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1.Linegraph.........2
1.1.TipsforLinegraph.....2
1.2.InternetUsersaspercentageofpopulation....3
1.3.InternatioalmigrationinUK...4
1.4.UKacidrainemission...5
1.5.Waterconsumption...6
1.6.Carownership....7
2.Barchart.8
2.1.Marriagesanddivorces.....8
2.2.Levelsofparticipation....9
2.3.Consumergood.....11
2.4.Houseprices......12
3.Table...13
3.1.Tipsfortable...13
3.2.Railnetworks..14
3.3.PovertyproportioninAustralia..15
3.4.Dailyactivities.....16
3.5.Goodsconsumer....17
4.Piechart..18
4.1.Cam7,page101..18
4.2.Diet....19
5.Map...20
5.1.VillageofChorleywood....20
5.2.Gallery....21
5.3.Housedesign....22
5.4.2proposedsupermarket..23
6.Process.....24
6.1.Tipsforprocessdiagram.24
6.2.ForecastinAustralia.25
6.3.Brickmanufactuting..26
6.4.Watercycle....27
1.Linegraph
1.1.TipsforLinegraph
Linegraphsalwaysshowchangesovertime.Here'ssomeadviceabouthowtodescribethem:
Trytowrite4paragraphsintroduction,summaryofmainpoints,2detailparagraphs.
Foryoursummaryparagraph,lookatthe"bigpicture"whatchangeshappenedtoallof
thelinesfromthebeginningtotheendoftheperiodshown(i.e.fromthefirstyeartothe
last).Isthereatrendthatallofthelinesfollow(e.g.anoverallincrease)?
Youdon'tneedtogivenumbersinyoursummaryparagraph.Numbersarespecific
details.Justmentiongeneralthingslike'overallchange','highest'and'lowest',without
givingspecificfigures.
Neverdescribeeachlineseparately.Theexaminerwantstoseecomparisons.
Ifthegraphshowsyears,youwon'thavetimetomentionallofthem.Thekeyyearsto
describearethefirstyearandthelastyear.Youshouldalsomentionany'special'years
(e.g.apeakorasignificantrise/fall).
Startdescribingdetails(paragraph3)withacomparisonofthelinesforthefirstyear
shownonthegraph(e.g.in1990,thenumberof...).
Usethepastsimple(increased,fell)forpastyears,and'will'or'isexpected/predictedto'
forfutureyears.
Don'tusethepassive(e.g.thenumberwasincreased),continuous(e.g.thenumberwas
increasing),orperfecttenses(e.g.thenumberhasincreased).
1.2.InternetUsersaspercentageofpopulation
ThelinegraphcomparesthepercentageofpeopleinthreecountrieswhousedtheInternet
between1999and2009.
ItisclearthattheproportionofthepopulationwhousedtheInternetincreasedineachcountry
overtheperiodshown.Overall,amuchlargerpercentageofCanadiansandAmericanshad
accesstotheInternetincomparisonwithMexicans,andCanadaexperiencedthefastestgrowth
inInternetusage.
In1999,theproportionofpeopleusingtheInternetintheUSAwasabout20%.Thefiguresfor
CanadaandMexicowerelower,atabout10%and5%respectively.In2005,Internetusagein
boththeUSAandCanadarosetoaround70%ofthepopulation,whilethefigureforMexico
reachedjustover25%.
By2009,thepercentageofInternetuserswashighestinCanada.Almost100%ofCanadians
usedtheInternet,comparedtoabout80%ofAmericansandonly40%ofMexicans.
1.3.InternationalmigrationinUK
ThechartgivesinformationaboutUKimmigration,emigrationandnetmigrationbetween1999
and2008.
Bothimmigrationandemigrationratesroseovertheperiodshown,butthefiguresforimmigration
weresignificantlyhigher.Netmigrationpeakedin2004and2007.
In1999,over450,000peoplecametoliveintheUK,whilethenumberofpeoplewhoemigrated
stoodatjustunder300,000.Thefigurefornetmigrationwasaround160,000,anditremainedat
asimilarleveluntil2003.From1999to2004,theimmigrationraterosebynearly150,000people,
buttherewasamuchsmallerriseinemigration.Netmigrationpeakedatalmost250,000people
in2004.
After2004,therateofimmigrationremainedhigh,butthenumberofpeopleemigratingfluctuated.
Emigrationfellsuddenlyin2007,beforepeakingatabout420,000peoplein2008.Asaresult,
thenetmigrationfigurerosetoaround240,000in2007,butfellbacktoaround160,000in2008.
(159words)
1.4.UKacidrainemission
ThegraphbelowshowsUKacidrainemissions,measuredinmillionsoftones,fromfour
differentsectorsbetween1990and2007.
I'vemadethefollowingessayintoagapfillexercise.
Thelinegraphcomparesfoursectorsin______oftheamountofacidrainemissionsthatthey
producedoveraperiodof17yearsintheUK.
ItisclearthatthetotalamountofacidrainemissionsintheUK____________between1990
and2007.Themost______decreasewasseenintheelectricity,gasandwatersupplysector.
In1990,around3.3milliontonesofacidrainemissionscamefromtheelectricity,gasandwater
sector.Thetransportandcommunicationsectorwas______forabout0.7milliontonesof
emissions,whilethedomesticsector______around0.6milliontones.Justover2milliontones
ofacidraingasescamefromotherindustries.
Emissionsfromelectricity,gasandwatersupplyfelldramaticallytoonly0.5milliontonesin
2007,a______ofalmost3milliontones.Whileacidraingasesfromthedomesticsectorand
otherindustriesfellgradually,thetransportsector______asmallincreaseinemissions,______
apeakof1milliontonesin2005.
Fillthegapsusingthesewords:produced,reachingfell,responsible,saw,considerably,terms,
drop,dramatic.
1.5.Waterconsumption
Thegraphandtablebelowgiveinformationaboutwateruseworldwideandwaterconsumptionin
twodifferentcountries.
Thechartscomparetheamountofwaterusedforagriculture,industryandhomesaroundthe
world,andwateruseinBrazilandtheDemocraticRepublicofCongo.
Itisclearthatglobalwaterneedsrosesignificantlybetween1900and2000,andthatagriculture
accountedforthelargestproportionofwaterused.Wecanalsoseethatwaterconsumption
wasconsiderablyhigherinBrazilthanintheCongo.
In1900,around500kmofwaterwasusedbytheagriculturesectorworldwide.Thefiguresfor
industrialanddomesticwaterconsumptionstoodataroundonefifthofthatamount.By2000,
globalwateruseforagriculturehadincreasedtoaround3000km,industrialwaterusehadrisen
tojustunderhalfthatamount,anddomesticconsumptionhadreachedapproximately500km.
Intheyear2000,thepopulationsofBrazilandtheCongowere176millionand5.2million
respectively.WaterconsumptionperpersoninBrazil,at359m,wasmuchhigherthanthatin
theCongo,atonly8m,andthiscouldbeexplainedbythefactthatBrazilhad265timesmore
irrigatedland.
(184words,band9)
1.6.Carownership
ThegraphbelowgivesinformationaboutcarownershipinBritainfrom1971to2007.
Thegraphshowschangesinthenumberofcars______householdinGreatBritain______a
periodof36years.
Overall,carownershipinBritainincreased______1971and2007.Inparticular,thenumberof
householdswithtwocarsrose,whilethenumberofhouseholds______acarfell.
In1971,______halfofallBritishhouseholdsdidnothaveregularuseofacar.Around44%of
householdshadonecar,butonlyabout7%hadtwocars.Itwasuncommonforfamiliestoown
threeormorecars,______around2%ofhouseholdsfallingintothiscategory.
Theonecarhouseholdwasthemostcommontypefromthelate1970s______,althoughthere
waslittlechangeinthe______forthiscategory.Thebiggestchangewasseenintheproportion
ofhouseholdswithoutacar,whichfellsteadilyoverthe36yearperiod______around25%in
2007.Incontrast,theproportionoftwocarfamiliesrosesteadily,reachingabout26%in2007,
andtheproportionofhouseholdswithmorethantwocarsrose______around5%.
Fillthegapsintheessaywiththefollowingwords:almost,to,figures,per,between,by,over,
with,without,onwards.
2.Barchart
2.1.Marriagesanddivorces
TherstbarchartshowschangesinthenumberofmarriagesanddivorcesintheUSA,andthe
secondchartshowsguresforthemaritalstatusofAmericanadultsin1970and2000.
ItisclearthattherewasafallinthenumberofmarriagesintheUSAbetween1970and2000.
ThemajorityofadultAmericansweremarriedinbothyears,buttheproportionofsingleadults
washigherin2000.
In1970,therewere2.5millionmarriagesintheUSAand1milliondivorces.Themarriagerate
remainedstablein1980,butfellto2millionbytheyear2000.Incontrast,thedivorcerate
peakedin1980,atnearly1.5milliondivorces,beforefallingbackto1millionattheendofthe
period.
Around70%ofAmericanadultsweremarriedin1970,butthisguredroppedtojustunder60%
by2000.Atthesametime,theproportionofunmarriedpeopleanddivorceesrosebyabout10%
intotal.TheproportionofwidowedAmericanswasslightlylowerin2000.
(174words)
2.2.Levelsofparticipation
Thechartsbelowshowthelevelsofparticipationineducationandscienceindevelopingand
industrialisedcountriesin1980and1990.
Thethreebarchartsshowaverageyearsofschooling,numbersofscientistsandtechnicians,
andresearchanddevelopmentspendingindevelopinganddevelopedcountries.Figuresare
givenfor1980and1990.
Itisclearfromthechartsthatthefiguresfordevelopedcountriesaremuchhigherthanthosefor
developingnations.Also,thechartsshowanoverallincreaseinparticipationineducationand
sciencefrom1980to1990.
Peopleindevelopingnationsattendedschoolforanaverageofaround3years,withonlyaslight
increaseinyearsofschoolingfrom1980to1990.Ontheotherhand,thefigureforindustrialised
countriesrosefromnearly9yearsofschoolingin1980tonearly11yearsin1990.
From1980to1990,thenumberofscientistsandtechniciansinindustrialisedcountriesalmost
doubledtoabout70per1000people.Spendingonresearchanddevelopmentalsosawrapid
growthinthesecountries,reaching$350billionin1990.Bycontrast,thenumberofscience
workersindevelopingcountriesremainedbelow20per1000people,andresearchspendingfell
fromabout$50billiontoonly$25billion.
(187words)
2.3.Consumergood
ThebarchartcomparesconsumerspendingonsixdifferentitemsinGermany,Italy,Franceand
Britain.
ItisclearthatBritishpeoplespentsignificantlymoremoneythanpeopleintheotherthree
countriesonallsixgoods.Ofthesixitems,consumersspentthemostmoneyonphotographic
film.
PeopleinBritainspentjustover170,000onphotographicfilm,whichisthehighestfigure
shownonthechart.Bycontrast,Germanswerethelowestoverallspenders,withroughlythe
samefigures(justunder150,000)foreachofthesixproducts.
ThefiguresforspendingontoyswerethesameinbothFranceandItaly,atnearly160,000.
However,whileFrenchpeoplespentmorethanItaliansonphotographicfilmandCDs,Italians
paidoutmoreforpersonalstereos,tennisracquetsandperfumes.TheamountspentbyFrench
peopleontennisracquets,around145,000,isthelowestfigureshownonthechart.
(154words)
2.4.Houseprices
Thebarchartcomparesthecostofanaveragehouseinfivemajorcitiesoveraperiodof13
yearsfrom1989.
Wecanseethathousepricesfelloverallbetween1990and1995,butmostofthecitiessaw
risingpricesbetween1996and2002.Londonexperiencedbyfarthegreatestchangesinhouse
pricesoverthe13yearperiod.
Overthe5yearsafter1989,thecostofaveragehomesinTokyoandLondondroppedby
around7%,whileNewYorkhousepriceswentdownby5%.Bycontrast,pricesroseby
approximately2%inbothMadridandFrankfurt.
Between1996and2002,Londonhousepricesjumpedtoaround12%abovethe1989average.
HomebuyersinNewYorkalsohadtopaysignificantlymore,withpricesrisingto5%abovethe
1989average,buthomesinTokyoremainedcheaperthantheywerein1989.Thecostofan
averagehomeinMadridrosebyafurther2%,whilepricesinFrankfurtremainedstable.
(165words)
3.Table
3.1.Tipsfortable
Tablesseemdifficultwhentheycontainalotofnumbers.Here'ssomeadvice:
Trytowrite4paragraphsintroduction,summaryofmainpoints,2detailparagraphs.
Beforeyoustartwriting,highlightsomekeynumbers.Choosethebiggestnumberin
eachcategoryinthetable(i.e.ineachcolumnandrow).Ifthetableshowsyears,look
forthebiggestchangesinnumbersoverthetimeperiod.Youcouldalsomentionthe
smallestnumbers,butyoucanignoe'middle'numbers(neitherbiggestnorsmallest).
Foryoursummaryparagraph,trytocomparewholecategories(columnsorrows)rather
thanindividual'cells'inthetable.Ifyoucan'tcomparewholecategories,comparethe
biggestandsmallestnumber.Write2sentencesforthesummary.
Inyourtwo'details'paragraphs,neverdescribeeachcategory(columnorrow)
separately.Theexaminerwantstoseecomparisons.Trytoorganisethenumbersyou
highlightedinto2groupsoneforeachparagraph(e.g.highestnumbersforall
categoriestogether,andlowestnumberstogether).
Describe/comparethenumbersyouhighlightedincludeatleast3numbersineach
paragraph.
Usethepastsimpleforpastyears,and'will'or'isexpected/predictedto'forfutureyears.
Ifnotimeisshown,usethepresentsimple.
3.2.Railnetworks
Thetablebelowgivesinformationabouttheundergroundrailwaysystemsinsixcities.
Thetableshowsdataabouttheundergroundrailnetworksinsixmajorcities.
Thetablecomparesthesixnetworksintermsoftheirage,sizeandthenumberofpeoplewho
usethemeachyear.Itisclearthatthethreeoldestundergroundsystemsarelargerandserve
significantlymorepassengersthanthenewersystems.
TheLondonundergroundistheoldestsystem,havingopenedin1863.Itisalsothelargest
system,with394kilometresofroute.Thesecondlargestsystem,inParis,isonlyabouthalfthe
sizeoftheLondonunderground,with199kilometresofroute.However,itservesmorepeople
peryear.Whileonlythirdintermsofsize,theTokyosystemiseasilythemostused,with1927
millionpassengersperyear.
Ofthethreenewernetworks,theWashingtonDCundergroundisthemostextensive,with126
kilometresofroute,comparedtoonly11kilometresand28kilometresfortheKyotoandLos
Angelessystems.TheLosAngelesnetworkisthenewest,havingopenedin2001,whilethe
Kyotonetworkisthesmallestandservesonly45millionpassengersperyear.
(185words)
3.3.PovertyproportioninAustralia
Thetablebelowshowstheproportionofdifferentcategoriesoffamilieslivinginpovertyin
Australiain1999.
ThetablegivesinformationaboutpovertyratesamongsixtypesofhouseholdinAustraliainthe
year1999.
Itisnoticeablethatlevelsofpovertywerehigherforsinglepeoplethanforcouples,andpeople
withchildrenweremorelikelytobepoorthanthosewithout.Povertyrateswereconsiderably
loweramongelderlypeople.
Overall,11%ofAustralians,or1,837,000people,werelivinginpovertyin1999.Agedpeople
weretheleastlikelytobepoor,withpovertylevelsof6%and4%forsingleagedpeopleand
agedcouplesrespectively.
Justoveronefifthofsingleparentswerelivinginpoverty,whereasonly12%ofparentsliving
withapartnerwereclassedaspoor.Thesamepatterncanbeseenforpeoplewithnochildren:
while19%ofsinglepeopleinthisgroupwerelivingbelowthepovertyline,thefigureforcouples
wasmuchlower,atonly7%.
(150words,band9)
3.4.Dailyactivities
ThechartbelowshowsaveragehoursandminutesspentbyUKmalesandfemalesondifferent
dailyactivities.
I'vemadethefollowingessayintoagapfillexercise.
Thetablecomparestheaverage______oftimeperdaythatmenandwomenintheUKspend
______differentactivities.
ItisclearthatpeopleintheUKspendmoretime______thandoinganyotherdailyactivity.Also,
therearesignificantdifferencesbetweenthetime______bymenandwomenon
employment/studyandhousework.
Onaverage,menandwomenintheUK______forabout8hoursperday.Leisure______
______thesecondlargestproportionoftheirtime.Menspend5hoursand25minutesdoing
variousleisureactivities,suchaswatchingTVordoingsport,______womenhave4hoursand
53minutesofleisuretime.
Itisnoticeablethatmenworkorstudyforanaverageof79minutesmorethanwomenevery
day.Bycontrast,womenspend79minutesmorethanmendoinghousework,andtheyspend
____________asmuchtimelookingafterchildren.
Fillthegapsusingthesewords:doing,up,over,spent,while,sleeping,sleep,twice,amount,
takes
3.5.Goodsconsumer
Thetablebelowgivesinformationonconsumerspendingondifferentitemsinfivedifferent
countriesin2002.
Percentageofnationalconsumerexpenditurebycategory2002
Thetableshowspercentagesofconsumerexpenditureforthreecategoriesofproductsand
servicesinfivecountriesin2002.
Itisclearthatthelargestproportionofconsumerspendingineachcountrywentonfood,drinks
andtobacco.Ontheotherhand,theleisure/educationcategoryhasthelowestpercentagesin
thetable.
Outofthefivecountries,consumerspendingonfood,drinksandtobaccowasnoticeablyhigher
inTurkey,at32.14%,andIreland,atnearly29%.Theproportionofspendingonleisureand
educationwasalsohighestinTurkey,at4.35%,whileexpenditureonclothingandfootwearwas
significantlyhigherinItaly,at9%,thaninanyoftheothercountries.
ItcanbeseenthatSwedenhadthelowestpercentagesofnationalconsumerexpenditurefor
food/drinks/tobaccoandforclothing/footwear,atnearly16%andjustover5%respectively.
Spainhadslightlyhigherfiguresforthesecategories,butthelowestfigureforleisure/education,
atonly1.98%.
(155words)
4.Piechart
4.1.Cam7,page101
Thepiechartscomparetheamountofelectricityproducedusingfivedifferentsourcesoffuelin
twocountriesovertwoseparateyears.
Totalelectricityproductionincreaseddramaticallyfrom1980to2000inbothAustraliaand
France.Whilethetotalsforbothcountriesweresimilar,therewerebigdifferencesinthefuel
sourcesused.
Coalwasusedtoproduce50ofthetotal100unitsofelectricityinAustraliain1980,risingto130
outof170unitsin2000.Bycontrast,nuclearpowerbecamethemostimportantfuelsourcein
Francein2000,producingalmost75%ofthecountryselectricity.
Australiadependedonhydropowerforjustunder25%ofitselectricityinbothyears,butthe
amountofelectricityproducedusingthistypeofpowerfellfrom5toonly2unitsinFrance.Oil,
ontheotherhand,remainedarelativelyimportantfuelsourceinFrance,butitsusedeclinedin
Australia.Bothcountriesreliedonnaturalgasforelectricityproductionsignificantlymorein1980
thanin2000.
(170words)
4.2.Diet
Fillthegapswiththesewords:constitutes,drops,amount,fifth,higher,make,one,relative,
figure,up
Thepiechartscomparetheproportionofcarbohydrates,proteinandfatinthreedifferentdiets,
namelyanaveragediet,ahealthydiet,andahealthydietforsport.
Itisnoticeablethatsportspeoplerequireadietcomprisingasignificantlyhigherproportionof
carbohydratesthananaveragedietorahealthydiet.Theaveragedietcontainsthelowest
percentageofcarbohydratesbutthehighestproportionofprotein.
Carbohydrates____________60%ofthehealthydietforsport.Thisis10%______thanthe
proportionofcarbohydratesinanormalhealthydiet,and20%morethantheproportioninan
averagediet.Ontheotherhand,peoplewhoeatanaveragedietconsumeagreater______
______ofprotein(40%)thanthosewhoeatahealthydiet(30%)andsportspeople(25%).
Thethirdcompoundshowninthechartsisfat.Fat______exactly____________ofboththe
averagedietandthehealthydiet,butthe____________toonly15%forthehealthysportsdiet.
5.Map
5.1.VillageofChorleywood
ThemapshowsthegrowthofavillagecalledChorleywoodbetween1868and1994.
Itisclearthatthevillagegrewasthetransportinfrastructurewasimproved.Fourperiodsof
developmentareshownonthemap,andeachofthepopulatedareasisneartothemainroads,
therailwayorthemotorway.
From1868to1883,Chorleywoodcoveredasmallareanexttooneofthemainroads.
ChorleywoodParkandGolfCourseisnowlocatednexttothisoriginalvillagearea.Thevillage
grewalongthemainroadtothesouthbetween1883and1922,andin1909arailwaylinewas
builtcrossingthisareafromwesttoeast.Chorleywoodstationisinthispartofthevillage.
TheexpansionofChorleywoodcontinuedtotheeastandwestalongsidetherailwaylineuntil
1970.Atthattime,amotorwaywasbuilttotheeastofthevillage,andfrom1970to1994,further
developmentofthevillagetookplacearoundmotorwayintersectionswiththerailwayandoneof
themainroads.
(174words)
5.2.Gallery
Thefirstpictureshowsthelayoutofanartgallery,andthesecondshowssomeproposed
changestothegalleryspace.
Itisclearthatsignificantchangeswillbemadeintermsoftheuseoffloorspaceinthegallery.
Therewillbeacompletelynewentranceandmorespaceforexhibitions.
Atpresent,visitorsenterthegallerythroughdoorswhichleadintoalobby.However,theplanis
tomovetheentrancetotheParkinsonCourtsideofthebuilding,andvisitorswillwalkstraight
intotheexhibitionarea.Inplaceofthelobbyandofficeareas,whichareshownontheexisting
plan,thenewgalleryplanshowsaneducationareaandasmallstoragearea.
Thepermanentexhibitionspaceintheredevelopedgallerywillbeabouttwiceaslargeasitis
nowbecauseitwilloccupytheareathatisnowusedfortemporaryexhibitions.Therewillalso
beanewroomforspecialexhibitions.Thisroomisshowninredontheexistingplanandisnot
currentlypartofthegallery.
(178words,band9)
5.3.Housedesign
Thediagramsshowhowhousedesignsdifferaccordingtoclimate.
Themostnoticeabledifferencebetweenhousesdesignedforcoolandwarmclimatesisinthe
shapeoftheroof.Thedesignsalsodifferwithregardtothewindowsandtheuseofinsulation.
Wecanseethatthecoolclimatehousehasahighangledroof,whichallowssunlighttoenter
throughthewindow.Bycontrast,theroofofthewarmclimatehousehasapeakinthemiddle
androofoverhangstoshadethewindows.Insulationandthermalbuildingmaterialsareusedin
coolclimatestoreduceheatloss,whereasinsulationandreflectivematerialsareusedtokeep
theheatoutinwarmclimates.
Finally,thecoolclimatehousehasonewindowwhichfacesthedirectionofthesun,whilethe
warmclimatehousehaswindowsontwosideswhichareshadedfromthesun.Byopeningthe
twowindowsatnight,thehousedesignedforwarmclimatescanbeventilated.
(162words,band9)
5.4.2proposedsupermarket
ThemapbelowisofthetownofGarlsdon.Anewsupermarket(S)isplannedforthetown.The
mapshowstwopossiblesitesforthesupermarket.
Themapshowstwopotentiallocations(S1andS2)foranewsupermarketinatowncalled
Garlsdon.
ThemaindifferencebetweenthetwositesisthatS1isoutsidethetown,whereasS2isinthe
towncentre.Thesitescanalsobecomparedintermsofaccessbyroadorrail,andtheir
positionsrelativetothreesmallertowns.
Lookingattheinformationinmoredetail,S1isinthecountrysidetothenorthwestofGarlsdon,
butitisclosetotheresidentialareaofthetown.S2isalsoclosetothehousingarea,which
surroundsthetowncentre.
TherearemainroadsfromHindon,BransdonandCransdontoGarlsdontowncentre,butthisis
anotrafficzone,sotherewouldbenoaccesstoS2bycar.Bycontrast,S1liesonthemain
roadtoHindon,butitwouldbemoredifficulttoreachfromBransdonandCransdon.Both
supermarketsitesareclosetotherailwaythatrunsthroughGarlsdonfromHindontoCransdon.
(171words)
6.Process
6.1.Tipsforprocessdiagram
Processdiagramsshowhowsomethingisdoneormade.Theyalwaysshowsteps/stages.
Here'ssomeadviceabouthowtodescribethem:
Trytowrite4paragraphsintroduction,summaryofmainpoints,2detailparagraphs.
Writetheintroductionbyparaphrasingthequestion(rewriteitbychangingsomeofthe
words).
Foryoursummary,firstsayhowmanystepsthereareintheprocess.Thensay
where/howtheprocessbeginsandends(lookatthefirstandlaststages).
Inparagraphs3and4,describetheprocessstepbystep.Includethefirstandlaststeps
thatyoumentionedinthesummary,buttrytodescribetheminmoredetailorina
differentway.
Youcoulddescribethestepsinoneparagraph,butitlooksmoreorganisedifyoubreak
thedescriptionintotwoparagraphs.Juststartparagraph4somewhereinthemiddleof
theprocess.
Mentioneverystageintheprocess.
Use'sequencing'languagee.g.atthefirst/second/following/finalstageofthe
process,next,afterthat,then,finallyetc.
Times(e.g.pastdates)arenotusuallyshown,sousethepresentsimpletense.
It'susuallyagoodideatousethepassivee.g.'Atthefinalstage,theproductisdelivered
toshops'(becausewedon'tneedtoknowwhodeliveredtheproduct).
6.2.ForecastinAustralia
ThediagrambelowshowshowtheAustralianBureauofMeteorologycollectsuptotheminute
informationontheweatherinordertoproducereliableforecasts.
ThefigureillustratestheprocessusedbytheAustralianBureauofMeteorologytoforecastthe
weather.
Therearefourstagesintheprocess,beginningwiththecollectionofinformationaboutthe
weather.Thisinformationisthenanalysed,preparedforpresentation,andfinallybroadcastto
thepublic.
Lookingatthefirstandsecondstagesoftheprocess,therearethreewaysofcollectingweather
dataandthreewaysofanalysingit.Firstly,incominginformationcanbereceivedbysatelliteand
presentedforanalysisasasatellitephoto.Thesamedatacanalsobepassedtoaradarstation
andpresentedonaradarscreenorsynopticchart.Secondly,incominginformationmaybe
collecteddirectlybyradarandanalysedonaradarscreenorsynopticchart.Finally,drifting
buoysalsoreceivedatawhichcanbeshownonasynopticchart.
Atthethirdstageoftheprocess,theweatherbroadcastispreparedoncomputers.Finally,itis
deliveredtothepublicontelevision,ontheradio,orasarecordedtelephoneannouncement.
(170words)
6.3.Brickmanufactuting
Herearemy2mainparagraphsdescribingthesteps:
Atthebeginningoftheprocess,clayisdugfromtheground.Theclayisputthroughametalgrid,
anditpassesontoarollerwhereitismixedwithsandandwater.Afterthat,theclaycanbe
shapedintobricksintwoways:eitheritisputinamould,orawirecutterisused.
Atthefourthstageintheprocess,theclaybricksareplacedinadryingovenforonetotwo
days.Next,thebricksareheatedinakilnatamoderatetemperature(200900degrees
Celsius)andthenatahightemperature(upto1300degrees),beforespendingtwotothreedays
inacoolingchamber.Finally,thefinishedbricksarepackagedanddelivered.
6.4.Watercycle
Thediagrambelowshowsthewatercycle,whichisthecontinuousmovementofwateron,
aboveandbelowthesurfaceoftheEarth.
Thepictureillustratesthewayinwhichwaterpassesfromoceantoairtolandduringthenatural
processknownasthewatercycle.
Threemainstagesareshownonthediagram.Oceanwaterevaporates,fallsasrain,and
eventuallyrunsbackintotheoceansagain.
Beginningattheevaporationstage,wecanseethat80%ofwatervapourintheaircomesfrom
theoceans.Heatfromthesuncauseswatertoevaporate,andwatervapourcondensestoform
clouds.Atthesecondstage,labelledprecipitationonthediagram,waterfallsasrainorsnow.
Atthethirdstageinthecycle,rainwatermaytakevariouspaths.Someofitmayfallintolakesor
returntotheoceansviasurfacerunoff.Otherwise,rainwatermayfilterthroughtheground,
reachingtheimperviouslayeroftheearth.Saltwaterintrusionisshowntotakeplacejustbefore
groundwaterpassesintotheoceanstocompletethecycle.
(156words,band9)