Summary of Formulas

1. Determining the sample size

N n= 1 + Ne 2
where: N - the population size e - the margin of error n - the sample size 2. 3.
Range = highest observation lowest observation k = 1 + 3.3 log n C = Range k 5.
Mean of ungrouped data observations X = observations Xi where: Xi sum of all n to
tal number of n 6. Mean of grouped data where: FiXi the product and the
4.
FiXi between the frequency Xmidpoint = classmark n observations
n total number of
value of the Xi Xunit-deviation = X0 + between the the unit
FiUi c n
where:
X 0 any chosen F iUi product frequency and
deviation c class size n total number of observations
136

7.
Median of grouped data
~
n
X = LMe +
2
fMe
cfb c
where:
LMe lower boundary of the Median class cfb cumulative frequency below one interv
al fMe frequency of the median class c class size n total number of
observation 8. Mode of grouped data
boundary of the X = LMo + the
^
d1 c d1 + d 2
where:
LMo lower
Modal class d 1 difference between frequency of the modal class and the frequenc
y of the next lower class d 2 difference between frequency of the modal class an
d the frequency of the next higher class c class size
the
9.
Quartile
(n)(i )
of the Qi = LQi + frequency
4
fQi
cfb c
where: LQi lower boundary Quartile class cfb cumulative below one interval fQi f
requency of the Quartile class c class size
10. Decile
137

(n)( i )
the Di = LDi +
10
fDi
cfb c
where: L Di lower boundary of Decile class cfb cumulative frequency below one in
terval fDi frequency of the Decile class c class size n total number of
observation 11. Percentile
( n)(i )
boundary of Pi = LPi + class
100
fPi
cfb c
where: L Pi lower the Percentile cfb cumulative frequency below one interval fPi
frequency of the percentile class c class size
12. 13.
Interquartile Range IR = Q3 Q1 Semi-interquartile range or Quartile Deviation QD
= ( Q3 Q1 ) or IR / 2
14.
Mean Deviation of Ungrouped Data
X
MD = distribution 15.
i
X
where:
X represents the X is the mean of the
individual values
n
F
Mean Deviation for Grouped Data
i
X i X
where:
Xi represents the X is the mean of the
classmark MD = distribution

n 16.
Variance for Ungrouped Data
Fi frequency
138

Standard Formula
Alternative Formula
nX 2 (X )
2
s2 =
17.
( X
i
X )2
n 1
s2 = n( n 1)
Standard Deviation for Ungrouped Data Standard Formula Alternative Formula
2 2 n s X (X ) =
s=
( X
i
X )2
n 1
n( n 1)
18.
Variance for Grouped Data Standard Formula Alternative Formula
s
2
=
F ( X
i
i
X )2
n 1
s
2
=
n Fi X i ( Fi X i ) 2

2
n(n 1)
Coding Formula
n iU i 2 ( iU i ) 2 F F

= n(n 1)

c2

s
19.
2
Standard Deviation for Grouped Data Standard Formula Alternative Formula
s2 =
F ( X
i
i
X )2
n 1
s2 =
n Fi X i ( Fi X i ) 2
2
n( n 1)
Coding Formula
nFiU i 2 (FiU i ) 2
s2
=
20.
Skewness
3(XX) 139

n(n 1)

c2

Sk = s
21. Kurtosis Ungrouped ( Xi X ) K= ns4
4
Grouped Fi( Xi X ) K= ns4
4
22.
Permutation n! a. nPr = (n - r)! N! where: N total number of objects n frequency
of each n1! n2! n3! nk! c.
( n-1 )
b. P = repeated object
P
( n-1 )
= (n1)!
23.
Combination n!
n
Cr =
r! ( n r )!
24.
Test tatistics Concerning Means A. Z-test ( used when n 30 ) 1. Z-test for comp
aring hypothesized and sample means (X) z=
n.
where:
X sample mean population mean
140

 dev.
population
tandard n
ample
ize
2. Z-te
t for comparing 2
ample mean
a. When the population
tandard deviation
i
given X1 X2 Z =

ample where: X1 mean of the fir
t
ample X2 mean of the
econd

tandard dev.

n1
1
+ n2
1
population
n1
ize of the fir
t n2
ize of the
econd
ample

ample
b.
When the
ample
tandard deviation
are given X1 X2 Z =

ample where: X1 mean of the fir
t
ample X2 mean of the
econd

S12 n1
+ S22 n2
S1

tandard dev. of
ample1 S2
tandard dev. of n1
ize of the fir
t
ample n 2
iz
e of the
econd
ample

ample2
B.
T-te
t ( u
ed if n < 30 and i
unknown )
1. T-te
t for comparing hypothe
ized and
ample mean
and i

unknown (X) t= mean s df = n 1 s sample standard dev. n sample size
n .
where:
X sample mean population
141

2. T-test for comparing two independent sample means and i

unknown. X 1 X2 t=

( n1 1 )
12 + ( n2 1 )
22 n1 + n2 2 n1

1
+ n2
1
df = n1 + n2 - 2 where: X1 mean of the fir
t
ample
X2 mean of the
econd
ample S1
tandard dev. of
ample1 S2
tandard dev. of
am
ple2 n1
ize of the fir
t
ample n2
ize of the
econd
ample
25.
Pear
on Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation ( ungrouped ) Method 1: Comput
ation of Pear
on Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation from Ungrouped Data w
hen Deviation
are taken from the Actual Mean
of the Serie
.
Standard Formula:
Alternative Formula:
rxy =
n x y
xy
rxy =
xy (x )( y
2
2
)
x =
x
n
2
y =
y
n
2
142

Method 2: Computation of Pear
on Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation from

Ungrouped Data when Deviation
are taken from the A

umed Mean
of the Serie
.
rxy =
x' y ' c c
n
x
y
x 'y '
cx =
x ' n
cy =
y ' n
x =
x
n
2
c2x
y =
y 
n
2
c2 y
Method 3: Computation of Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation from
Ungrouped Data when Deviations are expressed as sigma scores.
x x rxy = n
y y
Method 4: Computation of Pear
on Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation from
Ungrouped Data ba
ed on Original Mea
urement.
Standard Formula:
rxy =
[ X
2
XY nXY n( X ) ] [Y
2

2
n(Y ) 2
]
Alternative Formula:
143

rxy =
[n X
nXY X Y
2
(X ) 2 nY 2 (Y ) 2
][
]
26. Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation ( grouped ) xy - cx c n rxy =
x y * note: xy= uu* = vv*
27.
pearman Rank-Order Coefficient of Correlation where: 6 - constant D - refers to
the difference between a subjects ranks on the two variables N - the number of p
aired
observations
28.
Regression equation:
Y = a + bx
where a & b are constants and b
2
0
( Y ) ( X
values of X
) ( X ) ( XY )
where:
X sum of all
a= nX
2
Y sum of all values of Y
( X )
2
XY sum of the and Y X sum of the squared values of X n number of paired
2
product of X
n ( XY ) XY

observations
144

b= nX
2
( X )
2
145