I

Introduction

Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer,
converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color, or provide texture to objects. Paint
can be made or purchased in many colorsand in many different types, such as watercolor, artificial,
etc. Paint is typically stored, sold, and applied as a liquid, but dries into a solid.
II

History

In 2011, South African archeologists reported finding a 100,000-year-old human-made ochrebased mixture that could have been used like paint.[1] Cave paintings drawn with red or yellow
ochre, hematite, manganese oxide, and charcoal may have been made by early Homo sapiens as
long as 40,000 years ago.
Ancient colored walls at Dendera, Egypt, which were exposed for years to the elements, still
possess their brilliant color, as vivid as when they were painted about 2,000 years ago. The
Egyptians mixed their colors with a gummy substance, and applied them separately from each
other without any blending or mixture. They appear to have used six colors: white, black, blue,
red, yellow, and green. They first covered the area entirely with white, and then traced the design
in black, leaving out the lights of the ground color. They used minium for red, and generally of a
dark tinge.
Pliny mentions some painted ceilings in his day in the town of Ardea, which had been done prior
to the foundation of Rome. He expresses great surprise and admiration at their freshness, after
the lapse of so many centuries.
Paint was made with the yolk of eggs and therefore, the substance would harden and adhere to
the surface it was applied to. Pigment was made from plants, sand, and different soils. Most
paints used either oil or water as a base (the dilutant, solvent or vehicle for the pigment).
A still extant example of 17th-century house oil painting is Ham House in Surrey, England,
where a primer was used along with several undercoats and an elaborate decorative overcoat; the
pigment and oil mixture would have been ground into a paste with a mortar and pestle. The
process was done by hand by the painters and exposed them to lead poisoning due to the whitelead powder.
In 1718, Marshall Smith invented a "Machine or Engine for the Grinding of Colours" in
England. It is not known precisely how it operated, but it was a device that increased the
efficiency of pigment grinding dramatically. Soon, a company called Emerton and Manby was
advertising exceptionally low-priced paints that had been ground with labour-saving technology:
One Pound of Colour ground in a Horse-Mill will paint twelve Yards of Work, whereas
Colour ground any other Way, will not do half that Quantity.
By the proper onset of the Industrial Revolution, paint was being ground in steam-powered mills
and an alternative to lead-based pigments was found in a white derivative of zinc oxide. Interior

house painting increasingly became the norm as the 19th century progressed, both for decorative
reasons and because the paint was effective in preventing the walls rotting from damp. Linseed
oil was also increasingly used as an inexpensive binder.
In 1866, Sherwin-Williams in the United States opened as a large paint-maker and invented a
paint that could be used from the tin without preparation.
It was not until the stimulus of World War II created a shortage of linseed oil in the supply
market that artificial resins, or alkyds, were invented. Cheap and easy to make, they also held the
color well and lasted for a long time.

III

Raw Materials

Paint consists of binders, pigments and fillers, solvents or water, and of so-called additives.
When developing new paint, the raw materials are chosen for compatibility with the object to be
painted. Choice is based on the suitability of the raw materials for the application in question and
on the safety and environmental properties of the raw materials.
Binders form a film and bind the raw materials in the paint to each other. Binders are chosen
according to the paint properties required and can thus greatly affect the ability of the paint to
withstand the weather, wear and tear and washing and also the type of substrates to wich the
paint can be applied.
Pigments are fine granular powders that are insoluble in water; they are added to paint mainly to
provide the desired colour and coverage. Pigments also provide protection against the sun's
ultraviolet rays and some pigments improve a coating's anti-corrosive properties. Fillers are also
insoluble fine granular powders but do not give paint colour or coverage. They are used to give
paint its required opacity and application properties.
Water and/or solvents give paint the required viscosity so that it can be applied sparingly to a
substrate.
A host of additives may be added to paint, but they constitute a very small part of the production
formula. Additives are used to affect the paint-making process flow, or for paint preservation and
outdoor durability.

IV

Process

The Paint Making Process:

Measuring

Heavy sacks of pigments arrive at the workshop in trucks. First, each ingredient must be
carefully measured and weighed. Each colour has its own recipe that has been developed using
many test batches to create the exact balance of ingredients to bring out the best in every
pigment. The pigment and the water are mixed together with a small mixing blade. This stage is
called wetting out the pigment.

Milling
This mixture is poured slowly into the mill so that the pigment can be ground. Inside the mill,
small, hard, stone-like balls, each one the size of a large grain of sand, smash against the pigment
particles, crushing and polishing them and breaking them up even smaller so that as much of the
colour as possible can be seen. Some pigments must be run through the mill several times. The
ground mixture becomes a fine, smooth paste that is passed through a sieve so that the grinding
balls are left behind.

Now something sticky needs to be added to hold or bind the pigment together and to allow it
to stick to surfaces. All paints are made from pigments, but there are many different binders.
Ancient people used animal fat as a binder. Ancient Egyptians used melted beeswax when they
made elaborate portraits to decorate coffins. Many famous Italian Master painters used paint
made from egg yolks. Native people here in the West Coast of Canada used crushed salmon eggs
to make paint for their wooden masks and totem poles. Many great painters have worked with oil
paint made from linseed or poppy-seed oil.
The binder in acrylic paint is acrylic resin a liquid plastic. When it arrives at the workshop in
big barrels it is a slightly white-ish liquid but when it dries it will become a completely clear and
shiny film. A strong, pulsing pump sucks the resin through a hose and into the big mixing tank
where it is added to the pigment paste. Lines are marked on the inside of the tank to measure
how much resin needs to be pumped in. Small amounts of different chemicals are added to help
the paint to stay smooth, thick and fresh.

Mixing
A large circular blade with notches and turned up edges is lowered down into the tank. The blade
is hooked up to a powerful motor that makes it spin very fast. The speed of the blade brings out
the colour in the pigment even more and makes sure all the ingredients are completely mixed
together. Once it has been mixed for exactly the right amount of time at exactly the right speed,
the blade is raised up out of the paint and the paint is ready for packaging. The paint is emptied
through a valve like a tap at the bottom of the tank. It is transferred into a hopper with a funnel
that feeds into a portioning machine.

Packaging
An air powered piston filler squirts measured amounts of paint into tubes and jars. The open ends
of the tubes are then melted shut by pressing them between the heated jaws of a sealing machine.
Jar lines have to be screwed on tight so that no air can get in and the paint stays fresh.
Each jar and tube must be correctly labeled. A stroke of the paint is brushed onto the label so that
you can see exactly what colour is in the tube. Now the paint is ready to be sold.

Paint for artists are usually made with just one pigment. It is the artists job to mix them together to
make even more colours. Some artists like to start with just three primary colours; red, yellow and blue,
and do a lot of their own mixing. But most artists like to start with a larger range of colours including
green, violet, brown, black and white. There are thousands of different pigments in the world and each
one makes a different coloured paint.

Products

TYPES OF PAINTS
OIL PAINT
Contains pigments usually suspended in linseed oil, a drier, and mineral spirits or other
type of thinner. The linseed oil serves as the binder for the pigments, the drier controls
drying time, the thinner controls the flowing qualities of the paint. As the thinner
evaporates, the mixture of pigments and oil gradually dries to an elastic skin as the oil
absorbs oxygen from the air or "cures". The curing action bonds a tough paint film to the
applied surface. Oil paints are used inside and outside and are regarded as the
traditional house paint.

Latex Paints
a type of paint used for walls, consisting of pigment bound in synthetic latex that forms an
emulsion with water. Water-based latex paints have always been popular with do-it-yourselfers
and professional painters because of their easy cleanup with plain soap and water. But today's
quality latex paints offer significant performance advantages as well.
Compared to oil-based paints, top quality exterior latex paints have greater durability in the form
of better color retention and chalk resistance, so they continue to look good for years. Since they
do not tend to get brittle as oil-based paints do, they have better resistance to cracking. Latex
paints also dry much faster than oil-based paints (typically in one to six hours), which allows you
to quickly apply a second coat.
Quality latex paints that have "100% acrylic" binders are especially durable and highly flexible.
They tend to adhere extremely well to a variety of exterior surfaces, which means they have
greater resistance to troublesome paint failures like blistering, flaking and peeling, compared
with other latex paints.
California Paints offers a complete line of 100% acrylic latex paint.
Field tests at the Dow Chemical Paint Quality Institute, where paint performance has been tested
for more than 40 years, show that top quality 100% acrylic latex paints are an excellent choice
when painting any of the following exterior surfaces:

wood, particularly in areas that experience freezing temperatures

new stucco and masonry
weathered aluminum or vinly siding

You can also use quality latex paints on interior trim. They have better resistance to chipping
than do oil-based paints, which continue to harden over time and eventually become brittle.

VARNISH
Consists of a solution of resins in a drying oil. Varnish contains little or no
pigment. It dries and hardens by evaporation of the volatile solvents, oxidation of
the oil, or both. Varnish is recommended for both outdoor and indoor applications
where a hard, glossy finish that is impervious to moisture is desired.
For a satin finish, the gloss varnish surface can be rubbed down with steel wool,
or a "satin" varnish can be used. As a floor finish, varnish provides a hard,
durable film that will not greatly alter the tone of the wood.

ENAMEL
Enamel is a varnish with pigments added. Enamel has the same
basic durability and toughness of a good varnish. It produces an e
asy-

to-clean surface, and in the proper formulation, can be used for

interior and exterior applications. For the highest quality in
terior work,
an undercoat is required.

LATEX PAINT
Consists of a dispersion of fine particles of synthetic resin and pigment in water.
Latex paints are quick drying, low in odor and thinned with water. They permit
the repainting and decorating of a room within a day. Because latex paints set
quickly, tools, equipment and spattered areas should be cleaned promptly with
warm, soapy water. No special primer is required for interior applications except over
bare metal or wood, or over highly alkaline surfaces. Spot- priming with shellac should
be avoided because shiny spots will bleed through the latex film. Exterior latex house
paint can be applied directly to old painted surfaces. On new wood, it should be applied
over a primer. For other surfaces, follow specific label directions.

WATER-REDUCIBLE PAINTS
This term has come into wider use in the paint business within the past few
years. These products are also called "water base" or "water borne" paints.
They include the well known latex products, as well as products based on new
synthetic polymers. While both groups employ water as the reducing agent, the
chemistry of each is different. For example, most latex coatings dry by solvent
evaporation or coalescence. The new synthetic polymeric paints dry by a
combination of solvent evaporation and chemical cross linking. Chemical cross
linking frequently requires the blending of two materials (these products are
called "two component" coatings) and a "digestion" time before the coating can
be applied. The blending of specific materials results in chemical cross Linking
and outstanding performance features, such as mar resistance, scratch
resistance, washability and stain resistance.

ALKYDS
Alkyd finishes are produced in four sheens: flat, semi gloss, low luster and
high gloss. Flat finishes have a velvety texture and are used to produce a rich,
softly reflective surface. Alkyd flats can often be applied to painted walls and
ceilings, metal, fully cured plaster, wallboard and woodwork without a priming.
When required, the primer should be of a similar material. For high alkaline
surfaces, an alkali resistant primer should be used. Semi gloss or low luster
types add just enough sheen to woodwork and trim for contrast with flat finished
wall surfaces. Each offers great resistance to wear and washing. Low luster
enamels are preferred in such areas as kitchens, bathrooms, nurseries and
schoolrooms. Alkyd high gloss enamels are often used for even greater
serviceability and wash ability.

EPOXY
A two-part formulation which is thoroughly mi
xed just before use. Epoxy finishes are
extremely hard and durable and excellent f

or
demanding applications. They can be used for protecting materials su
ch as steel, aluminum and fiber glass. The paint film dries
to a
brilliant gloss. The tile-like finish is smooth, easy to
clean and lasts for years under the most severe conditions.

POLYESTER-EPOXY
Two component materials that are usually mixed prior to application. Polyester
epoxy combines the physical toughness, adhesion and chemical resistance of an
epoxy with the color retention and permanent clarity of polyester. The film is stain
resistant and moisture resistant. Polyester epoxy is available in gloss and semi
gloss sheens, and can be applied to any firm interior surface. Pot life is a full
working day.

ACRYLIC-EPOXY
Two component coatings develop by Pittsburgh Paints include Pitt Glaze
Water Base Coatings. Chemically, acrylic epoxy coatings provide the resistance
to staining, yellowing and scuffing of acrylic resins, combined with the toughness,
acid and alkali resistance of epoxies. Their performance characteristics are
almost equal to those of polyester epoxy solvent based products and their stain
resistance is superior. Acrylic epoxy coatings are available in gloss and semi
gloss finishes - in both clear and pigmented formulations. Colorant can be added
to the pigmented products to achieve hundreds of colors. Though priced higher
than conventional enamels, acrylic epoxy coatings offer superior washability,
non yellowing characteristics, and generally 3 5 times longer life, which makes
them an outstanding value for interior walls continuously subjected to hard use
conditions.

POLYAMIDE-EPOXY
Tough, two component finish with outstanding hardness, abrasion resistance,
alkali and acid resistance, and adhesion when dry. Excellent as a concrete floor
finish where heavy traffic wears through an alkyd finish in a short time. For
exterior applications, polyamide epoxy will chalk and lose gloss on prolonged
exposure; however, film integrity is not lost.

URETHANE-MODIFIED ALKYDS
One-component finishing material for outstanding abrasion resistance on wood floors,
furniture, paneling, cabinets, etc. Good resistance to normal household materials such
as alcohol, water, grease, etc. It may yellow to some degree with age.

ACRYLIC-URETHANE COATINGS
Recommended for areas that demand superior chemical and stain resistance,
plus color and gloss retention. They are suitable for both interior and exterior
application on properly primed steel, aluminum and masonry which are subjected
to high acids and alkalinity. These products are designed to be used in
commercial and industrial applications but not in homes. Acrylic urethane

coatings have high performance properties including excellent resistance to salt,

steam, grease, oils, many coolants, solvents and general maintenance type
machinery fluids. They also have excellent film properties and resistance to
scratching, marring and chipping. The tile like gloss and semi gloss finishes
provide superior corrosion and abrasion resistance, while maintaining excellent
gloss and color retention on exterior exposures for long periods of time. The color
and gloss retention and chemical resistance of acrylic urethane coatings will
exceed those of conventional high performance coatings. They also dry to the
touch faster than any other heavy duty topcoat in the trade sales line.

ALUMINUM PAINT
An all purpose aluminum paint formulated with varnish as the vehicle for
aluminum flake pigment. As the paint dries, the aluminum flakes float to the
surface, providing a reflective coating. Highly resistant to weathering. Also
suitable for interior use on wood, metal or masonry. When formulated with an
asphalt base, aluminum paint offers maximum adhesion and water resistance at
low cost when applied to asphalt composition.

SHELLAC
A long standing favorite for finishing wood floors, trim and furniture. Shellac is
thinned with alcohol and should be applied in dry, warm air to avoid clouding. It
dries dust free in 15 20 minutes. Shellac can be used as a pre staining wash
coat to obtain an even stain tone on porous or soft wood such as pine. It can also
be used to change the tone of an already shellacked surface by tinting it with
alcohol soluble aniline dye. Instead of re staining, pigmented shellac, also
called shellac enamel, is often used as a sealant over stained finishes for a
uniform, freshly painted surface.
VI

Machine Equipment

VII

Definition and Terms

Ochre - is a natural earth pigment containing hydrated iron oxide, which ranges in color from yellow to
deep orange or brown. It is also the name of the colors produced by this pigment, especially a light
brownish-yellow.
Pigment - is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of
wavelength-selective absorption.
Hematite, also spelled as haematite, is the mineral form of iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), one of several iron
oxides.
Charcoal is a light, black residue, consisting of carbon and any remaining ash, obtained by removing
water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances.

Lead(II,IV) oxide, also called minium, red lead or triplumbic tetroxide, is a bright red or orange
crystalline or amorphous pigment.
VIII

Conclusion

IX

Bibliography

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint
http://www.brendasemanick.com/art/historyofpaint.htm
http://www.historyworld.net
http://www.tikkurila.com/about_tikkurila/r_d_and_technology/paint_making_process
http://www.cmp.co.jp/