
No, z is not a function of x and y. For example,
x, y 0, 0 corresponds to both z 1.
10 xy
z 2
x y
Yes, z is a function of x and y.
5. f x, y
x
y
(a) f 3, 2
3
2
(b) f 1, 4
(d) f 5, y
5
y
(e) f x, 2
(c) f 30, 5
x
2
(f) f 5, t
(a) f 5, 0 5e0 5

(b) f 3, 2 3e 2
2
e
30
6
5
5
t
xy
z
9. hx, y, z
7. f x, y xe y
(c) f 2, 1 2e1
1
4
(a) h2, 3, 9
23 2

9
3
(b) h1, 0, 1
10
0
1
(d) f 5, y 5e y
(e) f x, 2 xe 2
(f) f t, t tet
11. f x, y x sin y
13. gx, y
2t 3 dt
4 2 sin 4 2

(a) f 2,
(a) g0, 4
(b) f 3, 1 3 sin 1
(b) g1, 4
2t 3 dt t 2 3t
2t 3 dt t 2 3t
0
4
1
4
6
15. f x, y x 2 2y
(a)
f x x, y f x, y
x x2 2y x2 2y

x
x
(b)
76
x 2 2xx x2 2y x 2 2y x2x x

2x x, x 0
x
x
f x, y y f x, y

x 2 2 y y x 2 2y x 2 2y 2y x 2 2y 2y

2, y 0
y
y
y
y
Section 12.1
17. f x, y 4 x 2 y 2
Domain: 4
x2
19. f x, y arcsinx y
y 0
2
2
Domain: 4 x y > 0
xy < 4

Range: z
2
2
x, y: x 2 y 2 4
x, y: y < x 4
Range: 0 z 2
23. z
Range: all real numbers
xy
xy
25. f x, y e xy
27. gx, y
Domain: x, y: y 0
Domain: x, y: x 0 and y 0
1
xy
Domain: x, y: x 0 and y 0
Range: z > 0
Range: all real numbers
29. f x, y
77
21. f x, y ln4 x y
Domain:
x, y: 1 x y 1
x y 4
2
Range: all real numbers except zero
4x
x2 y2 1
(a) View from the positive x-axis: 20, 0, 0
(b) View where x is negative, y and z are positive:

15, 10, 20
(c) View from the first octant: 20, 15, 25
(d) View from the line y x in the xy-plane: 20, 20, 0
31. f x, y 5
33. f x, y y 2
Plane: z 5
Since the variable x is missing, the surface is a cylinder

with rulings parallel to the x-axis. The generating curve is
z y 2. The domain is the entire xy-plane and the range is
z 0.
y
5
1
4
35. z 4 x 2 y 2
37. f x, y ex
z
4
Paraboloid
Domain: entire xy-plane
Range: z 4
3
Since the variable y is missing, the

surface is a cylinder with rulings
parallel to the y-axis. The generating
curve is z ex. The domain is the
entire xy-plane and the range is z > 0.
8
6
4
2
x
4
x
39. z y 2 x 2 1
41. f x, y x 2exy2
Hyperbolic paraboloid
Domain: entire xy-plane

Range: < z <
y
x
78
Chapter 12
43. f x, y x 2 y 2
(a)
(c) g is a horizontal translation of f two units to the right.

The vertex moves from 0, 0, 0 to 0, 2, 0.
z
5
4
(d) g is a reflection of f in the xy-plane followed by a vertical translation 4 units upward.

(e)
2
1
(b) g is a vertical translation of f two units upward

z = f (x, 1)
z = f (1, y)
2
2
45. z e1x
2 y 2
47. z ln y x 2
Level curves:
49. z x y
Level curves are parallel lines of
the form x y c.
Level curves:
c
2
2
e1x y
c ln y
ln c 1 x 2 y 2
x2
ec y x2
x 2 y 2 1 ln c
y x2 e c
Circles centered at 0, 0
Parabolas
Matches (c)
Matches (b)
x
4 c=4
c=2
c = 1
53. f x, y xy
51. f x, y 25 x 2 y 2
The level curves are hyperbolas of the form xy c.
The level curves are of the form

c 25 x 2 y 2,
x2
y2
25
c=0
c 2.
Thus, the level curves are circles of radius 5 or less,

y
centered at the origin.
6
c=5
c=4
c=3
c=2
2
6
1
1
c=6
c=5
c=4
c=3
c=2
c=1
x
c = 1
c = 2
c = 3
c = 4
c = 5
c = 6
c=1
c=0
55. f x, y
x
x2 y2
57. f x, y x2 y2 2

x
c 2
x y2
x
x y2 0
c
c=
c=
3
2
1
2
2
c=2
x
y2
2c1
c = 2
c = 1
c=
1
c=
2
Thus, the level curves are circles passing through the

origin and centered at 12c, 0.
c=1
x 2c1
3
2
Section 12.1
59. gx, y
8
1 x2 y2
61. See Definition, page 838.
63. No, The following graphs are not

hemispheres.
z ex
2 y 2
z x2 y2
1 R
1 0.10

1I
Inflation Rate
f x, y x 2 y 2.
69. f x, y, z x 2y 3z
10
67. VI, R 1000
65. The surface is sloped like a saddle. The graph is not

unique. Any vertical translation would have the same level
curves.
One possible function is
Tax Rate
0.03
0.05
2593.74
1929.99
1592.33
0.28
2004.23
1491.34
1230.42
0.35
1877.14
1396.77
1152.40
71. f x, y, z x 2 y 2 z 2
73. f x, y, z 4x 2 4y 2 z 2
c6
c9
c0
6 x 2y 3z
9 x2 y2 z2
0 4x 2 4y 2 z 2
Plane
Sphere
Elliptic cone
z
4
x
6
75. Nd, L
d 4 4
(a) N22, 12
22 4 4 12 243 board-feet

2
77. T 600 0.75x 2 0.75y 2
(b) N30, 12
c 600
x2 y 2
600 c
.
0.75
0.75y 2
30 4 4 12 507 board-feet

2
20.40xz 20.40yz
79. C 0.75xy

0.75x 2
base front & back two ends

0.75xy 0.80xz yz
The level curves are circles centered at the origin.

c = 600
c = 500
c = 400
y
30
c = 300
c = 200
c = 100
c=0
30
30
30
79
x
z
y
80
Chapter 12
81. PV kT, 202600 k300

(a) k
202600 520

300
3
(b) P
kT 520 T

V
3 V

The level curves are of the form: c

V
T
520
3 V
520
T
3c
Thus, the level curves are lines through the origin with slope
520
.
3c
83. (a) Highest pressure at C
85. (a) The boundaries between colors represent level curves
(b) Lowest pressure at A
(b) No, the colors represent intervals of different lengths,

as indicated in the box
(c) Highest wind velocity at B
(c) You could use more colors, which means using

smaller intervals
87. False. Let
89. False. Let
f x, y 2xy
f x, y 5.
f 1, 2 f 2, 1, but 1 2
Section 12.2
Then, f 2x, 2y 5 22 f x, y.
Limits and Continuity

1. Let > 0 be given. We need to find > 0 such that f x, y L y b <
whenever 0 < x a2 y b2 < . Take .
Then if 0 < x a2 y b2 < , we have
y b2 <
y b < .
3.
5.
7.
lim
f x, y gx, y
lim
f x, ygx, y
lim
x 3y 2 2 312 5
x, y a, b
x, y a, b
lim
x, y a, b
lim
x, y a, b
f x, y
f x, y
x, y 2, 1
lim
x, y a, b
lim
x, y a, b
gx, y 5 3 2
gx, y 53 15
9.
lim
x, y 0, 1
arcsinxy
arcsin 0 0
1 xy
13.

Continuous for xy 1, y 0, xy 1

15.
lim
x, y, z 1, 2, 5
x y z 8 22
Continuous for x y z 0
xy 24

3
xy 24
Continuous for x y
Continuous everywhere
11.
lim
x, y 2, 4
lim
x, y 1, 2
e xy e2
17.
lim
x, y 0, 0
e xy 1
1
e2
Section 12.2
19.
lim
x, y 0, 0
Limits and Continuity
81
lnx2 y2 ln0
The limit does not exist.

Continuous except at 0, 0
21. f x, y
xy
x2 y2

Path: y 0
Path: y x
x, y
1, 0
0.5, 0
0.1, 0
0.01, 0
0.001, 0
f x, y
x, y
1, 1
0.5, 0.5
0.1, 0.1
0.01, 0.01
0.001, 0.001
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
f x, y
The limit does not exist because along the path y 0 the function equals 0, whereas along the path y x
the function equals 12 .
23. f x, y
x2
xy 2
y4

Path: x y 2
Path: x y 2
x, y
1, 1
0.25, 0.5
0.01, 0.1
0.0001, 0.01
0.000001, 0.001
f x, y
12
12
12
12
12
x, y
1, 1
0.25, 0.5
0.01, 0.1
0.0001, 0.01
0.000001, 0.001
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
f x, y
The limit does not exist because along the path x y 2 the function equals 12 , whereas along the path x y 2
the function equals 12 .
25.
lim
x, y 0, 0
f x, y
2xy2 y2
x2 y2
lim
x
lim
1 x 2xy y 1
x, y 0, 0
27.
lim
x, y 0, 0
x, y 0, 0
sin x sin y 0
(same limit for g)
Thus, f is not continuous at 0, 0, whereas g is continuous

at 0, 0.
29.
lim
x, y 0, 0
x2y
x 4 4y 2
31. f x, y
Does not exist
10xy
2x2 3y2
The limit does not exist. Use the paths x 0 and x y.
y
x
82
Chapter 12
33.
sinx 2 y 2
sin r 2
2r cos r 2
lim 2 lim
lim cos r 2 1
2
2
r0
r0
r0
x, y 0, 0
x y
r
2r
35.
x3 y 3
r 3 cos3 sin3
lim
lim rcos3 sin3 0
2
2
r0
r0
x, y 0, 0 x y
r2
lim
lim
37. f x, y, z
39. f x, y, z
x 2 y 2 z 2
Continuous except at 0, 0, 0
41.
sin z
ex ey
f t t 2
f t
43.
gx, y 3x 2y
1
t
gx, y 3x 2y
f gx, y f 3x 2y
f gx, y f 3x 2y
3x 2y2
9x 2 12xy 4y 2
Continuous for y
1
3x 2y
3x
2
45. f x, y x 2 4y
(a) lim
x0
f x
x, y f x, y
x
x 2 4y x 2 4y
lim
x0
x
2x
x
x2
lim 2x
x 2x
x0
x0
lim
(b) lim
y0
f x, y
y f x, y
x 2 4 y
y x 2 4y
lim
y0
y
lim
y0
4
y
lim 4 4
y0
47. f x, y 2x xy 3y
(a) lim
x0
f x
x, y f x, y
2x
x x
xy 3y 2x xy 3y
lim
x0
x
lim
x0
(b) lim
y0
2
x
xy
lim 2 y 2 y
x0
f x, y
y f x, y
2x x y
y 3 y
y 2x xy 3y
lim
y0
y
lim
y0
x
y 3
y
lim x 3 x 3
y0
51. No.
49. See the definition on page 851.

Show that the value of
lim
x, y x0 , y0
for two different paths to x0, y0.
f x, y is not the same
The existence of f 2, 3 has no bearing on the existence of

the limit as x, y 2, 3.
Section 12.3
53. Since
lim
x, y a, b
Partial Derivatives
f x, y L1, then for 2 > 0, there corresponds 1 > 0 such that f x, y L1 < 2 whenever
0 < x a2 y b2 < 1.

Since
lim
x, y a, b
gx, y L2, then for 2 > 0, there corresponds 2 > 0 such that gx, y L 2 < 2 whenever
0 < x a2 y b2 < 2.

Let be the smaller of 1 and 2. By the triangle inequality, whenever x a2 y b2 < , we have
f x, y gx, y L 1 L 2

f x, y L 1 gx, y L 2

f x, y L 1

gx, y L 2
< 2 2 .
Therefore,
lim
x, y a, b
f x, y gx, y L 1 L 2.
55. True
57. False. Let

f x, y
nx2 y2,
0,l
x, y 0, 0
x 0, y 0
See Exercise 19.
Section 12.3
Partial Derivatives
1. fx 4, 1 < 0
3. fy 4, 1 > 0
5. f x, y 2x 3y 5
fx x, y 2
fy x, y 3
7.
13.
z xy
z
y
x
z
2x 5y
x
z
2xe 2y
x
x
z

y 2y
z
5x 6y
y
z
2x 2e 2y
y
z lnx 2 y 2
15.
z
2x

x x 2 y 2
z
4y 2
x2

2y
x
z ln
xx yy lnx y lnx y
z
1
1
2y

2
x x y x y
x y2
2y
z

y x 2 y 2
17.
11. z x 2e 2y
9. z x2 5xy 3y2
z
1
1
2x

y x y x y x 2 y 2
19. hx, y ex
z
2x 4y 2 x 3 4y 3

2
x 2y
x
x2y
2 y 2
hx x, y 2xex
2 y 2
hy x, y 2yex
2 y 2
z
8y x 3 16y 3
x2
2

y
2y
x
2xy 2
21. f x, y x 2 y 2
23.
z tan2x y
fx x, y
1 2
x
x y 212 2x
2
x 2 y 2
z
2 sec22x y
x
fy x, y
1 2
y
x y 212 2y
2
x 2 y 2
z
sec 22x y
y
83
84
Chapter 12
25.
z e y sin xy
27. f x, y
t 2 1 dt
z
ye y cos xy
x
z
ey sin xy xey cos xy
y
t3 t
3
y3 y x3 x
3
fx x, y x 1 1 x 2
2
fy x, y y 2 1
ey x cos xy sin xy
[You could also use the Second Fundamental Theorem of

Calculus.]
29. f x, y 2x 3y
f x x, y f x, y
2x x 3y 2x 3y
2 x
f
lim
lim
lim
2
x0
x0 x
x x0
x
x
f x, y y f x, y
2x 3 y y 2x 3y
3 y
f
lim
lim
lim
3
y0
y0 y
y y0
y
y
31. f x, y x y
x x y x y
f
f x x, y f x, y
lim
lim
x0
x x0
x
x
lim
x0
lim
x0
x x y x y x x y x y
xx x y x y
1
x x y x y
1
2x y
x y y x y
f
f x, y y f x, y
lim
lim
y0
y y0
y
y
lim
y0
lim
y0
33. gx, y 4 x 2 y 2
gy x, y 2y
At 1, 1: gy 1, 1 2
1
2x y
z
ex sin y
y
z
0
At 0, 0:
y
y
x
39. f x, y
1
y
y
2 2
1 y 2x 2
x
x y2
1
At 2, 2: fx 2, 2
4

1
1
x
2
1 y 2x 2 x
x y2
1
At 2, 2: fy 2, 2
4
fy x, y
z
ex cos y
x
z
At 0, 0:
1
x
At 1, 1: gx 1, 1 2
fx x, y
1
x y y x y
35. z ex cos y
gxx, y 2x
37. f x, y arctan
x y y x y x y y x y
yx y y x y
xy
xy
yx y xy
y 2

2
x y
x y2
1
At 2, 2: fx 2, 2
4
fx x, y
xx y xy
x2

2
x y
x y2
1
At 2, 2: fy 2, 2
4
fy x, y
Section 12.3
43. z 9x2 y 2, y 3, 1, 3, 0
41. z 49 x2 y2, x 2,

2, 3, 6
Intersecting curve: z 45 y
Partial Derivatives
Intersecting curve: z 9x 2 9
2
z
18x
x
y
z

y 45 y 2
z
181 18
x
At 1, 3, 0:
z
3
1

At 2, 3, 6:
y 45 9
2
y=3
z
x=2
10
160
2
4
x
8
x
45. fx x, y 2x 4y 4, fyx, y 4x 2y 16
47. fx x, y
1
1
y, fyx, y 2 x
x2
y
fx fy 0: 2x 4y 4
fx fy 0:
4x 2y 16
Solving for x and y,
1
1
y 0 and 2 x 0
x2
y
y
x 6 and y 4.
1
1
and x 2
x2
y
y y4 y 1 x
Points: 1, 1
49. (a) The graph is that of fy.
51.
(b) The graph is that of fx.
55. Hx, y, z sinx 2y 3z

Hxx, y, z cosx 2y 3z
Hy x, y, z 2 cosx 2y 3z
Hzx, y, z 3 cosx 2y 3z
57.
w x 2 y 2 z 2
53. Fx, y, z ln x 2 y 2 z 2
w
x

x
x 2 y 2 z 2
w
y

y
x 2 y 2 z 2
Fx x, y, z
x
x2 y2 z2
w
z

z
x 2 y 2 z 2
Fy x, y, z
y
x2 y2 z2
Fz x, y, z
z
x2 y2 z2
z x 2 2xy 3y 2
z
2x 2y
x
59.
1
lnx 2 y 2 z 2
2
z x 2 y 2
z
x

x x 2 y 2
2z
2
x2
2z
y2

x2 x 2 y 2 32
2z
2
yx
xy
2z

yx x 2 y 2 32
z
2x 6y
y
z
y

y x 2 y 2
2z
6
y2
2z
x2
2
2
y
x y 2 32
2z
2
xy
2z
xy

xy x 2 y 2 32
85
86
61.
Chapter 12
z e x tan y
z arctan
63.
z
e x tan y
x
1
z
y
y

2 2
x 1 y 2x 2
x
x y2

e x tan y
x2
2z
2z
2xy

x2 x 2 y 2 2
2z
e x sec2 y
yx
x2 y2 y2y

2z
y2 x2

2
2
2
2
yx
x y
x y 22
z
e x sec2 y
y
1
1
z
x

2
y 1 y 2x 2 x
x y2

2e x sec2 y tan y
y2
2z
2z
2xy

y2 x 2 y 2 2
2z
e x sec2 y
xy
65.
x 2 y 2 x2x
y 2 x2
2z

2
2
2
2
xy
x y
x y 22
z x sec y
z ln
67.
z
sec y
x
x
x
ln x lnx 2 y 2
y2
z
y2 x2
1
2x
2

x
x
x y 2 xx 2 y 2
2z
0
x2
2z
x 4 4x 2y 2 y 4

2
x
x 2x 2 y 2 2
2z
sec y tan y
yx
2z
4xy

yx x2 y 2 2
z
x sec y tan y
y
z
2y
2
y
x y2
2z
x sec ysec2 y tan2 y
y2
2z
2 y 2 x 2
2
y2
x y 22
2z
sec y tan y
xy
Therefore,
y
x
2z
4xy

xy x 2 y 2 2
2z
2z

.
yx xy
There are no points for which zx zy 0.
There are no points for which zx 0 zy, because

z
sec y 0.
x
69.
f x, y, z xyz
71.
f x, y, z ex sin yz
fxx, y, z yz
fxx, y, z ex sin yz
fy x, y, z xz
fy x, y, z zex cos yz
fyyx, y, z 0
fyyx, y, z z2ex sin yz
fxyx, y, z z
fxyx, y, z zex cos yz
fyxx, y, z z
fyxx, y, z zex cos yz
73.
z 5xy
z
5y
x
2z
0
x 2
z
5x
y
fyyxx, y, z 0
fyyxx, y, z z2ex sin yz
fxyyx, y, z 0
fxyyx, y, z z2ex sin yz
2z
0
y 2
fyxyx, y, z 0
fyxyx, y, z z2ex sin yz
Therefore,
Therefore, fxyy fyxy fyyx 0.
Therefore, fxyy fyxy fyyx.
2z 2z

0 0 0.
x 2 y 2
Section 12.3
z e x sin y
75.
z sinx ct
77.
z
e x sin y
x
z
c cosx ct
t
2z
e x sin y
x 2
2z
c 2 sinx ct
t 2
z
e x cos y
y
z
cosx ct
x
2z
e x sin y
y 2
2z
sinx ct
x 2
Therefore,
2z
2z
2 e x sin y e x sin y 0.
2
x
y
z et cos
79.
Therefore,
x
c
Partial Derivatives
2z
2z
c 2 2.
t 2
x
x
z
et cos
t
c
x
1
z
et sin
x
c
c
1
x
2z
2 et cos
x 2
c
c
Therefore,
83.
2z
z
c 2 2.
t
x
(x0, y0, z 0 )
85. The plane z x y f x, y satisfies
(x0, y0, z 0 )
f
f
> 0 and
> 0.
x
y
z
6
Plane: y = y0
Plane: x = x0
8
x
f
denotes the slope of the surface in the x-direction.
x
f
denotes the slope of the surface in the y-direction.
y
87. (a) C 32xy 175x 205y 1050
yx 175
1
C
16 175 183
x
4
x
C
16 205
y
y
C
16
x
80, 20
C
y
80, 20
164 205 237
(b) The fireplace-insert stove results in the cost

increasing at a faster rate because
C
C
>
.
y
x
87
88
Chapter 12

91.
89. An increase in either price will cause a decrease in

demand.
T 500 0.6x 2 1.5y 2

T
T
1.2x, 2, 3 2.4m
x
x
T
T
3y 2, 3 9m
y
y
PV mRT
93.
T
P
P
95. (a)
T
V
PV
T
mR
P mR
P
mRT
P
mRT
2
V
V
V
V
mRT
V mR
P
T
P
V
V T mR
V
97. f x, y
mRT
V2
z
1.83
x
z
1.09
x
(b) As the consumption of skim milk x increases,

the consumption of whole milk z decreases.
Similarly, as the consumption of reduced-fat milk
y increases, the consumption of whole milk z
decreases.
mRP
mRT
mRT

1
VP
mRT
xyx 2 y 2
,
x2 y2
0,
x, y 0, 0
x, y 0, 0
(a) fxx, y
x 2 y 23x 2y y 3 x3 y xy 32x y x 4 4x 2y 2 y 4

x 2 y 22
x 2 y 22
fyx, y
x 2 y 2x3 3xy 2 x3y xy 32y x x 4 4x 2 y 2 y 4

x 2 y 22
x 2 y 22
(b) fx0, 0 lim
x0
f x, 0 f 0, 0
0x 2 0
lim
0
x0
x
x
0y 2 0
f 0, y f 0, 0
lim
0
y0
y0
y
y
fy0, 0 lim

(c) fxy0, 0
f
y x
0, 0
fyx0, 0
f
x y
0, 0

lim
y0
lim
fx0, y fx0, 0

y y4
lim
lim 1 1
y0 y22y
y0
y
fyx, 0 fy0, 0
x0
x
lim
x0
x x4
lim 1 1
x22x x0
(d) fyx or fxy or both are not continuous at 0, 0.

99. True
Section 12.4
1.
101. True
Differentials
z 3x 2y 3
3. z
dz 6xy 3 dx 9x 2 y 2 dy
dz
1
x2 y2
2x
2y
dx 2
dy
x 2 y 2 2
x y 2 2
2
x dx y dy
x 2 y 22
Section 12.4
Differentials
89
5. z x cos y y cos x
dz cos y y sin x dx x sin y cos x dy cos y y sin x dx x sin y cos x dy
7. z e x sin y
w 2z 3 y sin x
9.
dz e x sin y dx e x cos y dy
dw 2z 3 y cos x dx 2z3 sin x dy 6z 2 y sin x dz
11. (a) f 1, 2 4
13. (a) f 1, 2 sin 2
f 1.05, 2.1 3.4875
f 1.05, 2.1 1.05 sin 2.1
z f 1.05, 2.1 f 1, 2 0.5125
z f 1.05, 2.1 f 1, 2 0.00293
(b) dz 2x dx 2y dy
(b) dz sin y dx x cos y dy
20.05 40.1 0.5
sin 20.05 cos 20.1 0.00385
15. (a) f 1, 2 5

f 1.05, 2.1 5.25
z 0.25
(b) dz 3 dx 4 dy
30.05 40.1 0.25
17. Let z x 2 y 2, x 5, y 3, dx 0.05, dy 0.1. Then: dz

5.052 3.12 52 32
5
52 32
0.05
x
x 2 y 2
3
52 32
0.1
19. Let z 1 x 2y 2, x 3, y 6, dx 0.05, dy 0.05. Then: dz
dx
0.55
34
y
x 2 y 2
dy
0.094
21 x 2
2x
dx
dy
y2
y3
1 3.052 1 32
23
21 32

2 0.05
0.05 0.012
2
2
5.95
6
6
63
25.
23. The tangent plane to the surface z f x, y at the point P

is a linear approximation of z.
A lh
dA l dh h dl
h
dA
dA
dA
l
r 2h
3
r
h
r3
0.1
0.1
4.7124
4.8391
0.1267
h6
0.1
0.1
2.8274
2.8264
0.0010
0.0565
0.0566
0.0001
0.0019
0.0019
0.0000
27. V
dV
r2
r
2
rh
dr
dh
2h dr r dh
3
3
3
0.001
0.002
0.0001
0.0002
dV
V
V dV
90
Chapter 12
29. (a) dz 1.83 dx 1.09 dy

z
z
dx
dy
x
y
(b) dz
1.83 0.25 1.09 0.25

0.73
Maximum propagated error: 0.73
Relative error:
31.
0.73
0.73
dz

0.1166 11.67%
z
1.837.2 1.098.5 28.7
6.259
V
r 2h dV 2
rh dr
r 2 dh
dr dh
dV
2
V
r
h
20.04 0.02 0.10 10%
1
33. A 2 ab sin C
dA 12 b sin C da a sin C db ab cos C dC

1
12 4sin 45 16
3sin 45 161 12cos 45 0.02 0.24 in.2
35. (a) V
1
bhl
2
18 sin
b
2
18 cos 21612
18
31,104 sin in.3
18
18 sin ft3
V is maximum when sin 1 or
2.
(b) V
s2
sin l
2
dV ssin l ds
18 sin
s2
s2
l cos d sin dl
2
2
1
182
1612

1612 cos
2
2
2
2

1809 in3 1.047 ft3
37.
P
dP
E2
R
E2
2E
dE 2 dR
R
R
dP
dE dR
2

20.02 0.03 0.07 7%
P
E
R
90
182 sin
2 12
2
Section 12.4
39. L 0.00021 ln
dL 0.00021
dh
2h
0.75
r
dr
1100 116
0.00021

6.6 106
r
100
2
L 0.00021ln 100 0.75 8.096 104 dL 8.096 104 6.6 106 microhenrys
41.
z f x, y x2 2x y
z f x x, y y f x, y
x2 2xx x2 2x 2x y y x2 2x y
2xx x2 2x y
2x 2 x y xx 0y
fxx, y x fyx, y y 1x 2y where 1 x and 2 0.
As x, y 0, 0, 1 0 and 2 0.
43.
z f x, y x2y
z f x x, y y f x, y
x2 2xx x2 y y x2y
2xyx yx2 x2y 2xxy x2 y
2xyx x2y yx x 2xx x2 y
fxx, y x fyx, y y 1x 2y where 1 yx and 2 2xx x2.
As x, y 0, 0, 1 0 and 2 0.
45. f x, y
3x2y , x, y 0, 0

y2
0,
x, y 0, 0
x4
0
0
f x, 0 f 0, 0
x4
(a) fx0, 0 lim
lim
0
x0
x0
x
x
0
0
f 0, y f 0, 0
y2
fy0, 0 lim
lim
0
y0
y0
y
y
Thus, the partial derivatives exist at 0, 0.
(b) Along the line y x:
lim
x, y 0, 0
Along the curve y x2:
lim
f x, y lim
x, y 0, 0
x 0 x 4
f x, y
3x3
3x
lim
0
x2 x 0 x2 1
3x 4 3

2x 4 2
f is not continuous at 0, 0. Therefore, f is not differentiable at 0, 0. (See Theroem 12.5)
47. Essay. For example, we can use the equation F ma:
dF
F
F
dm
da a dm m da.
m
a
Differentials
91
92
Chapter 12
Section 12.5
1.
Chain Rules for Functions of Several Variables
w x2 y2
w x sec y
3.
x et
x et
y et
yt
dw
2xet 2yet 2e2t e2t
dt
dw
sec yet x sec y tan y1
dt
et sec t1 tan t
et sec t sec t tan t
5. w xy, x 2 sin t, y cos t

(a)
dw
2y cos t xsin t 2y cos t x sin t
dt
2cos2 t sin2 t 2 cos 2t
(b) w 2 sin t cos t sin 2t,
dw
2 cos 2t
dt
7. w x2 y2 z2
x et cos t
y et sin t
z et
(a)
dw
2xet sin t et cos t 2yet cos t et sin t 2zet 4e2t
dt
(b) w 2e2t,
dw
4e2t
dt
9. w xy xz yz, x t 1, y t 2 1, z t
(a)
dw
y z x z2t x y
dt
t 2 1 t t 1 12t t 1 t 2 1 32t 2 1
(b)
w t 1t 2 1 t 1t t 2 1t

dw
2tt 1 t 2 1 2t 1 3t 2 1 32t 2 1
dt
11. Distance f t x1 x22 y1 y2 2 10 cos 2t 7 cos t2 6 sin 2t 4 sin t2
1
ft 10 cos 2t 7 cos t2 6 sin 2t 4 sin t212
2
210 cos 2t 7 cos t20 sin 2t 7 sin t 26 sin 2t 4 sin t12 cos 2t 4 cos t
f
2
21 10
42122107 2412
22
1129
1

1161244
2.04
2
229
20
Section 12.5
13. w arctan2xy, x cos t, y sin t, t 0

dw w dx w dy

dt
x dt
y dt
2y
2x
sin t
cos t
1 4x2y2
1 4x2y2
2 cos t
2 sin t
sin t
cos t
1 4 cos2 t sin2 t
1 4 cos2 t sin2 t
2 cos2 t 2 sin2 t
1 4 cos2 t sin2 t
d 2w 1 4 cos2 t sin2 t8 cos t sin t 2 cos2 t 2 sin2 t8 cos3 t sin t 8 sin3 t cos t

dt 2
1 4 cos2 t sin2 t2

At t 0,
15.
8 cos t sin t1 2 sin4 t 2 cos 4 t

1 4 cos2 t sin2 t2
d 2w
0.
dt 2
w x2 y2
17. w x2 y2
xst
x s cos t
yst
y s sin t
w
2x 2y 2x y 4s
s
w
2x 2y1 2x y 4t
t
When s 2 and t 1,
w
w
8 and
4.
s
t
19. w x2 2xy y2, x r , y r
(a)
w
2x 2y1 2x 2y1 0
r
w
2x 2y1 2x 2y1

4x 4y 4x y
4r r 8
(b)
w r 2 2r r r 2

r 2 2r 2 2r 2 2 r 2 2r 2
4 2
w
0
r
w
8

w
2x cos t 2y sin t
s
2s cos2 t 2s sin2 t 2s cos 2t
w
2xs sin t 2ys cos t 2s2 sin 2t
t
When s 3 and t
w
w
,
0 and
18.
4 s
t
93
94
Chapter 12
y
21. w arctan , x r cos , y r sin
x
(a)
y
x
r sin cos r cos sin
w
2
cos 2
sin

0
r
x y2
x y2
r2
r2
w
y
x
r sin r sin r cos r cos
2
r sin 2
r cos

1

x y2
x y2
r2
r2
(b)
w arctan
r sin
arctantan
r cos
w
0
r
w
1

23. w xyz, x s t, y s t, z st2
w
yz1 xz1 xyt2
s
s tst2 s tst2 s ts tt2
2s2t2 s2t2 t4 3s2t2 t4 t23s2 t2
w
yz1 xz1 xy2st
t
s tst2 s tst2 s ts t2st
2st3 2s3t 2st3 2s3t 4st3 2sts2 2t2
25. w ze xy, x s t, y s t, z st
w
zx
z
e xy1 2 e xy1 e xyt
s
y
y
s st t ss ttst t
estst
sts t sst tst

2
estst
estst
estst
estst
3y 2x 2
2y 3x 1
31. Fx, y, z x2 y2 z2 25
w
zx
z
e xy1 2 e xy1 e xys
t
y
y
Fxx, y
2x 3y 2
dy

dx
Fyx, y
3x 2y 1
ts t2
ts2 4st t2

s t2
estst
27. x2 3xy y2 2x y 5 0
st
sts t

s
st
s t2
sts t sts t ss t2

s t2
ss2 t2
s t2
29. ln x2 y2 xy 4
1
lnx2 y2 xy 4 0
2
x
y
Fxx, y
x x2y y3
dy
x2 y2

dx
Fyx, y
y
y xy2 x3
x
2
2
x y
33. Fx, y, z tanx y tan y z 1
Fx 2x
Fx sec2x y
Fy 2y
Fy sec2x y sec2 y z
Fz 2z
Fz sec2 y z
Fx
x
z

x
Fz
z
Fx
z
sec2x y
2
x
Fz
sec y z
Fy
z
y

y
Fz
z
Fy
sec2x y sec2 y z
z

y
Fz
sec2 y z
sec x y
1
sec
y z
2
Section 12.5
37. exz xy 0
35. x 2 2yz z2 1 0
(i) 2x 2y
(ii) 2y
Fxx, y, z
z
zexz y

x
Fzx, y, z
xexz
z
z
x
z
2z
0 implies

.
x
x
x
yz
Fyx, y, z
z
x
1

xz xz exz
y
Fzx, y, z
xe
e
z
z
z
z
2z 2z
0 implies

.
y
y
y
yz
41. Fx, y, z, w cos xy sin yz wz 20
39. Fx, y, z, w xyz xzw yzw w2 5

Fx yz zw
w Fx y sin xy

x
Fw
z
Fy xz zw
w Fy x sin xy z cos yz

y
Fw
z
Fz xy xw yw
Fw xz yz 2w
w Fz
y cos zy w

z
Fw
z
Fx
zy w
w

x
Fw
xz yz 2w
Fy
zx w
w

y
Fw
xz yz 2w
Fz
xy xw yw
w

z
Fw
xz yz 2w
43. f x, y
f tx, ty
xy
x2 y2
txty
t
tx2 ty2
xy
x2 y2
tf x, y
Degree: 1
x fxx, y y fyx, y x
45.
x
y3
x3
y 2
y232
x y232
xy
x2 y2
1 f x, y
f x, y exy
47.
f tx, ty etxty exy f x, y
dw w dx w dy
(Page 876)

dt
x dt
y dt
Degree: 0
x fxx, y y fyx, y x
1y e
y yx e
0
xy
xy
49. w f x, y is the explicit form of a function of two variables, as in z x2 y2.

The implicit form is of the form F x, y, z 0, as in z x2 y2 0.
51.
1

A bh x sin
2
2
x cos 2
x2 sin
2
b
2
dx x2
d
dA
x sin
cos
dt
dt
2
dt

6 sin
4
1
62

cos
2
2
4

32 2 2

m hr
90
2
10
95
96
Chapter 12
1
V r 2h
3
53. (a)
dr
1
dV 1
dh
212366 1224 1536 in.3min
2rh r 2
dt
3
dt
dt
3
S rr 2 h2 r 2 (Surface area includes base.)
(b)

144
3612
12 36
212
6
4
12 36
12 36
12
36
12 10
6 144
4
10
10
dS

dt
r 2 h2

55.
I
r2
rh
dh
dr
2r

dt
r 2 h2
r 2 h2 dt
2
36
648
144 in.2min
20 910 in.2min
5
10
1
mr12 r22
2
dr1
dr2
dI 1
m 2r1
2r2
m62 82 28m cm2sec
dt
2
dt
dt
tan
2
x
tan
4
x
57. (a)
8
6
4
tan tan
4

1 tan tan
x
tan 2x
4

1 2xtan
x
x tan 2 4
8
tan
x
x2 tan 2x 8 tan 0
(b) Fx, x2 8tan 2x 0
Fx
d
2x tan 2
2 cos2 2x sin cos
2

2
dx
F
sec x 8
x2 8
(c)
d
1
0 2 cos2 2x sin cos cos x sin tan
dx
x
Thus, x2
59.
1x
2x 8 1x
0 8x x x 22 ft.
w f x, y
xuv
yvu
w dy
w w
w w dx

u
x du
y du
x
y
w w
w w dx w dy

v
x dv
y dv
x
y
w w

0
u
v
Section 12.5
61.
w f x, y, x r cos , y r sin

w w
w

cos
sin
r
x
y
w
w w

r sin
r cos

x
y
(a)
r cos
r cos
w w
w

r cos2
r sin cos
r
x
y
sin
w w
w

r sin2
r sin cos

x
x
w
w w
sin

r cos2 r sin2
r

x
r
w
w w

r cos
sin
x
r

w w
w sin

cos
x
r
r
r sin
cos
r sin
w w
w

r sin cos
r sin2
r
x
y
w w
w

r sin cos
r cos2

x
y
w
w w
cos

r sin2 r cos2
r

y
r
w
w w

r sin
cos
y
r

w cos
w w

sin
y
r
r
(b)
w
r
1 w
r 2
cos

w
x
63. Given
2
w w
w
sin cos
x y
y
w w
w
sin cos
x y
y

cos
2

u u
u
v
v

cos
sin
cos
sin
r
x
y
y
x
Therefore,
u 1 v

.
r
r
v v
v
u
u

cos
sin cos
sin
r
x
y
y
x
u
u
u
u u
r sin r cos r cos
sin

x
y
y
x
Therefore,
1 u
v

.
r
r
sin2
w
x
w

w
x
y
u v
u
v

and
, x r cos and y r sin .
x
y
y
x
v
v
v
v
v
r sin
r cos r
cos
sin
x
y
y
x
sin2
97
98
Chapter 12
Section 12.6
1.
Directional Derivatives and Gradients
f x, y 3x 4xy 5y
v
3.
vij
1
i 3 j
2
f x, y yi xj
f x, y 3 4yi 4x 5j
f 2, 3 3i 2j
f 1, 2 5i j
u
3
1
v
i
j
u
v 2
2
gx, y x2 y2
7.
g3, 4
v i
h e x sin yi e x cos yj
y
x
i
j
2
2
2
x y
x y2
2 ei
h 1,
3
4
i j
5
5
u
3
4
v
i j
u
v 5
5
2 h1, 2 u e
f x, y, z xy yz xz
11.
hx, y, z x arctan yz
v
1, 2, 1
v 2i j k
f x, y, z y zi x zj x yk
f 1, 1, 1 2i 2j 2k
u
v
i
v
Duh 1,
7
Du g3, 4 g3, 4 u
25
9.
52
2
hx, y e x sin y
v 3i 4j
g
2
2
v

i
j
v
2
2
Du f 2, 3 f 2, 3 u
1
5 3
2
Du f 1, 2 f 1, 2 u
5.
f x, y xy
6
6
6
v

i
j
k
v
3
6
6
Du f 1, 1, 1 f 1, 1, 1 u
hx, y, z arctan yz i
h4, 1, 1
26
3
u
xz
xy
j
k
1 yz2
1 yz2

i 2j 2k
4
v
2
1
1

,
,
v
6 6
6
Du h4, 1, 1 h4, 1, 1 u
1
2
i
8 86

24
46
15. f x, y sin2x y
13. f x, y x2 y2
u
1
2
u
f 2 cos2x y i cos2x y j
f 2x i 2y j
Du f f u
3
1
i
j
2
2
2
2
x
2
2
y 2 x y
Du f f u cos2x y
2 2 3 cos2x y
3
cos2x y
Section 12.6
v 3i 3j k
v 2i 2j
f 2x i 8yj
h
v
1
1
i
j

v
2
2
Du f
2
2
x
8
2
y 2x 4y
u
w 3x2y 5yz z2
27.
5
i
Du g g u
1
5
31.
1
5
i
2
5
2
8
10

25
5
5
5
hx, y x tan y
hx, y tan yi x sec2 yj
f x, y ex cos yi ex sin yj
4 i 4j
f 0, 0 i
h 2,
Du f f u
37.
PQ 2i 4j, u
gx, y 2xi 2yj, g1, 2 2i 4j
w1, 1, 2 6i 13j 9k
2
5
3 x2 y2
gx, y ln
25
5
1
lnx2 y2
3
gx, y
1
2x
2y
i 2
j
3 x2 y2
x y2
g1, 2
1 2
4
2
i j
i 2j
3 5
5
15
g1, 2
719
19
z3, 4 6 sin 25i 8 sin 25j 0.7941i 1.0588j
wx, y, z 6xyi 3x2 5zj 2z 5yk
33.
zx, y 2x sinx2 y2i 2y sinx2 y2j
f 2, 1 3i 10j
PQ 2i j, u
7
19
z cosx2 y2
23.
f x, y 3i 10yj
29.
v
1
3i 3j k

v 19
Du h h u
f x, y 3x 5y2 10
25.
1
i j k
xyz
At 1, 0, 0, h i j k.
At P 3, 1, Du f 72.
21.
99
19. hx, y, z lnx y z
17. f x, y x2 4y2
u
25
15
f x, y, z xeyz
f x, y, z eyz i xzeyz j xyeyz k
f 2, 0, 4 i 8j
f 2, 0, 4 65
h2, 4
35.
17
f x, y, z x2 y2 z2
f x, y, z
f 1, 4, 2
1
x2 y2 z2
1
21
f 1, 4, 2 1
xi yj zk
i 4j 2k
100
Chapter 12
For Exercises 3945, f x, y 3
39. f x, y 3

x
y
1
1
and D f x, y
cos
sin .
3 2
3
2
x
y

3 2
41. (a) D43 f 3, 2
(3, 2, 1)

6
13 21 12 23

2 33
12
(b) D6 f 3, 2
9
x
v 3i 4j
43. (a)
(b)
v 9 16 5
13 23 12 21

3 23
12
v i 3j
v 10
3
4
u i j
5
5
1 2
1
Du f f u
5 5
5
u
1
10
i
Du f f u
3
10
11
1110

60

6 10
45. f 19 14 1613

For Exercises 47 and 49, f x, y 9 x2 y2 and D f x, y 2x cos 2y sin 2x cos y sin .
47. f x, y 9 x2 y2
49.
f 1, 2 4 16 20 25
z
9
(1, 2, 4)
51. (a) In the direction of the vector 4i j.

1
1
(b) f 10 2x 3yi 10 3x 2yj
1
1
1
f 1, 2 10
4i 10
1j 25 i 10
j
(Same direction as in part (a).)

2
(c) f 5 i 10 j, the direction opposite that of the gradient.

53. f x, y x2 y2, 4, 3, 7
z
(a)
f 1, 2 2i 4j
x
y
CONTINUED
Section 12.6
101
53. CONTINUED
(b) Du f x, y f x, y u 2x cos 2y sin
Du f 4, 3 8 cos 6 sin
y
12
8
4
8
12
Generated by Mathematica
(c) Zeros: 2.21, 5.36

These are the angles for which Du f 4, 3 equals zero.
(d) g Du f 4, 3 8 cos 6 sin
g
8 sin 6 cos
Critical numbers: 0.64, 3.79
These are the angles for which Du f 4, 3 is a maximum 0.64 and minimum 3.79.
(e) f 4, 3 24i 23j 64 36 10, the maximum value of Du f 4, 3, at 0.64.
(f )
f x, y x2 y2 7
f 4, 3 8i 6j is perpendicular to the level curve at 4, 3.
6
4
2
6 4
4
6
57. f x, y
55. f x, y x2 y2
c 25, P 3, 4
x
x2 y2
f x, y 2xi 2yj
1
c , P 1, 1
2
x2 y2 25
f x, y
f 3, 4 6i 8j
y2 x2
2xy
i 2
j
x2 y22
x y22
1
x

x2 y2 2
x2 y2 2x 0
1
f 1, 1 j
2
59. 4x2 y 6
61. 9x2 4y2 40
f x, y 4x2 y
12
f x, y 8xi j
f x, y 9x2 4y2
f x, y 18xi 8yj
f 2, 10 16i j
f 2, 1 36i 8j
f 2, 10
1

16i j
f 2, 10 257
f 2, 1
1

9i 2j
f 2, 1 85
257
257
16i j
85
85
9i 2j
4
2
4
102
Chapter 12
x
x2 y2
63. T
T
65. See the definition, page 885.
y2 x2
2xy
i 2
j
x2 y22
x y22
T3, 4
7
24
1
i
j
7i 24j
625
625
625
67. Let f x, y be a function of two variables and

u cos i sin j a unit vector.
69.
3
f
.
x
(a) If 0, then Du f
(b) If 90, then Du f
f
.
y
3
x
73. T x, y 400 2x2 y2,
71.
18
00
1671
P 10, 10
dx
4x
dt
dy
2y
dt
xt C1e4t
yt C2e2t
10 x0 C1
10 y0 C2
xt
yt 10e2t
1994
A
18
00
x
10e4t
y2
10
y2t 100e4t
y2 10x
75. (a)
(b) The graph of D 250 30x2 50 sin y2

would model the ocean floor.
D
400
300
1
2
x
1
2
y
(c) D1, 0.5 250 301 50 sin

(e)

315.4 ft
4
D
D
y

and
1, 0.5 25 cos 55.5
25 cos
y
2
y
4
(d)
D
D
60x and
1, 0.5 60
x
x
(f ) D 60x i 25 cos
2yj
D1, 0.5 60i 55.5j

77. True
81. Let f x, y, z ex cos y
79. True
z2
C. Then f x, y, z ex cos yi ex sin yj zk.
2
Section 12.7
Section 12.7
Tangent Planes and Normal Lines
1. Fx, y, z 3x 5y 3z 15 0
3. Fx, y, z 4x2 9y2 4z2 0
3x 5y 3z 15 Plane
4x2 9y2 4z2 Elliptic cone
5. Fx, y, z x y z 4
7.
F i j k
n
Fx, y, z
F
1

i j k
F 3
3
Fx, y, z x2 y2 z
i j k
n
F
5 3
4

i jk
F 52 5
5
Fx, y, z x2y4 z
11.
Fx, y, z 2xy4 i 4x2y3j k

F
1

32i 32j k
F 2049
2049
2049
n
32i 32j k

1
F 6, , 7 i 33 j k
6
2
F
2
1

i 33 j k
F 113
2

15.
1
113
113
113
i 63 j 2k
i 63 j 2k
f x, y 25 x2 y2, 3, 1, 15

Fx, y, z 25 x2 y2 z
Fxx, y, z 2x
Fx3, 1, 15 6
Fyx, y, z 2y
Fy3, 1, 15 2
Fzx, y, z 1
Fz3, 1, 15 1
6x 3 2 y 1 z 15 0
0 6x 2y z 35
6x 2y z 35
3i 4j 5k
y x z ln x ln y z
F
1

i j k
F 3
Fx, y, z sin yi x cos yj k
n
10
3i 4j 5k
F1, 4, 3 i j k
Fx, y, z x sin y z 4
2
Fx, y, z ln
13.
1
52
1
1
1
Fx, y, z i
j
k
x
yz
yz
F1, 2, 16 32i 32j k

n
x
y
i
jk
2
2
x y2
y
3
4
F3, 4, 5 i j k
5
5
9.
x2
3
i j k
103
104
17.
Chapter 12
f x, y x2 y2, 3, 4, 5

Fx, y, z x2 y2 z
Fxx, y, z
Fx3, 4, 5
Fyx, y, z
x2 y2
3
5
Fy3, 4, 5
Fzx, y, z 1
x2 y2
4
5
Fz3, 4, 5 1
3
4
x 3 y 4 z 5 0
5
5
3x 3 4 y 4 5z 5 0
3x 4y 5z 0
19.
gx, y x2 y2, 5, 4, 9

Gx, y, z x2 y2 z
Gxx, y, z 2x
Gyx, y, z 2y
Gzx, y, z 1
Gx5, 4, 9 10
Gy5, 4, 9 8
Gz5, 4, 9 1
10x 5 8y 4 z 9 0
10x 8y z 9
z exsin y 1,
21.
0, 2 , 2
Fx, y, z exsin y 1 z
Fxx, y, z exsin y 1
Fyx, y, z ex cos y

Fx 0, , 2 2
2

Fy 0, , 2 0
2
Fzx, y, z 1

Fz 0, , 2 1
2
2x z 2
23.
hx, y ln x2 y2, 3, 4, ln 5

Hx, y, z ln x2 y2 z
Hxx, y, z
Hx3, 4, ln 5
x
x2 y2
3
25
1
lnx2 y2 z
2
Hyx, y, z
Hy3, 4, ln 5
y
x2 y2
4
25
Hzx, y, z 1
Hz3, 4, ln 5 1
3
4
x 3 y 4 z ln 5 0
25
25
3x 3 4 y 4 25z ln 5 0
3x 4y 25z 251 ln 5
25. x2 4y2 z2 36, 2, 2, 4
Fx, y, z x2 4y2 z2 36
Fxx, y, z 2x
Fx2, 2, 4 4
Fyx, y, z 8y
Fy2, 2, 4 16
4x 2 16 y 2 8z 4 0
x 2 4 y 2 2z 4 0
x 4y 2z 18
Fzx, y, z 2z
Fz2, 2, 4 8
Section 12.7
27. xy2 3x z2 4, 2, 1, 2
Fx, y, z xy2 3x z2 4
Fxx, y, z y2 3
Fyx, y, z 2xy
Fx2, 1, 2 4
Fzx, y, z 2z
Fy2, 1, 2 4
FZ2, 1, 2 4
4x 2 4 y 1 4z 2 0
xyz1
29. x2 y2 z 9, 1, 2, 4
Fx, y, z x2 y2 z 9
Fxx, y, z 2x
Fyx, y, z 2y
Fzx, y, z 1
Fx1, 2, 4 2
Fy1, 2, 4 4
Fz1, 2, 4 1
Direction numbers: 2, 4, 1
Plane: 2x 1 4 y 2 z 4 0, 2x 4y z 14
Line:
x1 y2 z4

2
4
1
31. xy z 0, 2, 3, 6

Fx, y, z xy z
Fxx, y, z y
Fx2, 3, 6 3
Fyx, y, z x
Fy2, 3, 6 2
Fzx, y, z 1
Fz2, 3, 6 1
Plane: 3x 2 2 y 3 z 6 0, 3x 2y z 6
Line:
x2 y3 z6

3
2
1
y
33. z arctan ,
x
1, 1, 4
Fx, y, z arctan
Fxx, y, z
Fx 1, 1,
y
z
x
y
x2 y2

1

4
2
Fyx, y, z
Fy 1, 1,
x
x2 y2

1

4
2
Fzx, y, z 1
Plane: x 1 y 1 2 z
Line:
x 1 y 1 z 4

1
1
2

0, x y 2z
4
2
Fz 1, 1,

1
4
105
106
Chapter 12
35. z f x, y
4xy
, 2 x z, 0 y 3
x2 1 y2 1
(a) Let Fx, y, z

Fx, y, z
y2
4xy
z
x2 1 y2 1
4y x2 1 2x2
4x y2 1 2y2
i 2
jk
2
2
1 x 1
x 1 y2 12
y2
4y1 x2
4x1 y2
i 2
jk
2
2
1x 1
x 1 y2 12
F1, 1, 1 k.
Direction numbers: 0, 0, 1.
Line: x 1, y 1, z 1 t
Tangent plane: 0x 1 0 y 1 1z 1 0 z 1
(b) F 1, 2,
4
43
6
jk
0i
jk
5
252
25
Line: x 1, y 2
6
4
t, z t
25
5
6
4
y 2 1 z
0
25
5
Plane: 0x 1
6y 12 25z 20 0
6y 25z 32 0
(c)
z
1
1
2
2
x
(d) At 1, 1, 1, the tangent plane is parallel to the xy-plane,

implying that the surface is level there. At 1, 2, 45 ,
the function does not change in the x-direction.
2
2
3
y
37. Fxx0, y0, z0x x0 Fyx0, y0, z0y y0 F2x0, y0, z0z z0 0
(Theorem 12.13)
39.
Fx, y, z x2 y2 5
Gx, y, z x z
Fx, y, z 2x i 2y j
Gx, y, z i k
F2, 1, 2 4i 2j
i
(a) F G 4
1
j
2
0
k
0 2i 4j 2k 2i 2j k
1
Direction numbers: 1, 2, 1,

(b) cos
41.
G2, 1, 2 i k
x2 y1 z2

1
2
1
10
F G
4
2

; not orthogonal
F G 202 10
5
Fx, y, z x2 z2 25
F 2x i 2z k
F3, 3, 4 6i 8k
CONTINUED
Gx, y, z y2 z2 25
G 2yj 2zk
G3, 3, 4 6j 8k
Section 12.7
41. CONTINUED
i
(a) F G 6
0
j
0
6
k
8 48i 48j 36k 124i 4j 3k
8
Direction numbers: 4, 4, 3,

(b) cos
43.
x3 y3 z4

4
4
3
64
F G
16

; not orthogonal
F G 1010 25
Fx, y, z x2 y2 z2 6
Gx, y, z x y z
Fx, y, z 2x i 2yj 2zk
Gx, y, z i j k
F2, 1, 1 4i 2j 2k
G2, 1, 1 i j k
i
(a) F G 4
1
j
2
1
k
2 6j 6k 6 j k
1
Direction numbers: 0, 1, 1, x 2,
45. f x, y 6 x2
(b) cos
F G
0; orthogonal
F G
y1 z1

1
1
y2
, gx, y 2x y
4
(a) Fx, y, z z x2
Fx, y, z 2x i
y2
6
4
Gx, y, z z 2x y
1
yj k
2
Gx, y, z 2i j k
G1, 2, 4 2i j k
F1, 2, 4 2i j k
The cross product of these gradients is parallel to the curve of intersection.

F1, 2, 4 G1, 2, 4
i
2
2
j
1
1
k
1 2i 4j
1
Using direction numbers 1, 2, 0, you get x 1 t, y 2 2t, z 4.

cos
(b)
4 1 1 4
F G

48.2
F G
6
6 6
z
8
(1, 2, 4)
6
8
47. Fx, y, z 3x2 2y2 z 15, 2, 2, 5
49. Fx, y, z x2 y2 z, 1, 2, 3
Fx, y, z 6xi 4yj k
Fx, y, z 2xi 2yj k
F2, 2, 5 12i 8j k
F1, 2, 3 2i 4j k
cos
F2, 2, 5 k
F2, 2, 5
arccos
1
209
86.03
209
cos
F1, 2, 3 k
F1, 2, 3
arccos
1
21
77.40
21
107
108
51.
Chapter 12
Fx, y, z 3 x2 y2 6y z
53. Tx, y, z 400 2x2 y2 4z2, 4, 3, 10
Fx, y, z 2xi 2y 6j k

2x 0, x 0
2y 6 0, y 3
8
z 3 02 32 63 12
0, 3, 12 (vertex of paraboloid)

8
dx
4kx
dt
dy
2ky
dt
dz
8kz
dt
xt C1e4kt
yt C2e2kt
zt C3e8kt
x0 C1 4
y0 C2 3
z0 C3 10
x 4e4kt
y 3e2kt
z 10e8kt
x
8
y
55. Fx, y, z
x2
y2
z2
2 21
2
a
b
c
57. Fx, y, z a2x2 b2y2 z2

Fxx, y, z 2a2x
2x
Fxx, y, z 2
a
Fyx, y, z
Fyx, y, z 2b2y
Fzx, y, z 2z
2y
b2
Plane: 2a2x0x x0 2b2y0 y y0 2z0z z0 0
2z
Fzx, y, z 2
c
Plane:
a2x0x b2y0y z0z a2x02 b2y02 z02 0

Hence, the plane passes through the origin.
2y
2z
2x0
x x0 20 y y0 20 z z0 0
a2
b
c
x0x y0 y z0z x02 y02 z02
2 2 2 2 2 1
a2
b
c
a
b
c
59. f x, y exy

fxx, y exy,
fyx, y exy
fxxx, y exy,
fyyx, y exy,
fxyx, y exy
(a) P1x, y
f 0, 0 fx0, 0x fy0, 0y 1 x y
1
1
(b) P2x, y
f 0, 0 fx0, 0x fy0,0y 2 fxx0, 0x2 fxy0, 0xy 2 fyy0, 0y2
1 x y 12 x2 xy 12 y2
1
(c) If x 0, P20, y 1 y 2 y2. This is the seconddegree Taylor polynomial for ey.
1
If y 0, P2x, 0 1 x 2 x2. This is the seconddegree Taylor polynomial for ex.
(d)
f x, y
P1x, y
P2x, y
0.9048
0.9000
0.9050
0.2
0.1
1.1052
1.1000
1.1050
0.2
0.5
0.7408
0.7000
0.7450
0.5
1.6487
1.5000
1.6250
(e)
f
z
P2
P1
2
x
2
1
2
61. Given w Fx, y, z where F is differentiable at
x0, y0, z0 and Fx0, y0, z0 0,

the level surface of F at x0, y0, z0 is of the form Fx, y, z C for some constant C. Let
Gx, y, z Fx, y, z C 0.
Then Gx0, y0, z0 Fx0, y0, z0 where Gx0, y0, z0 is normal to Fx0, y0, z0 C 0.
Therefore, Fx0, y0z0 is normal to Fx0, y0, z0 C.
Section 12.8
Section 12.8
Extrema of Functions of Two Variables
109
1. gx, y x 12 y 32 0
Relative minimum: 1, 3, 0
gx 2x 1 0 x 1
gy 2 y 3 0 y 3
1
3
(1, 3, 0)
3. f x, y x2 y2 1 1
z
5

Check: fx
x
x2 y2 1
0 x0
3
y
fy
0 y0
x2 y2 1
fxx
(0, 0, 1)
2
2
y2 1
x2 1
xy
, f
, f
x2 y2 132 yy x2 y2 132 xy x2 y2 132
At the critical point 0, 0, fxx > 0 and fxx fyy fxy2 > 0. Therefore, 0, 0, 1 is a relative minimum.
5. f x, y x2 y2 2x 6y 6 x 12 y 32 4 4
z
2
1
2 1
Check: fx 2x 2 0 x 1
1
2
3
4
fy 2y 6 0 y 3
1
7
(1, 3, 4)
fxx 2, fyy 2, fxy 0
7. f x, y 2x2 2xy y2 2x 3
fx 4x 2y 2 0
fy 2x 2y 0
Solving simultaneously yields x 1 and y 1.
fxx 4, fyy 2, fxy 2

9. f x, y 5x2 4xy y2 16x 10
fx 10x 4y 16 0
fy 4x 2y 0
fxx 10, fyy 2, fxy 4

At the critical point 8, 16, fxx < 0 and fxx fyy fxy2 > 0. Therefore, 8, 16, 74 is a relative maximum.
11. f x, y 2x2 3y2 4x 12y 13
fx 4x 4 4x 1 0 when x 1.
fy 6y 12 6 y 2 0 when y 2.
13. f x, y 2x2 y2 3

fx
2x
x2 y2
2y
0
x 0, y 0
fxx 4, fyy 6, fxy 0
fy
At the critical point 1, 2, fxx > 0 and

fxx fyy fxy2 > 0. Therefore, 1, 2, 1 is a relative
minimum.
Since f x, y 3 for all x, y, 0, 0, 3 is relative minimum.
x2 y2
0
110
Chapter 12

15. gx, y 4 x y
0, 0 is the only critical point. Since gx, y 4 for all x, y, 0, 0, 4 is relative maximum.
4x
x2 y2 1
17. z
19. z x2 4y2e1x
2 y2
Relative maxima: 0, 1, 4
Relative maximum: 1, 0, 2
Saddle points: 1, 0, 1
z
4
6
5
4
y
4
x
4
4
21. hx, y x2 y2 2x 4y 4
hx 2x 2 2x 1 0 when x 1.
hy 2y 4 2 y 2 0 when y 2.
hxx 2, hyy 2, hxy 0
At the critical point 1, 2, hxx hyy hxy2 < 0. Therefore, 1, 2, 1 is a saddle point.
23. hx, y x2 3xy y2
hx 2x 3y 0
hy 3x 2y 0
hxx 2, hyy 2, hxy 3

At the critical point 0, 0, hxx hyy hxy2 < 0. Therefore, 0, 0, 0 is a saddle point.
25. f x, y x3 3xy y3
fx 3x2 y 0
fy 3x y2 0
Solving by substitution yields two critical points 0, 0 and 1, 1.
fxx 6x, fyy 6y, fxy 3

At the critical point 0, 0, fxx fyy fxy2 < 0. Therefore, 0, 0, 0 is a saddle point. At the critical point 1, 1, fxx 6 > 0 and
fxx fyy fxy2 > 0. Therefore, 1, 1, 1 is a relative minimum.
27. f x, y ex sin y
fx ex sin y 0
fy ex cos y 0
29. z
Since ex > 0 for all x and sin y and cos y are never both zero for a
given value of y, there are no critical points.
x y4
0. z 0 if x y 0.
x2 y2
z
60
Relative minimum at all points x, x, x 0.
40
3
x
Section 12.8
31. fxx fyy fxy2 94 62 0
111
33. fxx fyy fxy2 96 102 < 0

f has a saddle point at x0, y0.
Insufficient information.
35. (a) The function f defined on a region R containing x0, y0 has a relative minimum at x0, y0
if f x, y f x0, y0 for all x, y in R.
(b) The function f defined on a region R containing x0, y0 has a relative maximum at x0, y0
if f x, y f x0, y0 for all x, y in R.
(c) A saddle point is a critical point which is not a relative extremum.
(d) See definition page 906.
z
37.
No extrema
39.
Saddle point
41. The point A will be a saddle point.

The function could be
7
6
75
60
f x, y x2 y2.
45
30
x
2
43. d fxx fyy fxy2 28 fxy2 16 fxy2 > 0
< 16 4 < fxy < 4
fxy2
45. f x, y x3 y3
fx 3x2 0
fy 3y2 0
Solving yields x y 0
fxx 6x, fyy 6y, fxy 0

At 0, 0, fxx fyy fxy2 0 and the test fails. 0, 0, 0
is a saddle point.
47. f x, y x 12 y 42 0
fx 2x 1 y 42 0
fy 2x 12y 4 0
Solving yields the critical points 1, a and b, 4.
fxx 2 y 42, fyy 2x 12, fxy 4x 1 y 4

At both 1, a and b, 4, fxx fyy fxy2 0 and the test fails.
Absolute minima: 1, a, 0 and b, 4, 0
49. f x, y x23 y23 0
fx
fy
2
3 x
3
2
3 y
3
fxx
fx and fy are undefined at x 0, y 0. The critical point is 0, 0.
2
2
,f
,f 0
3 3 yy
3 y xy
9x
9y
At 0, 0, fxx fyy fxy2 is undefined and the test fails.
Absolute minimum: 0 at 0, 0
51. f x, y, z x2 y 32 z 12 0
fx 2x 0
fy 2 y 3 0
fz 2z 1 0
Solving yields the critical point 0, 3, 1.
Absolute minimum: 0 at 0, 3, 1
112
Chapter 12
53. f x, y 12 3x 2y has no critical points. On the line y x 1, 0 x 1,
f x, y f x 12 3x 2x 1 5x 10
and the maximum is 10, the minimum is 5. On the line y 2x 4, 1 x 2,
y=x+1
(1, 2)
f x, y f x 12 3x 22x 4 x 4

and the maximum is 6, the minimum is 5. On the line y 12 x 1, 0 x 2,
y = 2x + 4
(0, 1)
f x, y f x 12 3x 2 12 x 1 2x 10
(2, 0)
1
and the maximum is 10, the minimum is 6.
y=
Absolute maximum: 10 at 0, 1
1x
2
+1

55. f x, y 3x2 2y2 4y
(2, 4)
x0
fx 6x 0
(2, 4)
f 0, 1 2
fy 4y 4 0 y 1
On the line y 4, 2 x 2,
f x, y f x 3x 32 16 3x 16
2
and the maximum is 28, the minimum is 16. On the curve y x2, 2 x 2,
f x, y f x
3x2
2
x2 2
4x2
2x4
x2
x2
2x2
1
and the maximum is 28, the minimum is 18 .

Absolute maximum: 28 at 2, 4

57. f x, y x2 xy, R x, y: x 2, y 1
xy0
fx 2x y 0
fy x 0
y
2
f 0, 0 0
1
Along y 1, 2 x 2, f x2 x, f 2x 1 0 x 2 .
Thus, f 2, 1 2, f 2 , 1 4 and f 2, 1 6.

1
1
Along y 1, 2 x 2, f x2 x, f 2x 1 0 x 2 .
Thus, f 2, 1 6, f 2 , 1 4 , f 2, 1 2.

1
Along x 2, 1 y 1, f 4 2y f 2 0.
Along x 2, 1 y 1, f 4 2y f 2 0.
Thus, the maxima are f 2, 1 6 and f 2, 1 6 and the minima are f 2 , 1 4 and f 2 , 1 4 .
1
59. f x, y x2 2xy y2, R x, y: x2 y2 8
y x
fx 2x 2y 0
fy 2x 2y 0
f x, x
x2
2x2
x2
0
On the boundary x2 y2 8, we have y2 8 x2 and y 8 x2. Thus,
2
2
f x2 2x8 x2 8 x2 8 2x8 x2

f 8 x2122x 28 x212
16 4x2
.
8 x2
Then, f 0 implies 16 4x2 or x 2.

f 2, 2 f 2, 2 16 and
f 2, 2 f 2, 2 0

Thus, the maxima are f 2, 2 16 and f 2, 2 16, and the minima are f x, x 0, x 2.
Section 12.9
61. f x, y
Applications of Extrema of Functions of Two Variables
4xy
, R x, y: 0 x 1, 0 y 1
x2 1 y2 1
fx
41 x2y
0 x 1 or y 0
1x2 1
fy
41 y2x
x 0 or y 1
2
x 1 y2 12
113
y2
R
x
1
For x 0, y 0, also, and f 0, 0 0.

For x 1, y 1, f 1, 1 1.
The absolute maximum is 1 f 1, 1.
The absolute minimum is 0 f 0, 0. In fact, f 0, y f x, 0 0
63. False
Let f x, y 1 x y .
0, 0, 1 is a relative maximum, but fx0, 0 and fy0, 0 do not exist.
Section 12.9
1. A point on the plane is given by x, y, 12 2x 3y. The

square of the distance from the origin to this point is
S x2 y2 12 2x 3y2
3. A point on the paraboloid is given by x, y, x2 y2. The

square of the distance from 5, 5, 0 to a point on the
paraboloid is given by
S x 52 y 52 x2 y22
Sx 2x 212 2x 3y2
Sx 2x 5 4xx2 y2 0
Sy 2y 212 2x 3y3
From the equations Sx 0 and Sy 0, we obtain the
system
5x 6y 24
Sy 2 y 5 4yx2 y2 0.
From the equations Sx 0 and Sy 0, we obtain the
system
2x3 2xy2 x 5 0
3x 5y 18.
Solving simultaneously, we have x
12
7 ,
y
2y3 2x2y y 5 0
18
7
54
6
z 12 24
7 7 7 . Therefore, the distance from
the origin to
12 18 6
7 , 7 ,7
is
127 187 67

2
Multiply the first equation by y and the second equation

by x, and subtract to obtain x y. Then, we have x 1,
y 1, z 2 and the distance is
614
.
7
1 52 1 52 2 02 6.
5. Let x, y and z be the numbers. Since x y z 30, z 30 x y.

P xyz 30xy x2y xy2
Px 30y 2xy y2 y30 2x y 0 2x y 30
Py 30x x2 2xy x30 x 2y 0 x 2y 30

Solving simultaneously yields x 10, y 10, and z 10.
7. Let x, y, and z be the numbers and let S x2 y2 z2. Since x y z 30, we have
S x2 y2 30 x y2
Sx 2x 230 x y1 0 2x y 30
Sy 2y 230 x y1 0 x 2y 30.

Solving simultaneously yields x 10, y 10, and z 10.
114
Chapter 12
9. Let x, y, and z be the length, width, and height, respectively. Then the sum of the length and girth is given by
x 2y 2z 108 or x 108 2y 2z. The volume is given by
V xyz 108zy 2zy2 2yz2
Vy 108z 4yz 2z2 z108 4y 2z 0
Vz 108y 2y2 4yz y108 2y 4z 0.
Solving the system 4y 2z 108 and 2y 4z 108, we obtain the solution x 36 inches, y 18 inches, and z 18 inches.
11. Let a b c k. Then
V
13. Let x, y, and z be the length, width, and height,

respectively and let V0 be the given volume.
4 abc 4
abk a b
3
3
Then V0 xyz and z V0xy. The surface area is
4
kab a2b ab2
3
S 2xy 2yz 2xz 2 xy
V0
0 x2y V0 0
x2
V0
0 xy2 V0 0.
y2
Va
4
kb 2ab b2 0 kb 2ab b2 0
3
Sx 2 y
Vb
4
ka a2 2ab 0 ka a2 2ab 0.
3
Sy 2 x
V0 V0

x
y
3 V ,y
3 V ,
Solving simultaneously yields x
0
0
3 V .
and z
0
Solving this system simultaneously yields a b and

substitution yields b k3. Therefore, the solution is
a b c k3.
15. The distance from P to Q is x2 4. The distance from Q to R is y x2 1 . The distance from R to S is 10 y.
C 3kx2 4 2k y x2 1 k10 y

yx
yx
1
k0

2
y x 1
y x 1
1
x
2k 0
3k
2
x 4

C 2k
Cx 3k
y
y x
x
2k
0

y x2 1
4
x2

x
x2 4
1
3
3x x2 4
9x2 x2 4
x2
x
1
2
2
2 y x y x2 1
4 y x2 y x2 1
y x2
y
Therefore, x
2
1
3
1
3
0.707 km and y
1
2
23 32
6
23 32
1.284 kms.
6
Section 12.9
115
17. Let h be the height of the trough and r the length of the slanted sides. We observe that the area of a trapezoidal cross section is
given by
w 2r 2w 2r 2x w 2r xh
Ah
where x r cos and h r sin . Substituting these expressions for x and h, we have
Ar, w 2r r cos r sin wr sin 2r 2 sin r 2 sin cos
Now
Arr, w sin 4r sin 2r sin cos sin w 4r 2r cos 0 w r 4 2 cos
Ar, wr cos 2r 2 cos r 2 cos 2 0.
Substituting the expression for w from Arr, 0 into the equation Ar, 0, we have
r 24 2 cos cos 2r 2 cos r 22 cos2 1 0
1
r 22 cos 1 0 or cos .
2
Therefore, the first partial derivatives are zero when 3 and r w3. (Ignore the solution r 0.) Thus, the
trapezoid of maximum area occurs when each edge of width w3 is turned up 60 from the horizontal.
19. Rx1, x2 5x12 8x22 2x1x2 42x1 102x2
Rx1 10x1 2x2 42 0, 5x1 x2 21
Rx2 16x2 2x1 102 0, x1 8x2 51
Solving this system yields x1 3 and x2 6.
Rx1x1 10
Rx1x2 2
Rx2x2 16
Rx1x1 < 0 and Rx1x1 Rx2x2 Rx1x22 > 0
Thus, revenue is maximized when x1 3 and x2 6.
21. Px1, x2 15x1 x2 C1 C2
15x1 15x2 0.02x12 4x1 500 0.05x22 4x2 275
0.02x12 0.05x22 11x1 11x2 775
Px1 0.04x1 11 0, x1 275
Px2 0.10x2 11 0, x2 110
Px1x1 0.04
Px1x2 0
Px2x2 0.10
Px1x1 < 0 and Px1x1 Px2x2 Px1x22 > 0
Therefore, profit is maximized when x1 275 and x2 110.
116
Chapter 12
23. (a) Sx, y d1 d2 d3

x 02 y 02 x 22 y 22 x 42 y 22
x2 y2 x 22 y 22 x 42 y 22
From the graph we see that the surface has a minimum.
(b) Sxx, y
Syx, y
S
24
x2
x
x4

x2 y2
x 22 y 22
x 42 y 22
y
x2 y2
y2
x 22 y 22
20
y2
x 42 y 22
1
2
1
i

j
(c) S1, 1 Sx1, 1i Sy1, 1j
2
2
10
tan
210 12 1
12
2
5
1
2
t, 1
2
10
186.027
(d) x2, y2 x1 Sxx1, y1t, y1 Syx1, y1t 1
S 1
1
2
t, 1
2
10
1
2
2 t 2 2 510 2 2 t 1 2 5 5 25 t

1

10 2 510 2 2 t 1 2 5 5 25 t
10 2 510 4 2 t 1 2 5 5 25 t
Using a computer algebra system, we find that the minimum occurs when t 1.344. Thus, x2, y2 0.05, 0.90.
(e) x3, y3 x2 Sxx2, y2t, y2 Syx2, y2t 0.05 0.03t, 0.90 0.26t
S0.05 0.03t, 0.90 0.26t 0.05 0.03t2 0.90 0.26t2 2.05 0.03t2 1.10 0.26t2
3.95 0.03t2 1.10 0.26t2
Using a computer algebra system, we find that the minimum occurs when t 1.78. Thus x3, y3 0.10, 0.44.
x4, y4 x3 Sxx3, y3t, y3 Syx3, y3t 0.10 0.09t, 0.44 0.01t
S0.10 0.09t, 0.45 0.01t 0.10 0.09t2 0.45 0.01t2 2.10 0.09t2 1.55 0.01t2
3.90 0.09t2 1.55 0.01t2
Using a computer algebra system, we find that the minimum occurs when t 0.44. Thus, x4, y4 0.06, 0.44.
Note: The minimum occurs at x, y 0.0555, 0.3992
(f) Sx, y points in the direction that S decreases most rapidly. You would use Sx, y for maximization problems.
25. Write the equation to be maximized or minimized as a function of two variables. Set the partial derivatives
equal to zero (or undefined) to obtain the critical points. Use the Second Partials Test to test for relative extrema
using the critical points. Check the boundary points, too.
Section 12.9
27. (a)
xy
x2
xy
x2
2
x 0 y 4 xy 6 x
i
29. (a)
2
i
i i
8
x 4 y 8 xy 4 x
i
36 04 3
1
3
4
a
, b
4 0 ,
38 02
4
3
4
3
a
3
4
y x
4
3

2
4

1
3

2
3 4

3
2 3
x 13,
x y 46,
y 12,
x 51
2
i
i i
a
546 1312 74 37

551 132
86 43
(b) S 4 42 2 32 2 12 0 02 2
b
y
33. 0, 6, 4, 3, 5, 0, 8, 4, 10, 5
x 27,
x y 70,
2
i
i i
37
7
1
12
13
5
43
43
b
175
945
1
0
27
5
148
148
37
7
x
43
43
y
175
945
x
148
148
7
y = 37
x + 43
43
(0, 6)
(4, 3)
(3, 4)
10
35. (a) y 1.7236x 79.7334
18
(5, 0)
(8, 4)
(4, 2)
(1, 1)
(0, 0)
(5, 5)
(b)
y 0,
x 205
175
570 270 350

5205 272
296
148
(10, 5)
y = 175
x + 945
148
148
37. 1.0, 32, 1.5, 41, 2.0, 48, 2.5, 53
x 7, y 174, x y 322, x
240
i i
a 14, b 19, y 14x 19
When x 1.6, y 41.4 bushels per acre.

0
100
6
44 48
1
2, b 8 24 4,
46 42
4
a
2
i
i i
1
6
31. 0, 0, 1, 1, 3, 4, 4, 2, 5, 5
y 2x 4
3 4
(b) S 0
2 3
117
100
(c) For each one-year increase in age, the pressure

changes by 1.7236 (slope of line).
2
i
13.5
118
Chapter 12
y ax
39. Sa, b, c
2
i
bxi c2
i1
n
S

2xi2 yi axi2 bxi c 0
a i1
n
S

2xi yi axi2 bxi c 0
b i1
n
S
2 yi axi2 bxi c 0
c
i1
b
xi4
xi3
c
i1
i1
i1
x
3
i
b
i1
x
2
i
c
i1
n
x
2
i
xi2yi
i1
n
x x y
i
i1
b
i1
xi2
i i
i1
x cn y
i
i1
i1
43. 0, 0, 2, 2, 3, 6, 4, 12
41. 2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 5
x 0
y 8
x 10
x 0
x 34
x y 12
x y 22
(1, 2)
2
i
(0, 1)
2
3
i
4
i
i i
2
i i
34a 10c 22, 10b 12, 10a 5c 8

3 2
6
26
a 37 , b 65 , c 26
35 , y 7 x 5 x 35
x 30,
y 230,
x 220,
x 1,800,
x 15,664,
x y 1,670,
x y 13,500
2
i
2
i
3
i
3
i
4
i
4
i
i i
i i
2
i i
2
i i
353a 99b 29c 254
15,664a 1,800b 220c 13,500
99a 29b 9c 70
1,800a
29a 9b 4c 20
a 1, b 1, c 0, y x2 x
220a
y
25 2
112
x
220b 30c 1,670

30b
541
56
x
6c
25
14
14
120
(4, 12)
(3, 6)
(2, 2)
(0, 0)
(b) ln P 0.1499h 9.3018

P e0.1499h9.3018 10,957.7e0.1499h
14,000
2
2,000
(d) Same answers.
14
20
47. (a) ln P 0.1499h 9.3018
(c)
(2, 0)
45. 0, 0, 2, 15, 4, 30, 6, 50, 8, 65, 10, 70
x 9
y 20
x 29
x 99
x 353
x y 70
x y 254
(2, 5)
(1, 0)
24
230
0.22x 2 9.66x 1.79
Section 12.10
Section 12.10
Lagrange Multipliers
119
1. Maximize f x, y xy.
3. Minimize f x, y x2 y 2.
Constraint: x y 10
10
f g
2x i 2yj i j
6
4
y
xy
x
2x
constraint
x
2
10
x y 10 x y 5
12
constraint
f g
level curves
y i xj i j
Constraint: x y 4
12
2y
x
4
x y
level curves
xy4 xy2
f 5, 5 25
f 2, 2 8
5. Minimize f x, y x2 y 2.
7. Maximize f x, y 2x 2xy y.
Constraint: x 2y 6
Constraint: 2x y 100
f g
f g
2x i 2yj i 2 j
2 2y i 2x 1j 2 i j
x
2x

2
2 2y 2 y 1
2x 1
2y 2 y
1 y 2x
2
2x y 100 4x 100
3
6
2
x 2y 6
x
x 25, y 50
4, x 2, y 4
f 25, 50 2600
f 2, 4 12
9. Note: f x, y 6 x2 y 2 is maximum when gx, y
is maximum.
Maximize gx, y 6 x2 y 2.
2y
xe xy 2y
xy
xy2
f 2, 2
f 1, 1 g1, 1 2
13. Maximize or minimize f x, y x 2 3xy y 2.
Constraint:
y2
xy
x2 y 2 8 2x2 8
xy2 xy1
x2
Constraint: x2 y 2 8
ye xy 2x
Constraint: x y 2
2x
11. Maximize f x, y e xy.
e4
Case 2: Inside the circle
Case 1: On the circle
x2
fx 2x 3y 0
y2
2x 3y 2x
3x 2y 2y
2
Maxima: f
Minima: f
2
2
,
fxx 2, fyy 2, fxy 3, fxx fyy fxy2 0
x2 y 2
x2 y2 1 x
2
xy0
fy 3x 2y 0
1
2
2
2
2
,y
5

2
12
Saddle point: f 0, 0 0

2
By combining these two cases, we have a maximum of 2 at
2
2

1
and a minimum of 2 at
2
,
2
.
120
Chapter 12
15. Minimize f x, y, z x2 y 2 z 2.
17. Minimize f x, y, z x2 y 2 z 2.
Constraint: x y z 6
Constraint: x y z 1
2x
2y x y z
2z
2x
2y x y z
2z
xyz6 xyz2
x y z 1 x y z 13
f 2, 2, 2 12
f 13 , 13 , 13 13
19. Maximize f x, y, z xyz.
21. Maximize f x, y, z xy yz.
Constraints: x y z 32
Constraints: x 2y 6
xyz0
x 3z 0
f g h
f g h
yz i xz j xyk i j k i j k
y i x z j yk i 2j i 3k
yz
xz yz xy x z
xy
y
8
3
x z 2
y xz y
4
3
y 3
x y z 32
2x 2z 32 x z 8
xyz0
y 16
x 2y 6 y 3
x 3z 0 z
f 8, 16, 8 1024

x
x
2
x
3
x
8
x
3
3 3
2
3
x 3, y , z 1
2
3
f 3, , 1 6
2
23. Minimize the square of the distance f x, y x2 y 2
subject to the constraint 2x 3y 1.
2x 2
2y 3
y 3x2
The point on the line is 13 , 13 and the desired

distance is
2

2
13
f x, y, z x 22 y 12 z 12

subject to the constraint x y z 1.
3
2
2x 3y 1 x , y
13
13
d
25. Minimize the square of the distance

3
13
13
13
2x 2
2 y 1 y z and y x 1
2z 1
x y z 1 x 2x 1 1
x 1, y z 0
The point on the plane is 1, 0, 0 and the desired

distance is
d 1 22 0 12 0 12 3.
Section 12.10
27. Maximize f x, y, z z subject to the constraints
x2 y 2 z2 36 and 2x y z 2.
0 2x 2
0 2y x 2y
1 2z
121
29. Optimization problems that have restrictions or contstraints

on the values that can be used to produce the optimal
solution are called contrained optimization problems.
x2 y 2 z 2 36
2x y z 2 z 2x y 2 5y 2
2y2 y 2 5y 22 36

30y 2 20y 32 0
15y 2 10y 16 0
y
5 265
15
Choosing the positive value for y we have the point

265 5 265 1 265
10 152
15
.
31. Maximize Vx, y, z xyz subject to the constraint

x 2y 2z 108.
33. Minimize Cx, y, z 5xy 32xz 2yz xy subject

to the constraint x yz 480.
yz
xz 2 y z and x 2y
xy 2
8y 6z yz
8x 6z xz x y, 4y 3z
6x 6y xy
x 2y 2z 108 6y 108, y 18
xyz 480 43 y 3 480
x 36, y z 18
Volume is maximum when the dimensions are
36 18 18 inches
3 360, z 4
3 360
x y
3
3 360
3 360 4
3 360
Dimensions:
feet
3
z
x
35. Maximize Vx, y, z 2x2y2z 8xyz subject to the constraint

8yz
2x

a2
8xz
2y

b2
8xy
2z

c2
x2
y2
z2
2 2 2
a
b
c
x2
y2
z2
3x2
3y 2
3z 2

1 2 1, 2 1, 2 1
a2 b 2 c 2
a
b
c
x
a
3
,y
b
3
,z
c
3
Therefore, the dimensions of the box are
23a 23b 23c

.
3
3
3
x2
y2
z2
2 2 2 1.
a
b
c
122
Chapter 12
37. Using the formula Time
d12 x2
d22 y 2
Distance
, minimize Tx, y
subject to the constraint x y a.

Rate
v1
v2
x

v1d22 x 2
x
y

y
v1d12 x2 v2d22 y 2

v2d22 y 2
Medium 1
d1
xya
Since sin
1
xd1
v1
2
x
d12 x2
x2
and sin
2
yd2
v2
2
y2
y
d22 y
, we have
2
39. Maximize P p, q, r 2pq 2pr 2qr.
subject to the constraint 48x 36y 100,000.
P g
3 4 p q r 41

4
3
25x0.75y0.75 48
yx
0.75
75x0.25y0.25 36
xy
0.25
pqr1
0.75
p
48
25
36
75
yx yx
pqr1
q r 23
41. Maximize Px, y 100x 0.25y 0.75
Constraint: p q r 1
2q 2r
2p 2r
2p 2q
d2
a
Medium 2
sin
1 sin
2

.
v1
v2
or
1
3,
q 13 , r 13
0.25
48253675
y
4
x
P 13 , 13 , 13 2 13 13 2 13 13 2 13 13 23 .
y 4x
48x 36y 100,000 192x 100,000
x
Therefore, P
43. Minimize Cx, y 48x 36y subject to the constraint 100x0.25y0.75 20,000.
48 25x0.75y0.75
yx
0.75
36 75x0.25y0.25
xy
0.25
48
25
36
75
yx yx
0.75
0.25
25487536
y
4 y 4x
x
100x0.25y0.75 20,000 x0.254x0.75 200
x
200
200

502
40.75 22
y 4x 2002
Therefore, C 502, 2002 $13,576.45.
3125 6250
6 , 3
147,314.
3125
6250
,y
6
3
Review Exercises for Chapter 12
123
45. (a) Maximize g, , cos cos cos subject to the constraint .
sin cos cos
cos sin cos tan tan tan
cos cos sin

3
3 , 3 . 3 81
(b)
g cos cos cos
cos cos cos cos sin sin
cos cos cos

1. No, it is not the graph of a function.
3. f x, y ex
5. f x, y x2 y 2
2 y 2

c

c x2 y 2
2
2
ex y
ln c x2 y 2.
1
The level curves are circles centered at the origin.
x2 y 2
.
c
c
The level curves are hyperbolas.
y
2
c = 10
4
c = 12 c = 2
c=2
c=1
c = 12
7. f x, y ex
9. f x, y, z x2 y z2 1
y 2
y x2 z2 1
z
3
Elliptic paraboloid
3
3
2
x
3
3
x
11.
xy
1

x, y 1, 1 x y 2
2
lim
Continuous except at 0, 0.
13.
lim
x, y 0, 0
4x2y
x4 y2
For y x 2,
For y 0,
4x 4
4x 2y
4
2, for x
0
4
2
x y
x x4
4x 2y
0, for x
0
x4 y 2
Thus, the limit does not exist. Continuous except at 0, 0.
124
Chapter 12
15. f x, y ex cos y
z
ey yex
x
fx ex cos y
fy e sin y
x
19. gx, y
z xey yex
17.
z
xey ex
y
xy
x2 y 2
21. f x, y, z z arctan
y
x
gx
yx2 y 2 xy2x y y2 x2

2
x2 y 22
x y 22
fx
z
y
yz

2
1 y2 x2 x2
x y2
gy
xx2 y 2
x2 y 22
fy
z
xz
1
2
1 y 2 x2 x
x y2

fz arctan
23. ux, t cen t sinnx

2
y
x
25.
u
2
cnen t cosnx
x
u
2
cn2en t sinnx
t
1
3
3
x
27. f x, y 3x2 xy 2y 3
29. hx, y x sin y y cos x
fx 6x y
hx sin y y sin x
fy x
hy x cos y cos x
6y 2
z x2 y2
31.
z
2x
x
2z
2
x2
fxx 6
hxx y cos x
fyy 12y
hyy x sin y
fxy 1
hxy cos y sin x
fyx 1
hyx cos y sin x
z
2y
y
2z
2
y 2
Therefore,
33.
z
y
x2 y 2
35. z x sin
z
2xy

x x2 y 22
dz
2z
4x2
1
3x2 y 2
2y 2

2y 2
x2
x y 23 x2 y 22
x y 23
z
x2 y2
x2 y 2 2y

2
y
x2 y 22
x y 22
x2 y 222y 2x2 y 2x2 y 22y

2z

2
y
x2 y 24
2y
Therefore,
3x2 y 2
x2 y 23
2z
2z
2 0.
2
x
y
2z
2z
2 0.
2
x
y
y
x
y y
y
z
z
y
dx
dy sin cos dx cos dy
x
y
x x
x
x

37.
z2 x2 y 2
39.

y
5 1
12 1
17
x
dx dy

0.654 cm
z
z
13 2
13 2
26
Percentage error:
dz 17 26

0.0503 5%
z
13
41. w lnx2 y2, x 2t 3, y 4 t

Chain Rule:
dw w dx w dy

dt
x dt
y dt
2x
2y
2 2
1
x2 y2
x y2
22t 32
24 t

2t 32 4 t2 2t 32 4 t2
10t 4
5t2 4t 25
Substitution: w lnx2 y2 ln2t 32 4 t2

10t 4
dw 22t 32 24 t

2
dt
2t 32 4 t2
5t 4t 25
43. u x2 y 2 z2, x r cos t, y r sin t, z t
Chain Rule:
u u x u y u z

r
x r
y r
z r
2x cos t 2y sin t 2z0
2r cos2 t r sin2 t 2r
u u x u y u z

t
x t
y t
z t
2xr sin t 2yr cos t 2z
2r 2 sin t cos t r 2 sin t cos t 2t
2t
Substitution: ur, t r 2 cos2 t r 2 sin2 t t 2 r 2 t 2

u
2r
r
u
2t
t
x2y 2yz xz z2 0
45.
2xy 2y
z
z
z
x
z 2z
0
x
x
x
2xy z
2xy z
z

x 2y x 2z x 2y 2z
x2 2y
V 13 r 2h
dV 23 rh dr 13 r 2 dh 23 25 18 13 22 18
2z dx 2x dx 2y dy
dz
125
z
z
z
2z x
2z
0
y
y
y
z
x2 2z
x2 2z

y 2y x 2z x 2y 2z
5
1
6 6 in.3
126
Chapter 12
47.
f x, y x2y
w z i 2yj xk
f 2xyi x 2j
w1, 2, 2 2i 4 j k
f 2, 1 4 i 4j
u
1
2
v
i
2
1
2
1
u v i j k
3
3
3
3
Duw1, 2, 2 w1, 2, 2 u
Du f 2, 1 f 2, 1 u 2 2 2 2 0
z
51.
y
x2 y 2
4 4 2 2

3 3 3 3
z ex cos y
53.
z ex cos yi ex sin y j
2xy
x2 y 2
z 2
i 2
j
x y 22
x y 22
4 22 i

z 0,
1
1
z1, 1 i , 0
2
2
z1, 1
w y 2 xz
49.
j
,
z0, 4 1
1
2
55. 9x2 4y2 65
57.
f x, y 9x2 4y2
Fx, y, z x2y z 0
F 2xy i x 2j k
f x, y 18xi 8yj
F2, 1, 4 4i 4j k
f 3, 2 54i 16j
Therefore, the equation of the tangent plane is
Unit normal:
4x 2 4 y 1 z 4 0 or
54i 16j
1
27i 8j

54i 16j
793
4x 4y z 8,
and the equation of the normal line is
x2 y1 z4

.
4
4
1
59.
Fx, y, z x2 y2 4x 6y z 9 0
F 2x 4i 2y 6j k
61.
Fx, y, z x2 y 2 z 0
Gx, y, z 3 z 0
F2, 3, 4 k
F 2x i 2yj k
Therefore, the equation of the tangent plane is
G k
z 4 0 or
F2, 1, 3 4i 2j k
z 4,
and the equation of the normal line is

x 2, y 3, z 4 t.

i
F G 4
0
j
2
0
k
1 2i 2j
1
Therefore, the equation of the tangent line is

x2 y1

, z 3.
1
2
63.
f x, y, z x2 y2 z2 14
f x, y, z 2xi 2yj 2zk
f 2, 1, 3 4i 2j 6k Normal vector to plane.
cos
n k
n
36.7
6
56
3 14
14

65. f x, y x3 3xy y 2
fx 3x2 3y 3x2 y 0
fy 3x 2y 0
fxx 6x
127
30
2
30
fyy 2
fxy 3
3
From fx 0, we have y x2. Substituting this into fy 0, we have 3x 2x2 x2x 3 0. Thus, x 0 or 2 .
At the critical point 0, 0, fxx fyy fxy2 < 0. Therefore, 0, 0, 0 is a saddle point.
3 9
3 9
27
At the critical point 2 , 4 , fxx fyy fxy2 > 0 and fxx > 0. Therefore, 2 , 4 , 16 is a relative minimum.
67. f x, y xy
1 1

x
y
fx y
1
0, x2y 1
x2
fy x
1
0, xy 2 1
y2
x2y
fxx
2
x3
Thus,
xy2
or x y and substitution yields the critical point 1, 1.
20
3 4
4
x
20
24
(1, 1, 3)
fxy 1
fyy
2
y3
At the critical point 1, 1, fxx 2 > 0 and fxx fyy fxy2 3 > 0. Thus, 1, 1, 3 is a relative minimum.
69. The level curves are hyperbolas. There is a critical point at 0, 0, but there are no relative extrema. The gradient is normal to the
level curve at any given point at x0, y0.
71. Px1, x2 R C1 C2
225 0.4x1 x2x1 x2 0.05x12 15x1 5400 0.03x22 15x2 6100
0.45x12 0.43x22 0.8x1x2 210x1 210x2 11,500
Px1 0.9x1 0.8x2 210 0
0.9x1 0.8x2 210
Px2 0.86x2 0.8x1 210 0
0.8x1 0.86x2 210
Solving this system yields x1 94 and x2 157.
Px1x1 0.9
Px1x2 0.8
Px2x2 0.86
Px1x1 < 0
Px1x1 Px2x2 Px1x22 > 0
Therefore, profit is maximum when x1 94 and x2 157.
128
Chapter 12

75. (a) y 2.29t 2.34
73. Maximize f x, y 4x xy 2y subject to the

constraint 20x 4y 2000.
4 y 20
x 2 4
30
5x y 6
20x 4y 2000
5x y 500
5x y 6
(b)
494
10x
11
5
20
x 49.4
y 253
f 49.4, 253 13,201.8
Yes, the data appears more linear.

(c) y 8.37 ln t 1.54
(d)
25
10
5
The logarithmic model is a better fit.

77. Optimize f x, y, z xy yz xz subject to the constraint x y z 1.
yz
xz xyz
xy
x y z 1 x y z 13
Maximum: f 13 , 13 , 13 13
79. PQ x2 4, QR y2 1, RS z; x y z 10
C 3 x2 4 2 y2 1 2
Constraint: x y z 10
C g
3x
x2 4
i
2y
y2 1
j k i j k
3x x2 4
2y y2 1
1
9x2 x2 4 x2
1
2
4y2 y2 1 y2
1
3
Hence, x
,y
, z 10
8.716 m.

Odd12 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Odd12 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

C H A P T E R 1 2

Functions of Several Variables

Section 12.10 Lagrange Multipliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Introduction to Functions of Several Variables

Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises

(a) f 5, 0 5e0 5

(c) f 2, 1 2e1

11. f x, y x sin y

(b) f 3, 1 3 sin 1

x 2 2xx x2 2y x 2 2y x2x x

f x, y y f x, y

19. f x, y arcsinx y

x, y: y < x 4

Range: all real numbers

25. f x, y e xy

Domain: x, y: y  0

Domain: x, y: x  0 and y  0

Domain: x, y: x  0 and y  0

Range: all real numbers

21. f x, y ln4 x y

Introduction to Functions of Several Variables

Range: all real numbers except zero

(a) View from the positive x-axis: 20, 0, 0

(b) View where x is negative, y and z are positive:

(c) View from the first octant: 20, 15, 25

(d) View from the line y x in the xy-plane: 20, 20, 0

Since the variable x is missing, the surface is a cylinder

37. f x, y ex

Since the variable y is missing, the

41. f x, y x 2exy2

Domain: entire xy-plane

Functions of Several Variables

(c) g is a horizontal translation of f two units to the right.

(d) g is a reflection of f in the xy-plane followed by a vertical translation 4 units upward.

(b) g is a vertical translation of f two units upward

Circles centered at 0, 0

51. f x, y 25 x 2 y 2

The level curves are hyperbolas of the form xy c.

The level curves are of the form

Thus, the level curves are circles of radius 5 or less,

The level curves are of the form

Thus, the level curves are circles passing through the

Introduction to Functions of Several Variables

61. See Definition, page 838.

63. No, The following graphs are not

67. VI, R 1000

65. The surface is sloped like a saddle. The graph is not

(a) N22, 12

22 4 4 12 243 board-feet

77. T 600 0.75x 2 0.75y 2

(b) N30, 12

30 4 4 12 507 board-feet

The level curves are of the form

base front & back two ends

The level curves are circles centered at the origin.

Functions of Several Variables

81. PV kT, 202600 k300

The level curves are of the form: c

83. (a) Highest pressure at C

85. (a) The boundaries between colors represent level curves

(b) Lowest pressure at A

(b) No, the colors represent intervals of different lengths,

x 2 2xx x2 2y x 2 2y x2x x

f x, y y f x, y

25. f x, y e xy

Domain: x, y: y 0

Domain: x, y: x 0 and y 0

Domain: x, y: x 0 and y 0

41. f x, y x 2exy2

51. f x, y 25 x 2 y 2

22 4 4 12 243 board-feet

30 4 4 12 507 board-feet

81. PV kT, 202600 k300

f 1, 2 f 2, 1, but 1 2

Then, f 2x, 2y 5 22 f x, y.

Continuous for xy 1, y 0, xy 1

lnx2 y2 ln0

Continuous except at 0, 0

Continuous except at 0, 0

Thus, f is not continuous at 0, 0, whereas g is continuous

Continuous except at 0, 0, 0

f gx, y f 3x 2y

f gx, y f 3x 2y

for two different paths to x0, y0.

f x, y is not the same

The existence of f 2, 3 has no bearing on the existence of

0 < x a2 y b2 < 1.

0 < x a2 y b2 < 2.

xx yy lnx y lnx y

x 2 y 23x 2y y 3 x3 y xy 32x y x 4 4x 2y 2 y 4

x 2 y 2x3 3xy 2 x3y xy 32y x x 4 4x 2 y 2 y 4

fx0, y fx0, 0

dw 2z 3 y cos x dx 2z3 sin x dy 6z 2 y sin x dz