Trigonometric integrals

Previous lecture
Z

1
sin x cos x =
2

sin2 x dx =
Z

1
2

1
cos x dx =
2

1
sin 2x dx = cos 2x + C,
4

(1 cos 2x) dx =

x 1
sin 2x + C
2 4

(1 + cos 2x) dx =

x 1
+ sin 2x + C
2 4

Integrals of the form

Z

sin ax cos bx dx,

sin ax sin bx dx,

cos ax cos bx dx,

a 6= b

Two basic identities:

sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
cos (x + y) = cos x cos y sin x sin y
(for small x, y sin is increasing, +, cos is decreasing, )
Change y to y
sin (x y) = sin x cos y cos x sin y
cos (x y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
2 sin x cos y = sin (x + y) + sin (x y)
2 cos x cos y = cos (x + y) + cos (x y)
2 sin x sin y = cos (x y) cos (x + y)
Application to integrals.
Example
Z

1
sin 2x cos 3x dx =
2
=

1
2

(sin (2x + 3x) + sin (2x 3x)) dx =

MATH115 T2 Winter 04, A.Potapov

sin 5x dx

1
2

sin x dx =

1
1
cos 5x + cos x + C.
10
2
1

www.math.ualberta.ca/apotapov/math115.htm

Example
Z

cos 3x cos 5x dx =
=

1
2

1
2

(cos (3x + 5x) + cos (3x 5x)) dx =

cos 8x dx +

1
2

cos 2x dx =

1
1
sin 8x + sin 2x + C.
16
4

=
Example
Z

1
sin 3x sin 5x dx =
2
1
=
2

(cos (3x 5x) cos (3x + 5x)) dx =

1
cos 2x dx
2

cos 8x dx =

1
1
sin 2x
sin 8x + C.
4
16

Integrals of the form

Z

sinm x cosn x dx,

tanm x secn x dx,

cotm x cscn x dx.

Idea use substitution to transform to integral of polynomial

Z

Pk (u)du

or

Pk (u)
ds.
us

Actual substitution depends on m, n, and the type of the integral.

Typical substitutions: u = sin x, cos x, tan x, sec x, cot x, csc x.
Task: find, which substitution integral can be transformed

Even or odd powers in

P (u)du without

1 u2 or similar.

cosm x sinn x dx

cosm x sinn x dx = cosm1 x sinn x cos xdx

cos xdx = d (sin x), u = sin x, but have to express cosm1 x through sin x.

If m = 2k + 1 (odd) we can: cos2k x = cos2 x

If m = 2k (even) we can not without

= 1 sin2 x

= 1 u2

1 sin2 x.

Similarly
cosm x sinn x dx = cosm x sinn1 x sin xdx
MATH115 T2 Winter 04, A.Potapov

www.math.ualberta.ca/apotapov/math115.htm

If n = 2k + 1 (odd) we can use u = cos x, if n = 2k (even) cannot.

sincos rule: if one has odd power, use other for substitution.
1) Odd power at cos x, u = sin x, du = cos x dx, cos2 x = 1 u2
Z

cos2k+1 x sinn x dx =

cos2k x sinn x cos xdx =

1 u2

un du

Example: no sin x, but still u = sin x

Z

cos x

cos x dx =
Z

cos x dx =

1 u2

du =

2
1
1 2u2 + u4 du = u u3 + u5 + C =
3
5

= sin x

2
1
sin3 x + sin5 x + C.
3
5

2) Odd power at sin x, u = cos x, du = sin x dx, sin2 x = 1 u2

Z

Z
m

2k+1

cos x sin

Z
m

x dx =

2k

cos x sin

um 1 u2

x sin xdx =

du

3) Odd powers at both: use for u one with bigger power:

Example: a) u = cos x
Z

cos3 x sin9 x dx =
Z

cos3 x sin8 x sin xdx =

u3 1 u2

du =

u3 1 4u2 + 6u4 4u6 + u8 du =

4
6
4
1
1
cos10 x
cos12 x + C
= cos4 x + cos6 x cos8 x +
4
6
8
10
12
b) u = sin x
Z

Z
3

cos x sin x dx =
Z

u9 u11 du =

cos x sin x cos xdx =

1 u2 u9 du =

1 10
1
1
1
u u12 + C =
sin10 x
sin12 x + C
10
12
10
12

which is simpler?
4) Even powers at both. No good substitution. Transform with double angle formulas (x 2x) to smaller
powers:
sin2 x =

1 cos 2x
,
2

MATH115 T2 Winter 04, A.Potapov

cos2 x =

1 + cos 2x
,
2

sin x cos x =

sin 2x
2

www.math.ualberta.ca/apotapov/math115.htm

Example:
Z

sin4 x cos6 xdx =

Z

=
1
=
64

(sin x cos x)4 cos2 x =

1
1 + cos 2x 1
sin4 2x
d (2x) = [z = 2x]
16
2
2

1
sin zdz [double angle] +
64
4

1
=
64
1
=
256

1 cos 2z
2

sin4 z cos zdz [u = sin z] =

1
dz +
64

u4 du =

1 2 cos 2z + cos2 2z dz +
Z

1 5
u +C =
320

z
1
1

sin z +
256 256
512

x
1
x
1
1

sin 2x +
+
sin 4z +
sin5 2x + C =
128 256
256 2048
320
=

1
sin5 z + C =
320

3
1
1
1
x
sin 2x +
sin 8x +
sin5 2x + C.
256
256
2048
320
R

Even or odd powers in

(1 + cos 4z) dz +

tanm x secn x dx

If m = 2k + 1 is odd, you can rewrite and use the substitution u = cos x

Z

Z
2k+1

tan

x sec x dx =

sin2k+1 x
dx =
cos2k+1+n x

1 u2
du.
u2k+1+n

Example:
Z

tan x dx =

sin x
dx [u = cos x] =
cos x

du
= ln |cos x| + C
u

Example:
Z

Z
3

tan x dx =
Z

Z
3

du +

sin3 x
dx = [u = cos x] =
cos3 x

1 u2
du =
u3

1
1
u1 du = u2 + ln |u| + C = sec2 x + ln |cos x| + C
2
2

Other possibility to use substitutions

a)

u = tan x,

du = sec2 x dx,

sec2 x = 1 + u2

so the power at sec x must be even, power at tan x may be any;

b)

u = sec x,

du = tan x sec x dx,

tan2 x = u2 1

So the power at tan x must be odd, power at sec x may be any;

MATH115 T2 Winter 04, A.Potapov

www.math.ualberta.ca/apotapov/math115.htm

1) Even power at sec x, n = 2k + 2, u = tan x,

Z

tanm x sec2k+2 x dx =

um 1 + u2

du.

Example:
Z

tan4 x sec4 x dx =

u4 1 + u2 du =

u4 + u6 du =

1
1
1
1
= u5 + u7 + C = tan5 x + tan7 x + C
5
7
5
7
Example: no tan x, but still u = tan x
Z

Z
4

sec x dx =

sec x sec x dx =

1 + u2 du =

1
1
= u + u3 + C = tan x + tan3 x + C.
3
3
2) Odd power at tan x, m = 2k + 1, u = sec x,
Z

tan2k+1 x secn x dx =

tan2 x

secn1 x tan x sec xdx =

u2 1

un1 du.

Example:
Z

tan1 x sec0 xdx =

tan xdx =

(sec x)1 tan x sec xdx =

u1 du =

= ln |u| + C = ln |sec x| + C = ln |cos x| + C

Other types:

tan2k+2 x dx

Reduction formula
Z

tan
Z

tan2k x sin2 x sec2 x dx =

x dx =

tan2k x 1 cos2 x sec2 x dx =

=
Z

2k+2

Z
2k

tan

x dx =

MATH115 T2 Winter 04, A.Potapov

Z
2k

u du +

tan2k x sec2 x dx [u = tan x] +

tan2k2 x 1 cos2 x sec2 x dx = ...

www.math.ualberta.ca/apotapov/math115.htm

Other types:

seck x dx, k = 1, 3, 5, ...

R

Denote for brevity Jk =

seck x dx

k=1
Z

J1 =

sec xdx =
Z

dx
=
cos x

du
1
=
2
1u
2

1
1
+
du =
1+u 1u

cos xdx
= [u = sin x]
cos2 x

1
1 1 + u
1 1 + sin x
(ln |1 + u| ln |1 u|) + C = ln
+ C = ln
+C =

2
2
1u
2
1 sin x

(1 + sin x)
(1 + sin x)2
1 (1 + sin x)2
1

+C =
+ C = ln
= ln
+ C = ln
2

2
(1 sin x) (1 + sin x)
2
cos x
1 sin x

= ln |sec x + tan x| + C
k 3: reduction formula
Z

Jk =

seck x dx =

seck2 x sec2 xdx =

seck2 x (tan x)0 dx =

= sec

k2

x tan x

tan x (k 2) seck3 x tan x sec xdx =

Z

= seck2 x tan x (k 2)
= seck2 x tan x (k 2)

tan2 x seck2 xdx =

sec2 x 1 seck2 xdx =

= seck2 x tan x (k 2) (Jk Jk2 )

Reduction formula
Jk =

1
k2
seck2 x tan x +
Jk2
k1
k1

Application:
J3 =
Integrals of Ik =

1
1
1
1
sec x tan x + J1 = sec x tan x + ln |sec x + tan x| + C
2
2
2
2

csck x dx can be evaluated in a similar way..

MATH115 T2 Winter 04, A.Potapov

www.math.ualberta.ca/apotapov/math115.htm