3

2
1

) k 2 +

e2 =

a
gr a( i
b

a
2
) k + gr a ( i
b
1

e2b +

ni s i

e 2b + 2a

e3 + 1

) k 2 +

3 6
) k + ( i
2

(i

= 3 i 13

+ 1 s o c( e = i e e =

2 ,1,0 = k

e=

i +1

e 2

i3

e = i 1
i + 1
7
i2

0 , nis i + soc 1 5

) i + 3 ( 6

)4(

= bi + a

s oc( 2 =

k 2 + ) 3 ( gt cr a i

1 = )1 n i s i

3 6
3 6
) k + ( ni s i + ) k + ( s oc =
2
2

bi + a

i 1) 3 (

i +1

e)2(

1 1 1 x 1 1 = z

) 1(

x = )*z + z (

z
2
2
z
2
2
+
)
z
(
=
+
= :
)
z
(

1 1
*z
1
1
1
=z

.1

1 ) + z ( = 1= z
z
1

2
1

z .1

1.1.1

 ki

1= k
n

q1
= ns
) nq1(1a

k ni s i + k s o c =

ki

2
nis 2
1= k

= k nis
2
n
+ n (s oc
1

s o c + )

2
nis 2
1= k

= k s oc
2
n
+ n ( nis
1

n i s )

) 2 nis 2 soc( nis soc 4 = 4 nis

.4

4 nis + 2 soc 2 nis 6 4 soc = 4 soc

) 2 nis 2 soc( nis soc 4 i + ) 4 nis + 2 soc 2 nis 6 4 soc( =

!0!4
!1!3
n is
+ soc nis
+
3
!4 4 i
!4 3 i
4

!2!2
!3!1
! 4 !0
soc nis
+ 3 soc nis
+ 4 soc
= 4 nis i + 4 soc
!4 2 i
!4 i
!4
2

!) k n(! k 0= k

soc nis
= n ) nis i + soc( = n nis i + n soc
!n k i
n
2

kn

4 nis 4 soc soc nis 3

4
4
i + 1
7
) nis i soc( 2 = 4 e2 =
i2
i

8
2
nis i =
1

) i 3 ( 3)i + 3 (
8
8
e =i = 3
=
1
1
)i 3 (
3

2
2
+
n
i
s
i
soc nis2 =

) i + 3 ( 6

2
e nis 2 = nis i + soc 1 5

2
2
a
a

+
+
+
)
g
r
a
(
n
i
s
)
g
r
a
(
s
o
c
k
i
k

1
1
b
b
i

b +

z 2z 1z 2z =

z 1z

1 = c

0 C 3z = 2z = 1z 0=C .C
2

3z 2 z
1z 3z
z 2z = 1z 3z = 1z 2z 3 1 = 1 2 3z , 2z , 1z .7
z z
z z

1=

ba
ba

b aa a

ba

b a 1 a

ba

b a 1
ba

1 = a

1=

ba 1
,1 = a ,1 < b .6
b a

n at cr a

n at cr a
= z gr a =

n at cr a

n at cr a

x
VI z 2 +
y
x
III z +
y
x
II z , +
y
x
y
I z

, 2 < z gr a 0

zgra

x
toc ra
y

<

2
x
toc ra < 5
y

2
2
ni s 2
nis 2

+ 2
i =
2
2
+ n ( ni s
s o c ) + n ( s o c

1
1

n i s )

2
1

ni s i 2

2
+n(i
1

e 1

i
=

)
e

1
(
e
ni
i

ki

1-

2
i
1

2
i
1

n i

e
i

2
i
1

e
e

e = ) k nis i + k soc(
1= k

1= k

2 n
0=
mil
n i+1
2 nl
2 nl
.
) ( N > n
-=N
->n

nl
nl
2
2
<
< 0 -
0 >
n
n i+1
1

2
N - . 0 1
0

n i+1
0

z = 0y + 0x =nyi + nxmil = nz mil nz n

n

y = ny mil
n

0x = nx mil
n

0y0x
ny p + n y
nx p + nx ny p + n y
< nz p + nz =

2
2
ny p + n y
nx p + nx nx p + nx
< nz p + nz =

2
2

< 0z p + nzN>n0 > ) ( N0 >

< 0z nz + 0z p + nz nz 0z + 0z p + nz = nz p + nz )31(
2
2
< 0z n z

< 0z p + n z

N>n0 > ) ( N0 > , 0z = nz mil

n

z , > nz p + nz p) ( N0 >

.9

z 1z +

z +

z 1z +

2
2

) 2z +

z 1z 2 +

z 2z +

z ( =

z +

z 2 +

z + ) 2 z 1z ( e R 2 +
2

z 1z = ) 2 z + 1z ( ) 2 z + 1z ( =
2

2
2

1
2
1

z =
z =

z + 1z
2

z 1z 2z 1z , 2z + 1z 2z + 1z

z = 2 y + 2 x x = z eR .8

1 = c ,1 = c
1z 3z 2 z 1z =

3
2

z 2z

2
> y 2x
1 2

2
= y 2 x
1 2

y 2 x = ) yxi2 + 2 y 2 x (eR = 2 z eR 1
.1

1+ z
1 z

) 4(

; 01 =

< )1 z (gra < 0 )2(

3 z + 3+ z
;

)3(

2
> ) 2 z ( e R )1(
1

.1

2.1.1
2
n
n
1 = m i
l 1 = m
i l 1 ) 8 (
1
2
2
,
0 ) 7 (
3
1

) ( 1

= n z m i l , 0 = z
n

, n z , N > n , N , M

} n z { ) 6 (
i ,1 ) 5 (

; 0 = n z m il , ) 1 ( ) 4 (
n

; 0 = n z m il , ) 1 ( ) 3 (
2
2
n
n
= n z m il
= n z m i
l 2
1
1
n

0 = n z m i l 0 n n z ) 1 (
n

6
n2
6
n
so
c
+1= nz8
ni
s +1= nz)7( i)1+ n2(
1 (+n= nz)6( 1ni= nz)5(
n
n
n
1
i
1+ n2
n
1+ n2
6
= z3
1= z)4(
1= nz2
= nz1
n
n i4+3
1 n
i n
n n
1n
.11

, 1
z

c = z eR 1 =
z

0x

.4

0 x4

y + 1 + x 2 + 2x 2 y + 1 + x 2 2x
y + 2 )1 + x (
1+ z
1 2
=
y + 2 )1 x (
1 z

)4(

4
5
1 = 2) ( + 2) (
y
x

)02( = 2 y 52 + 2 x 61

x 9 + x 051 526 = 2 y 52 + )9 + x 6 2 x (52

x 3 52 = 2 y + 2 )3 x ( 5 2 y + 2 )3 x ( 02 001 = x 21
2

y + 2 )3 x ( + 2 y + 2 )3 x ( 02 001 = 2 y + 2 )3 + x (

01 = 2 y + 2 )3 x ( + 2 y + 2 )3 + x (

01 = 3 z + 3 + z )3(

00

1 x<y

1<

1 x
< 0
y

<

y
1>x

0>y

1 x
gt c ra < 0
y

1 x
gtcra = ] yi + )1 x ( [ gra = )1 z (gra 2
y

....... ,2 ,1 ,0 = k ) k2 +

(i =

) i( grAi + i nl = ) ) i ( grAie i (nl = ) i (nl 4

bhsa soc i + bh c a nis =

) be

e(

i2
a s oc + ) b e +
1

2
e ( a nis =
1

)bi(nis a soc + )bi(soc a nis = )ib + a(nis 3

x s oc = ) xi e + x i e (

2
= ) xi( h c 2
1

2
2
xhc = ) x e + x e( = ) xii i e + xii ie( = )xi(soc 1
1
1
5 nl 5

b,a

)bi + a (nis )3( )xi(hc )2(

)i(nl 4

)xi(soc 1

........ ,1 ,0 = k k = x ) 1 + k ( = x
2

0 = x nis 0 = x soc x

0 = x nis i + x soc = xie

0 xie , x 5

c2
c2
c4
c2
2
)0 ,
(
1 1 = 2 + 2 ) 1 (
1
c4
=
1

c + ) 2

c4
c
+
( c
2
1

= ) 2 + 2 ( c

w
i +
eR = e R = z e R = c
1
1


3.1.1

1 < z 2 z = ) z ( f < '' z ' z 2 < 2'' z 2' z

2
< '' z ' z =
'' z ' z 2 < '' z ' z '' z +' z = 2'' z 2' z

2 < '' z + ' z '' z +' z

,1 < '' z ,1 < ' z 1 < z

'' z' z < 2'' z 2' z = )'' z ( f )' z ( f

, < '' z ' z 0 > 0 >

1 < z 2 z = ) z ( f.9

.0 ) z ( f 0z) z ( f ,0 > ) 0z ( f

2
> ) 0z ( f
1

) z ( f 2 ) 0z ( f 2 ) 0z ( f ) z ( f 2 > ) 0z ( f

) z ( f ) 0z ( f ) 0z ( f ) z ( f 411.1
2
) 0z ( f = < ) 0z ( f ) z ( f < 0z z0 >
1
2
= 0 ) 0z ( f
< ) 0z ( f ) z ( f
1

0z) z ( f ) 0z ( f

< 0z z 0 > ,0 >

0) z ( f0z0 ) 0z ( f0z = z) z ( f.8

y
y + x 00
0z
x
kxk=y 2 2 mil=)z(fmi
l 2
yx2
0zz

i4-=) 0z(fi4-=)z(fmi
l 1
z z i2
0 = 0z ,) ( =)z(f)2(
i2 = 0z ,2yi+x2=)z(f)1
z z 1

0z.7

...... ,2 ,1 ,0 = k

])5( grAi + 5 nl[

) k +

( i + 5 nl

2
=
1

2
2
e 5 nl( = 5 nl 5
=)
1
1 ) 5 ( g r A i

zn =
1 n
z
z
0 x
0 x

mil = z ) z + z ( mil = ) z (' f

2
n
n
z n) z( + + 2) z( 2n z )1 n(n + z1n zn + n z

n z = ) z ( f.3

1 = z 1 = z 3

z = 0z < < 0z z 0z z = ) 0z ( f ) z ( f

< 0z z

0>

0>

z =

1 z
= 3
4 z5

z = 1

z = 2 z = 1
4
z + 1 i z
mil 3
1

.2

5 5 i + 2 1 + i + 1 1 + z +1 z
i
=
=
=
mil 2
i 2
1
i i +1 i z

ki + 1 xki + x 0 z z 0 z
=
mil = mil
k
k
i

1
x
k
i

x
z
*

xk = y k z 1

z + 1 i z
2
mil 3
1

1 + z +1 z
i
mil 2
i z

z 0 z
mil 1
z

z = w )5(

z
e = 4 z z = 3 x = 2 = 1
2
1
R-C
4.1.1

R-C

y y
y
y
0 y
0 y
+ i =
mil i+ +
mil =
v u
) y ,x (v )y + y ,x (v
)y ,x (u + )y + y ,x ( u
x
z
0 y
0 z
mil =
mil = ) z (' f
])y ,x (vi + )y ,x ( u[ ]) y + y ,x (vi + )y + y ,x ( u[
) z ( f ) z + z ( f

yi = z ,0=x)2(
x
x x
x
0 x
0 x
mil i+ +
mil =
i+
=
) y ,x ( u + )y ,x + x (u
v u )y ,x (v )y ,x + x (v
x
z
0 x
0 z
mil =
mil = ) z (' f
])y ,x (vi + ) y ,x ( u[ ])y ,x + x (vi + ) y ,x + x ( u[
) z ( f ) z + z ( f

.x = z ,0=y1
R-C

0yxzzzf.5
. ) 0 , 0 ( ) y , x ( u ) y , x ( u
2 2
2
0 0 x
=
= x 2 y = x
1
x
y + x
2
2
=
y +
x 0 = ) 0 ,0 ( y u 0 = ) 0 ,0 ( x u
2
2
y
x
2

y +
x
2
2
= ) 0 ,0 ( u ) y , x ( u = ) 0 ,0 ( u
y
x
2

y +
x + y ) 0 ,0 ( y u + x ) 0 ,0 ( x u = ) 0 ,0 ( u
0 0
2
2

) y , x ( u ) y , x ( u

y d y u + xd x u=u d

) y , x ( ) y , x ( u y y u + x x u ) y , x ( ) y , x ( u

y +
x =

= 0
2
2

+ y y u + x x u = ) y , x ( u ) y , x ( u
0 0 ) y , x ( u

0=y =x
,0
y + 2 x = ) y , x ( u ) y , x ( u . 4

0 > y + x, 2
y 2x
2

z 1
= )z( f
z2

)6 + z 4 2 z ( = ) z ( f 1
.2

x 0x
x
0 x
,
mil =
mil =
0 2)x(
x

x
0 x
mil = )0 ,0( xu00)5(
)0 ,0(u )0 ,x(u

y soc e = y , y nis e = x , y nis e = y , y soc e = x

x
x
x
x
y nis x e = y soc x e =

R-C

) y nis i + y soc( x e =

R-C

yi + x

e = z e = 4

0 = z 0 = y = x 21

........0 = yx yx 2 = yx 2 x = y
.......y = x 2 y 3 + 2 x = 2 y + 2 x 3 y = x

y 3 + 2 x = y ,yx 2 = x ,yx 2 = y , 2 y + 2 x 3 = x
1

y + y x = yx + x = ) yi + x () y + x ( = z z =
2

) y + x(
2 2
2
= x
yx 2

) y + 2x (
) y + 2x (
2 2
2 2
=
= y
x 2y
y 2 + ) 2 y + 2 x (
2

,x =

0 = y ,0 = x ,0 = y ,1 = x 0 = ,x =

R-C

0 = z R-C x = y y = x 0 = z
) y + 2x (
2 2
= y
yx 2

y+ x
2
2
=
y

) y + 2x (
) y + 2x (
2 2
= 2 2
= x
x 2y
x2 2y + 2x
2

y + 2x
2
=
x

z z
y+ x
2
2
= 2 = = 1
yi x
z 1
*

 nis

n is

+ soc

]) soc

+ ) n is (

x
[ =
1

y x

+
=
y x

=
1

soc

= ] ) s oc
)

n is

+ soc

y y

+ ) n is (

)1(

R-C

x
[ =
1

y x
+
( =
y x 1 1

y x
+
=
1
y x

x
natcra = , 2 y + 2 x
y

nis = y , soc = x

=
2

=
1
1

R-C

) , ( 3

) z 1(
) z 1(
2
2
=
= ) z ( f 2
2
)1( z 2 ) z 1(2

)2 z ()6 + z 4 2 z (4 = )4 z 2()6 + z 4 2 z (2 = )z ( f 1


=
1

=
1

0 z

e i
0
i
+
( e =
mil = ) z ( f
1 i i
i +

ie i = z 0 = 2

e
0
i
i+ ( e =
mil = ) z ( f
i
i +

i + = ie = z 0 = 1
) , ( i + ) , ( = ) z ( f
ie i + ie = z , ie = z

=
1

y y

n is

R-C

+ soc

yi + yx = 3
0 = z

R-C

y 2 = y ,0 = x ,0 = y ,x 2 = x
y = , 2 x =

yi + 2 x = 2
2

2 = y ,0 = x ,0 = y ,0 = x
y 2 = ,0 =

R-C

yi2 = ) yi x ( ) yi + x ( = 1
yi + yx = 3 2 yi + 2 x = 2 * z z 1
.1

5. 1. 1

z
2
, ) z + z ( = z e R z z = z 0 ) z , z ( F
2
1

z ) z , z ( F = ) z ( f

x y 2
y x 2
( +)
( =
R-C 0 ) +
v u i
v u 1
y
y i2
x
x 2
z y
z x
z
+
= ) z ,z ( F = 0
( ) i+
( =
i+
v
u 1
v
u 1
y f x f

z ) z , z ( F ) z , z ( V = ) z , z ( y ) z , z ( x v = ) y , x ( v
,) z , z ( U = ) z , z ( y ) z , z ( x u = ) y , x ( u

) z , z ( F = ) z , z ( V i + ) z , z ( U = ) y , x ( v i + ) y , x ( u = ) z ( f y , x z z
z 2
z
2
2
i2
= , = ;) z z ( = y ,) z + z ( = x y i - x = z y i + x = z
y 1
x
1
1
1
R C 0 = ) z , z ( F

) z , z ( F = ) z , z ( Vi + ) z , z ( U = ) y , x ( vi + ) y , x ( u = ) z ( f

y , x z z . 4

0=

y 2

x 2

y 2 + yx 2 = )2(
ci + z e = ci + ) y nis i + y soc( x e = i + u = ) z ( f

c = )x ( g ,0 = )x ( g
y nis x e = ) x ( g + y nis x e

)x ( g + y nis x e = )x ( g + ydy soc x e =

)x(g 2

y ni s x e =
y soc x e =

y
x
2
=
u

: y 1

x
1 R-C
u

y x
u 0 = y soc x e y soc x e = 2 + 2
u

2
2

y soc x e = u 1

0 = )0( f , 2 y + 2 x + x = v)5( ;i + 1 = ) i( f ,yx 2 y + 2 x = u)4 (

yhsx soc = 3 y 2 + yx 2 = 2 y soc x e = u 1

vi + u = ) z ( f

0 = z

.2
R-C

1 = y ,0 = x ,x = y ,y = x

y = , yx =

yhsx soc i + c + x nis = i + u = ) z ( f

c = ) y ( g ,0 = ) y ( g

yhsx nis = ) y ( g + yhsx nis )y(g 2

) y ( g + yhcx nis = ) y ( g + xdyhcx soc = u : x 1

y h s x ni s =

y
x
y
x
=
=
yhcx s oc =
u
2
u 1 R-C

, 0 = yhsx soc + yhsx soc =

2
2

x 2

yhsx soc = 3
) y 2 + yx 2 ( i + )c + 2 y x 2 + 2 x ( = i + u = ) z ( f
c + 2 y x2 + 2x = u

c + 2 y = ) y ( g , y 2 = ) y ( g

) y ( g + x 2 + 2 x = ) y ( g + xd)2 + x 2 ( = u

)y(g 2

y 2 =

2 + x2 =

y
x
2
=
u

: x 1

x
1 R-C
u

y ,x

c = 2 + 2

0c

) z ( f ,0 = = 0 = 2 + 2 0 = c

)z ( f

c = 2 + 2 = )z ( f

= 0 + ) yd

,0 =

2
1

) 0y , 0x (
) y ,x (

= ) z ( f eR = 1

i + = ) z ( f

+ xd

D )z ( f

) z ( f mI =

)(

0=
D

.3

) z ( f

z 2 = )z ( f0 = c0 = )0( f
2
2
nis 2 + c + soc 2 = vi + u = )z ( f

c + z 2 = c + 2 e 2 =
i

2
c + soc 2 = u

2
2
2
2
2
d soc
= d u + d u = udu
) soc 2 ( d = d nis

1
2

2

2
2
= , soc
nis
=
=
=

v
u
1
v 1 u
2
R C nis 2 i = + soc =v)5(

2 2
2
2
2
+ ) 1( 2 z = + 2 z 2 z = )0 ,z (vi + )0 ,z (u = )z ( f, =c
i
i
i
i
1
2
2
1=v1=y,0=xi+1-=)i(f
c + 2 y + 2x yx 2 = )y ,x (v
1
1
2
2
) 2 y + 2 x yx 2( d = yd y u + xd xu = yd yv + xd xv = vdR C)4(
1
1

 .2
z
z = .1

0 > x 0 4

) z ( fvu

0 = y v = x v = y u = x u , y u = x v - , y v = x u ; y u = x v , y v = x u

R Cvi u = ) z ( fvi + u = ) z ( f

) z ( f ) z ( = ) z ( f nl

D) z ( f)3(

)z ( 13 )z (

) z ( f gra i + ) z ( f nl = ) ) z ( f gra ie ) z ( f (nl = ) z (

) z ( f nl = ) z ( 13

z ) z ( f

0 )z ( f

= ) z ( f
2 c = 2 + 2 =

y x

0=

)1

0 2 c = 2 + 2 =

0=

2
0=

0=

0=

z nl =

c4 = x 2 2c4 = 2 y

4 + x 2 4 = 2 ) 2 + x (4 = 2 2 4 = 2 y
4

1
1
c
4
+
x
c
4
=
y
2
2

4 + x 2 4 = 2 ) 2 + x (4 = 2 2 4 = 2 y
4

y = 2

x = 2 2

yi + x = 2 i + 2 2

yi + x = z = 2 = 2 ) i + (
z =

z.3

c=

c=

zhc =

1 =

k 2 i

.) ,2 ,1 ,0=k(k=zz nis
i2
= z nis
e1 = e0 =
e zi e
z2i

zi

)0(zhc ,zhs ,z soc ,z nis .8

z

2
2
=
= ' ) zhs ()3(

e + ze
e ze
z

zhs = ' )zhc()4( ;zhc = ' )zhs ()3( ;z nis = ' )z soc()2( ;z soc = ' ) z nis()1
( .7

z hs =

2
=
e ze

z i i

i2
e

z i i

i-=)zi(nisi-

)zi(nisi-=zhs
) 4 2 ( . 6

zi

i2
(+ )
e zi e 2

zi

4
1 = )2 + z 2 i e z 2 i e 2 + z 2 i e + z 2 i e( =
1
2
( = z 2 s o c + z 2 ni
s )1(
e + zi e

z h s1z h s 2z h c1z h c = ) 2z 1z ( h c ) 6 ( ;1z h c2z h s 2z h c1z h s = ) 2z 1z ( h s ) 5 (

; 1 = z2 h s - z2 h c ) 4 ( ;2 z nis 1z n is 2z s oc 1z s o c = ) 2 z 1z ( s o c) 3 (

;1z s oc 2 z n is 2z s oc 1z ni s = ) 2 z 1z ( ni s) 2 ( ; 1 = z 2 s o c + z 2 nis) 1 ( :
. 5
2

) z (' f 4 = ] 2 y v + 2 y u + 2 x v + 2 x u[2 =

]) yy v + xx v ( v + ) yy u + xx u( u + 2 y v + 2 y u + 2 x v + 2 x u[2 = ) z ( f
2

0 = yy v + xx v = v 2 , 0 =

. v u

v + 2yu =

yy

y x
2
2

u + xx u = u 2
2

v + 2 x u = ) z (' f

y ui y v = x vi + x u = ) z (' f D ) z ( f

) yy v v + y y u u + y v +
2

y u( 2 =

)z( f

, ) x x v v + x x u u + x v + x u ( 2 =
2

)z ( f

x
x
x
x v v 2 + x u u2 =
v2 +
u2 =
, 2 v + 2 u = ) z ( f v i + u = ) z ( f
2
v
u
)z ( f
2

) z (' f 4 = ) z ( f
2

D ) z ( f .4

0 y

x
0

x
mil = )0 ,0( x 0 = 1 0m
il
)0 ,0( )0 ,x + 0(

) y ( + 2 )x (

+ y )0 ,0( y + x )0 ,0( x =0,0

)2 ( f

) y ,x (

0
y + 2 x = ) y ,x (
2

y 2x

00

0 = y ,0 = x
0 y ,0 x

) y ,x ( y x
R-C

y , x , y , x

)2 ( f 4

) y ,x ( y x

y
) y ,x ( x
) y ,x ( 2
3

) y ,x ( =

) 2 ) y ( + 2 )x ( (0 + ) y ,x ( y + x ) y ,x ( x = ) y ,x ( =

) y ,x ( =

)(

) y ,x ( 1
2 2
) x ( + )x (
2
2
)
y
(
) x (
=

+
2
2
x 2 ) x (

1
1

= 1

)3 2

0 y = x y x

) y ( + 2 )x (
) y + 0 ( + 2 ) x + 0 (
2
= 0 2
y 2 )x (
) y + 0 ( 2 ) x + 0 (

)0 ,0( ) y + 0 ,x + 0( = )0 ,0(

) y ( + 2 )x (

)0 ,0(

+ 0 + 0 = )0 ,0(

y
0 y
0=
mil =
0 + 2 ) y + 0 (
0
0 i 2 ) y + 0 (

y
0
y
mil = )0 ,0( y
)0 ,0( )x + 0 ,0(

x
0
x
0=
mil =
0 + 2 )x + 0(
0i
0 2 )x + 0(

td) ti2 t t4 ti2 + ti2 + t(

5

td) ti2 + 1( ) t ti2 + t(

4

= zd z = I
2

i +1

i4 +2

td) ti2 + 1( = zd
t 3 ti2 + 2 t = 2 ) ti + 1( 2 t = 2 z , 2 ti + t = yi + x = z 1
2

i4 + 2 i + 2 i + 13
i4 + 2 i + 12

2 t 1 2 t = y , t = x 1
2 = d i i e

l zd

i+1

i4 +2

I i e = z 3

2 = e 1 =
i

e= d eii1
i

= zd z

e = z 2

2 2 0 2 1 2
0
1
x = xdx + xdx = zd z
1= + = x +
1 1 12 1 0 2 1
1
0
i

1
1

,xd=zd, x = z ,0=y1

.1

)3(1 1l

2
1 1-1
l zd z
1.2.1

2
0
0
= td) t6 3 t2 21 + 2 t42( = }tdt2])3 + 2t(-)t2(3[ + td2] 2)t2( + )3 + 2t(2[{ = 3I
33
1
1
1=t0=t)4,2()3,0()3(
6
3
0
= yd) y 2 3( + xd) 2 x + 3 2( = 2I,0=xd
301
4
2

,2=x)4,2()3,2(;0=yd,3=y)3,2()3,0()2(
6
3
3
= yd)45 + y 93 2 y 8( = }yd] y )6-y2(3[ + yd2] 2 )6-y2( + y 2[{ = 1I
79
4
4
6-y2=x,0=6-x-y2)4,2()3,0()1(

.1 t 0 ,3 + 2t=y,t2=x)3(

= I.3

)4,2()3,2()3,2()3,0()2()4,2()3,0()1(
,] yd) y x3( + xd) 2 x + y 2([

i6

) 3.0 (

3
1
1
= yd] yi4 ) 2 y 4([ i + xd] xi2 + )1 2 x ([ =
68
4
2
) 4.2 (

) ydi + xd(] yxi2 + ) y x ([

2

i6

= I

i+1

i 4 +2

i4 + 2 i + 2 i + 13

3
1
= xd ) i3 + 1(])2 x 3( xi2 + 2 )2 x 3( 2 x [ =
68
2

) ydi + xd(] yxi2 + ) y x ([

2

1 2

= zd z = I

i+1

i 4 +2

1 4

i+1

i 4 +2

2 x3 = y 1 x = 1 y
i6

i4 + 2 i + 12

3
3
= ]) i 3 i3 + 1( )46 i 69 84 i + 8([ =
68
1

3 1 6
3
1
) ti t3 t3i + t( = t t ti + =
1 26 2 5 4
t
3

2 lM2
I z ,) ,
( ni m <
d 3d
d
2
I I 3

d
lM2
2
) d( d
2
d
d
L
I d = z nim
3

lM2
M
2
< z 0 z
d

< z ) ( d

) z z ( z
) ( f

) z z ( ) z ( L
) z ( ) z z ( ) z (

2
2

=
d
]

[ ) ( f
1
1
z ) ( f

= I

5
( M ) ( f ) ( f D ) ( f

d = z nim z l L

, < d 2

) z ( L
) z z ( ) z ( L

= I
d
) ( f
) ( f

< z 0 > ) ( , 0 >

D z D L , d 2

) z ( L
) z z ( ) z ( L

0mizl
d

=
) ( f
) ( f

D ) ( f . 5
i = di
i = di

i = di

i = d i
=

e
i
ed

2
3
2

z
zd

z
R
C

=
= 4 I , 0 , i e = z ) 4 (
zd
z R
C

= 3 I , 2 , i e = z )3(
zd

z
zd

RC

RC

I,

I,

, i e = z ) 2 (

, i e = z )1(

11 ) 4 (

11 )3
( i i ) 2 (
z l
. 4
zd

i i )1( ,

61
i23
i2 + z 2 = i + z i23
)4 + z ( 2 = i + z

2
2
= i 2
=

=
b

1
zd
1
zd
)4 + z (
61
i23 i2 z
i23
2
=
i

z
2
=
i

2
2
=
=
a
1
zd
1
zd

= i 2

1, n i 2 = zd n ) a z (

)i2 + z ( )i2 z ( 61 i2 + z i2 z i23

+2

=
)2
( )
(
1
1
1
1
1
1
)4 + z (8 )4 + z (8
)4 + z (8
)4 + 2 z (
2
2
2
2
2

=
=2
4 2z
1
)4 2 z ( )4 + 2 z (
1

)2(

i2 + z i2 z
i4
i4
8
=
z

= I )c(
(
0 = ) i 2 i 2( = zd)
1
1
1
1

i2 + z 2= i+ z i4
2
i4

= I )b(
= i 2 i =
zd
1

1
2
i4
i2 z 2= i z i4
=
= I a
1
zd
1

= i 2i

i2 + z i2 z i4
z +4

( =2
1
1
1
1 1

8 = z c

2 = i + z b

2 = i z a l

)4 + z ( l

2
2
zd

4 + 2 z l
zd 1

.1
2.2.1

) z + z ( F ) z ( f
) z ( f = ) z ( F D d) ( f

= )z ( F

0z

D 0z D ) z ( f 4
1+ z 4
z 4
1+ z 3
4
3l
l
l
l
l

i 4 = i 2 + i 2 =
+
= zd) z ( f
i
2
=
= zd) z ( f

zd
zd
zd
) 2l ( 0 = zd) z ( f

1l

1+ z

i 2 =

z+ z

z 1l
= zd) z ( f
zd

1l

1 = z 0 = z ) z ( f 1 + 1 = 1 + z22 = ) z ( f
z

2 = z 4

4
= 1 + z 3
1

4 2
; = z 2
1 1

4
; = z 1
1

z + 2 z l
l , zd1 + z 2 3
iz

D 1
1 = i z

i z l
2 = i z l zd .2

23
61
= 2 d = 2b , = 1c = 1a
1
1

) i2 z (
) i2 z ( ) i2 + z (
) i2 + z (
)4 + 2 z (
+2
+
+2
= 2
i2 d + 2c i1d + 1c i2b + 2a i1b + 1a
1

i23
i2 + z i2 z 8= z i23
)4 + z ( 8 = z

2
2
(
= zd )

=
)c(
1
zd
zd
1
zd

0 = ) i 2 i 2(

0= 4I1 = i3+z i-=z)4(

1+ z 3 z
4
=
z

(
+
= 3I
i 6 = i 2 + i 2 2 = zd)
1
2

4 = z 1 = 2z3 = 1z
1,ni 2 = zd n)a z(
l

1+ z 3 z )3 z ()1+ z (
+
=
)3(
1
2
1 z3

.0= 2I)(znis)2(
.0= 1I1 = z

,2 = 3 i 1 =

z ,3 i 1 = 2,1z)1(

i + z 1= i3+z
)4(
zd
z soc
)3 z ()1+ z( 4= z
1= z

4 + z2 + 2z 1= z)1(.5
)
3
(
)
2
(
;
;zd
;
n
i
s
z
d
z
1 z3
zd
z
0 z
mil = ) z ( F
) z ( F ) z + z ( F

= d

z + z

2,1

)z ( f =

z
< d ) z ( f ) ( f
1

) z ( f d ) ( f

z
z
z
d]) z ( f ) ( f [
=
1
1
z +z

z
z z
=
)
z
(
f

1
) z ( F ) z + z ( F
z + z

z + z

< z < z < ) z ( f ) ( f

< z 0 > 0 > z ) z ( f

d) ( f

= d) ( f

z + z

z + z z

d) ( f

0z

= ) z ( F ) z + z ( F

0z

z + z

4 ) z ( F

zd])

1 = ) Z ( f

i4
4
0 = ) i 2 i 2( ) i 2 i 2( =
1
1
1 z
i + z i z i4 1 + z 1 z 4
2
=
z

4 2= z
( )
( [

=
3
1
1 1
1
1 1
zd

0 = z
z nis = ) z ( f

0=

1 = )z ( f

0= z

z nis i 2 = zd

z
5
=
1

2
z n is

3
+z z
) z 3 + 1( z 5= z
1
5= z

(
=
1
1
zd

0 = i 2 i 2 = zd)

.1
3.2.1

) 1 2 ( Ki = zd) z (

mil

RC

) 1 2
(

) 1 2 ( <

z
zd

K ) z ( z xam

RC

z
RC
RC R
] K ) z ( z [ = ) 1 2 ( Ki zd) z ( mil
zd

5 ,) 1 2 ( i =

az
zd

<

RC

K ) z ( z

M > R = z 0 > ) ( Mz gra ,0 >

) 1 2 ( Ki = zd) z (

mil K = ) z ( z mil )

RC

, R

, ieR = z ( R C)x ( .6

 zd

z z
) z ( f

z z
l
i 2
+
z
d

1
) z ( f

Rc
i 2 = ) z ( f
1

z z l
i 2 = ) z ( f
1

Rc l ) z ( f z l Rc

l z l z zd )z ( f

) z (

f , z

l ) z ( f 4

!n
=
z
n

0=

!n
e = 0=
z

d ! n
l i 2
en
= d 1+ n
d 1
e
1
z

) a ( l i 2

= ) a( ) n ( f
) ( f
!n

d 1+n

!n
i 2
1+ n l
n l z = d e
1 3
n
z

i =

0= z

zd !2
z
=
z
1

e2
= zd 3
2
d i 2
e
z
2

2
= z z soc 2
1, n i 2 =
0=

zd n ) a z (
l

z soc i 4 =

=z

=z

) z n is 2 (

2
) z(
2
zd !1
2= z

= zd
1
d i 2
z ni s 2

5
=
i

2
= z
1

2
+z
) 2 z (2
1
1= z
)2 z ()1 z 2( 1= z
i 2 = zd
=
) 2 z (2
z
z dz
z

.2

)0( f 2 = d)0( f

0 = d])0( f ) ier( f [

2 = d

< d])0( f ) er( f [

i

mil

0 r

= d) er( f
i

mil

0 r

d])0( f ) er( f [
i

5 < ])0( f ) ier( f [

< r
2

,0 > ) er( f
)0( f 2 = d) ier( f

mil ) z ( f.6
i

0 r

!n
zd ! n
= 0= z ) n
(eR n a =
a 2
e d 2
z n

) ea( 0
zi 1= z
0

n i
zd 1+ n
e
R
=
d
e
R
=
d
eR=I
a
a
e

n
n
) n nis a ( i + soc a
e
e 2
2
ea
n

zi
= d , d ieai = zd , iea=z
zd

.0>ad) n nis a(soc

zd

R
R
z

2i M

zd

z z
) z ( f

= zd

Rc

zd

Rc

z z
)z ( f

=I.5

z z
l
i 2
)
z
(
f
=

=
0
z
d

1
)z ( f
soc a

Rc

0 M 0 ) z ( f R
z R
z z
zd
M
) z ( f

z z
) z ( f

Rc

z R = z z z z R = z Rc

Rc

M ) z ( f Rc ) z ( f M

5 R

Rc

) z ( f0 = ) z (' f0 =

z-
R
R 2
=
d 2
M R 2 M
) (f

RC

R R
R
mil = ) z (' f mil
M

)z- ( RC i 2

= ) z (' f )1 = n (
) (f
1

d 2

R M ) z ( f RCRzRC

) z ( f z ) z ( f .9

d ) er + z ( f
i

er
2
i
= d i e r
i
) ier + z ( f
1

i 2 = d z- i 2 =)z(f

) ( f

di ier = d , ier = lrzl

0 2
=) z( f
1

d) ier + z ( f

.8

z- l i 2

=)z(H
0 = d
) (H
1

)z(g=)z(f ,0=)z(g-)z(f=)z(Hzl

0=) (g-) (f=) (H l

l)z(H)z(g-)z(f=)z(H
)z(g=)z(fl
)z(g=)z(flDlD)z(g)z(f.7

. 2 nis =

xd x

'

= x
| x soc x nis 2 =

= x
| 2 nis

xd

= xd x ' x 2 nis )3 (
d

1hc = xd])1 + x ( + )1 x ( [

e = xd)1 2 x ( x e ) 2 (
1x

1 = 0 soc = xd) x ( x soc

) 92 ( ) 22 ( ) 9 (

x 2 n i s

) 3(

x d) 1 2 x ( x e

1 = | natcra

) 2(

x d) x ( x s o c

)1(

)1(

) + x (
v + 1
2

mil
= xd 2

vd 1

2.1.8

, =v
x
=

mil =
,0 =

x n + 1( n

mil = ) x (

+ 2 x (
mil

mil

,0 = x

+ 2 x (

0 x

+ x (

mil = ) x (

2 2

mil = ) x (

1.1.8

0 = xxw 2 a ttw x

x
) xxw 2 a ttw ( =
1
x
x
x
x
x
]) 2 x + 2 + x xxw ( 2 a ttw [ =
1
w2 w2 w2 w2
x
x
3
4
a2
a ttw =
w x xw 2
x 2 )w x xw ( x xw 2
3
x
x
x
x
2
(
+ x ) 2 x ( 2 a ttw =
1
w xw 2 a2
w w
)

0t
x x x
xx x
x
] + [ 2 a = 0
w 2
w
w

x
= ) t ,x ( u ) t ,x ( ux = ) t ,x (w
) t ,x (w
x
+ xx u( 2 a ttu 2.1.01
2

, 0 = ) x u

ta 2 2

sd s

tx + 2 t2 ax 3 + 3 x =
a4
+ t ax 3 + 3 x =
1 22

2
ta x 2 a 2
s
+ ) 2 t2 ax 3 + 3 x (2 =
1
ta + x 2 1 1
2
) ta + x ([ = ) t ,x ( u)2(
1

a 2 + ] ) ta x ( +

ta x

ta + x

3
t a + t2 x + ta soc x nis =
1

3 2

) 3 t3 a + ta 2 x 3(2

a6
+ t a s o c x n is =
1

ta x 3 a 2
s
+ ta soc x nis =
1 1

ta + x

sd ) s (

sd 2 s

a2 + ]) ta x (nis + ) ta + x (nis[ 2 =
3

ta x

a2 + ]) ta x ( + ) ta + x ( [ 2 = ) t ,x ( u)1(

ta x

ta + x

ta + x

x = )0 ,x ( tu

, 3 x = )0 ,x ( u

x = )0 ,x ( tu

,x nis = )0 ,x ( u

,0 = xx u2 a ttu)2(
,0 = xx u2 a ttu)1(

1.1.01

)3( 1c = )x ( 2 f )x ( 1f 2

)2( )x (2 fa )x (1fa = )0 ,x ( tu = 0

)1( )x ( 2 f + )x ( 1f = )0 ,x ( u = 0

) ta x ( 2 f + ) ta + x ( 1f = ) t ,x ( u
0 = )0 ,x ( tu

<x <0

d]) ( + ) ( [
]) ta x ( + ) ta + x ( [
0= t

2
1

a2

ta x

ta + x

) t(h = ) t ,0( x u
,0 = ) 0 ,x ( u

0 = xx u2 a ttu

4.1.01
t

e+

e = ) t ,x (w t e = ) t ,x ( u

)x ( + )x ( = )0 ,x ( tu + )0 ,x ( u =

]) t ,x ( tu t e + ) t ,x ( u t e [ =

]) t ,x ( u t e[ = )0 ,x ( tw

0= t t

)x ( = )0 ,x ( u =

0= t

) t ,x ( u e = )0 ,x (w
t

w )2(

0 = xxw 2 a ttw

,0

) xxw 2 a ttw ( t e =

w t e 2 a w t e 2 +

xx

w t e 2 + w t e 2 2 ttw t e + tw t e2 w t e 2 =

w t e2 a w t e2

xx

+ ) tw t e + w t e ( 2 + t) tw t e + w t e ( =

xx

)w t e( 2 a )w t e( 2 + t)w t e( 2 + tt)w t e( = 0
:

) t ,x (w t e = ) t ,x ( u ) t ,x ( u t e = ) t ,x (w )1(
,)x ( = )0 ,x ( tu ,) x ( = )0 ,x ( u

0 = xx u2 a u2 + tu 2 + ttu

< x <

< x <

3.1.01

x
x
]) ta x ( 2 f + ) ta + x ( 1f [ = ) t ,x (w = ) t ,x ( u
1
1
) ta x ( 2 f + ) ta + x ( 1f = ) t ,x (w

.
1.2.01

a
>t
x
a
t
x

0
d) (h a
a
t
x
=

) ta x ( 2 f + ) ta + x ( 1f = ) t ,x ( u

2
= ) ta + x ( 1f 4
c

a
2

0
)8( > t
d) (h a
a
1c
x
t
x
= ) ta x ( 2 f
2
a
)7( t

1c
x
2

0
)6( 0 <
d ) (h a a
1
c

= ) ( 2 f
2
)5( 0

1c
2
0
d ) (h a a =
c

c d ) (h

a 2 =

0
a

c d ) (h a a ) ( 1f = ) ( 2 f
0

c + d ) (h a a =
0

a 0
)0( 2 f )0( 1f + sd ) (h = ) ( 2 f ) ( 1f
s

a
=
s

0 > ta =

a
) (h = ) (2 f + ) (1f

) t(h = ) ta(2 f + ) ta(1f

? = ) ta x ( 2 f ta x 0 ta + x
)5( )0 x (

2
= )x ( 2 f
c

: )3( )1(

)4( )0 x (

2
= ) x ( 1f
c

: )3( + )1(

 ) ta R ( 2 f

, ta R
C = ) ta + R ( 1f , 0R > ta + R , M )5(

R>R

R<R

, C
2 = ) R ( 2f
, C 0uR
1

R>R

R<R

, C
2 = ) R ( 1f
, C + 0uR
1
,

C2 = ) R ( 2 f ) R ( 1f

a / R

R>R

R<R

0 = ]) R ( '2 f + ) R ( '1fa[

R
= 0= t| tu
1

R
0
tu
= ]) R ( 2 f + ) R ( 1f [ = ) t ,R ( 0=
1
u

, , f1f 4

] ) t a R ( 2 f + ) t a + R ( 1f [

R
= ) t ,R ( u
1

) ta R ( 2 f + ) ta + R ( 1f = ) t ,R ( v

0=

RR

v 2 a t tv

, uR = v

) uR ( 2
2

R R R
R
=
+ 2 = u 2
1 u 2 u 2

0 = 0= t| tu

0
= 0= t| u
0u

0 = 2 2 a ttu

RR

R<R

1
:

0R 2
R
nis 0u ]) ta R ( 2 f + ) ta + R ( 1f [ = ) t ,R ( u :
R
1

R<R

0 = 0= t| tu

0R > R
0
= 0= t| u

) 0R 2 / R ( nis

0 = 2 2 a ttu

ta + R < ta R < 0R

ta + R < 0R < ta R

R < ta + R < ta R

. 2.2.01

0
R2
0
=
u
ta R
u
0

] ) t a R ( 2 f + ) t a + R ( 1f [

R
= ) t ,R ( u
1

, 0R ta R , M )6(
0
0

R > ta R

R < ta R

, 0R > R

, 0R < R

, 0u

,0
R2 =

t a -

] ) t a R ( 2 f + ) t a + R ( 1f [

R
= ) t ,R ( u
1

) t( T 3
l2
n
=) x(
)1+n2(
l
n
nis=) x( X
2
x ) +n(
1
0=)l(X 0=)0(X
0 = ) x ( X + ) x (X
2

0=) l(X 0=)t,l( u , 0=)0(X 0=)t,0(u

0 = ) t ( T a + ) t ( T
2

0 = ) x ( X + ) x ( X

) t( T) x ( X = ) t ,x ( u . )1(
.0 = ) t, l ( x u ,0 = ) t,0 ( u

0 = xx u 2 a tt u

2.1.11

l2 , ) x ( ) x ( ,
. ta x , t ,]l,0[
.

) x ( ) x ( ,,
2
ta x a 2
sd) s (
+ ) ta x ( + ) ta + x ( = ) t ,x ( u
1
1
ta + x
)61()51(
1= n 2
1= n 2
ta x
k D + ) ta x ( nk nis + ) ta + x ( nk nis nC =
1
1
sds nk nis

}) ta + x (

ta + x

n n

{ 21 =

k soc ) ta x ( nk soc + ) ta x ( nk nis + ) ta + x ( nk nis nC

1= n

n k nis ) ta n k nis nD + ta n k soc nC ( = ) t , x ( u

1= n

)41(,

. .)41( , a nk = n
l
n / l2 n
= nkn 1.1.11
2

a , nk , n ,

1.1.11

1= n
l
2l
nis nA = )0, x ( u= x ) x l(
x n
h4

1= n
l
l
l
n
n
)
(nis ])
(nis B + )
(soc A [ = ) t , x ( u
x n
ta n
ta n

,n

l
l
nis nB +
soc nA = ) t ( nT
ta n
ta n

,2 ,1 = n

l
n
(nis=)x( X
x n

, 2)

(=

2
2
p2
2l
x ) x l(
= h + ) x(
-=)h u( )h, (
2 l
l
h4
1
p 2
= u
2x

l
0 = )0 ,x ( tu
,x ) x l( 2 = )0 ,x ( u
h4

0 = ) t , l(u ,0 = ) t ,0( u

0 = xx u 2 a ttu

)h,

2
(
l

0 l=X 0=)0(X 3.1.11

2 ,1,0 = n
)x

l2
l2
l2
n
n
(nis ]) ta
(nis B + ) ta
(soc A [ =
1+n2
1+n2
1+n2

n
n
n
) t( T) x ( u = ) t , x ( u

l2
l2
n
n
n
) ta
(n i s B + ) ta
(soc A = ) t( T
1+ n 2
1+ n 2
l2
n
n
n
0 = ) t( T a )
( + ) t( T ) t( T
2 2 1+ n 2

0=n
l2
SY
) x
(nis nA = )0 , x ( u = 0
1+ n 2
x F

n
t
0 = B 0 = )0 , x ( u )4(

0= n
l2
l2
l2
n
n
)x
(nis ]) ta
(nis B + ) ta
(soc A[
= ) t ,x ( u

1+ n 2
1+ n 2
1+ n 2

)3(

l2
n
)
(=) x(
2 )1+n2(

l
n
nis=) x( X
2
x ) +n(
1

)2(

)0= X (

SY
= )0 ,x ( u
x 0F
x
x
S
Y=
Y=P = 0
)0, x ( u
) 0 ,0 ( u ) 0 , x ( u
F
x

) 0 ,0 ( u ) 0 , x ( u
SY
) x ,0( 0 = )0 , x ( u
x F
0 = )0 ,x ( tu

0 = ) t , l( x u

SY
, 0 = )0 , x ( u
xF

,0 = ) t ,0( u

0 = xx u2 a ttu

)1(

Y S
F 0F l

4.1.11

1= n
l
l
3n
3
)
(n i s )
(soc
= ) t ,s ( u

x n
ta n
] n)1 ( 1[ h 61
1= n
l
l
n
t
(nis )
( nB = )0 , x ( u = 0
0= B)
x n
a n

l
3h 3
2l l
nis x ) x l( cl = nA
= xd
] n)1 ( 1[h 61
x n
h4 2

l
2
l 0
xd 0l = xd ) x ( 2 0l = A
0 = xdx 0l
l
1
2

0=n
l
2

soc nA = )0 ,x ( u=x- 2
x n
l

n
t
0 = B 0 = )0 , x ( u

0= n
l
l
l
n
n
)
(soc ]
n is B +
soc A[ = ) t , x ( u
x n
ta n
ta n

.,)4(

)3(

l
l
n
n
soc=) x( X
=) x(
2 n
x n

2-11 )2(

x
2
l
l
x - 2 = ) 0 , x ( u

=
l
l ) 0, x ( u2

2
x- 2 = )0 ,x ( u l =
l
l

2
x
l
) 0, x ( u

,
,. ) 0 , x ( u

2
t

0 = )0 ,x ( u ,)x ( 2 = )0 ,x ( u
l

x
)1(
0 = ) t , l( u ,0 = ) t ,0( u

xx
tt
u2 a u

0=

, ) 2 1( l 5.1.11

0=n
S
Y
l2
l2
2)1+ n 2 (
2
=
= ) t ,x ( u
n is
soc
x )1+ n 2 (
ta )1+ n 2 (
l0F 8
n)1 (
SY c l
l2
2 )1+ n 2 ( SY2
n

0Fl8 )1 ( = xd x )1+ n 2 ( nis x 0F l 2 = A

n

 0 > t )x l( x = ) x (
l 7.1.11

0= n a
l2
l2
2)1+ n 2 (
2
0 = ) t, x ( u
nis
nis
ta )1+ n 2 (
x )1+ n 2 (
1
vl8
a )1+ n 2 (
2
)
1
2
(
l
a
n
+

2
2
nis 0v 0l
= xd
= nB
0vl8
2
x )1+ n 2 (

0= n
l2
l2
nB = )0 , x ( tu = 0v
nis
x )1 + n2 (
a )1 + n2 (

0= n
l2
nis nA = ) 0 ,x ( u = 0
ta )1 + n2 (

,0= nA

0=n
l2
l2
l2
nis]
nis nB +
soc nA [ = ) t,x ( u
ta )1 + n2 (
ta )1 + n2 (
x )1 + n2 (
.,)4(

,2 ,1 ,0 = n

l2
n
)
(=) x(
2 )1+n2(

)3(

l
n
nis=) x( X
2
x ) +n(
1

2-11 )2(

t
0v = )0 ,x ( u ,0 = )0 ,x ( u

x
0 = ) t , l( u ,0 = ) t ,0( u

xx
tt
u2 a u
0=

)1(

.,. 0v
, l 6.1.11

l
l
2)1+ m 2 ( 0 = m 2
soc
soc
= ) t ,x ( u

1
ta )1+ m 2 (
x )1+ m 2 (
l 8
2
2
l n
2 2 n
= xd
] )1 ( 1[
soc ) x ( 2 0l = A
n
l 4
x n
l
2

2 ,1 ,0 = n

0= n
l
soc nC = )0 , x ( u = x

xn

0= n
l
e nC = ) t , x ( u
soc
t
2 a2 2 n

)4(

xn

l
n
,
soc=) x( X
x n

,
2

)3(

)1 + n2 (
2

l4

= n

)2(

x = )0 ,x ( u

)1(
0 = ) t , l( x u ,0 = ) t ,0( x u

xx
t
u2 a u
0=

x = )0 ,x ( u l 8.1.11

x )1+ n 2 (

nis

2l

2 a2 2)1+ n 2 (

] )1 ( 1[
n

3 3n
2 l4

= xd

3)1+ n 2 ( 0= n 3
= ) t ,x (u
e

2 l8
1

l
l
n
nis ) x l( x 0l = C
2

xn

1= n
l
nis nC = )0 , x ( u = ) x l( x
l

xn

1= n
l
l
ni s
e nC = ) t , x ( u
2
xn

t2 a 2 2 n

.4

l
nis=) x( n X
x n

l
n
)
(=) x(
2 n

2-11 2

)x l(x = )0 ,x ( u
1
0 = ) t , l( u ,0 = ) t ,0( u

xx
t
u2a u
0=

l4

t2 a 2 2 )1+ n 2 (
2

l2

x )1+ n 2 (

)1+ n 2 ( 0 = n
nis
0 = ) t ,x ( u
1
u4

)1+ n 2 (
l2
0 0 l n
0u4 = xd x )1+ n 2 ( nis u l 2 = C
0=n
l2
0
nis nC = )0 , x ( u = u

x )1+ n 2 (

0= n
l2
l4
e nC = ) t , x ( u
n is
2
x )1+ n 2 (

t2 a 2 2)1+ n 2 (
,)4(

l2
n
nis=) x( X
2 ,1 ,0 = n ,
x )1+n2(

,
2

)3(

)1 + n2 (
2

l4

= n

)2(

0u = )0 ,x ( u
)1(
0 = ) t , l( x u ,0 = ) t ,0( u

xx
t
u2 a u
0=

9.1.11

l
2)1+ k 2 ( 0 = k 2 2
l
e
= ) t ,x ( u
soc

2
1
x )1+ k 2 (
l
l4

t2 a 2 2)1+ k 2 (
l
2 2 n
2 2n
]1 )1 ([
soc
= 0|
=
n
l xn
l2
l2
l
l
n
=
] xd
nis 0l 0|
nis x [
l xn
xn
2
n l
l
l
l
n
nis dx 0l
soc x 0l = C
= xd
l 2
2
xn
xn
2
l 0
= xd = C : 0 = n
1
l

 11.1.11
t ) t ,x ( 1u t ) t ,x ( 1u

= l

2l

2a2

ni s

t)

t ) t ,x ( 1u

< l

2l

2a2

<

t ) t ,x ( 1u

> l

2l

2a2

>

t ) t ,x ( 1u n u 0
1 > n 1u 0

xn

< t)

2l

2 a2

2l

2 a 2 2 n
t)

< t)

2l

2 a2

( , 1 = n

(
l

a n

1= n
e nC = ) t , x ( u

e nC = ) t( nT

l
0 = ) t( nT) 2
( ) t(nT
a 2 2 n
2 2 2

1= n
l
nis ) t( nT = ) t , x ( u
xn

l
n
nis=) x( X
x n
2

2 ,1 ,0 = n ,

0 = ) t , l( u , 0 = ) t , 0( u

u =

xx

.3

.2

.1

t
u2 a u

, ) t ,x ( u

u
01.1.11

x ) l e 1(

) x (w 0T = )0 ,x ( u
0 = ) t , l( u ,0 = ) t ,0( u

xx
t
u2 a u
0=

) t ,x ( v .2

l2 a 2
2 a2
) l e 1(
= )x(w
A
A

) l e 1(

2 a2
= 1C
A

2 a2
2 a2
,
+ l1C + l e
= )t,l(w=0
A
A
2 a2 2
2 a2
= C , 2C +
= )t,0(w=0
A
A
2

C + x 1C + x e

2a2
=w
A

2a
1C +
x e A = w
2a
xx
e
= w
x
A
0 = tw )x (w = ) t ,x (w

0 = ) t , l(w

) t , x (w
0 = ) t ,0(w

xx
t
w2a w

eA =

) t ,x (w + ) t , x ( v = ) t ,x ( u

)( 0T = )0 ,x ( u
0 = ) t , l( u ,0 = ) t ,0( u

xx
t
u2 a u
x

eA =

l
]
x

1=n
l
eA
nis ) t( n f =
x -
x n

1=n
l
nis nC = 0T
x n

1=n
nis ) t( nT =)t,x(u

l
x n

l
0
nis{ T,
eA,)t,x(u
}
x x n
l
n
nis=) x( X
x n

2 ,1 = n ,

.2
.1

e 1( )

a
l
nis
e 1([ 2 2 +
A
x n
t

2 2 n 2 a

ei

) 2 2 n + 2 l2 a ( n 2 a
n
}
+] )1 ( 1[ 0 { = ) t , x ( u
] n)1 ( l e [ 2 lA 2 n
T2
) x (w + ) t , x ( v = ) t , x ( u
) 2 2 n + 2 l2 a ( n 2 a
n
+ ] )1 ( 1[ 0 =
n
] n)1 ( l e [ 2 lA 2
T2
2
l
n
xd
nis ]) x (w 0T[ 0l = A
x n
2
1= n
l
0
nis nA = )0 , x ( v = ) x (w T

xn

1= n
l
n
l
e
A
ni s
= ) t ,x ( v

2
xn

t2 a 2 2n
l

nis ) t ,x (v 1
xn

l
x n

n is n f

=
1=n

l
x n

l
a n

= n }

l
x n

1=n
l
nis ]) t( nT 2
+ ) t( nT[
a 2 2 n

x -

nis{

eA,)t,x(u .3

l
l
n 0 l
2
l
] n )1( 1[ 0 = |
soc ) ( 0 = xd x n nis 0T 0l = nC
l
2
T2 l x n
T2
n+ l
2 2
= nf
] n )1( l -e 1[ 2 2
nA 2
l
l
] n )1( l -e 1[ 2 2 = ) 2 2 + 1( n f
nA 2
n
2 2
l
l
A2
2 2
2 2
n
i

f
]
1
)
1
(
e
[
=
n
x l 2 2 nA 2
nA 2
l
l
0 2 2
x -ed x n soc l nA 2 =
l
l
l
l
nis x -e[
=
x n
A2

] xd x n soc x -e 0l

0l|
xd

l
l
nis x -e 0l
x n
A2

= nf

l
x n

nC

nis ) t( nC
1=n

)t,x(u .4

nr
r
= nB , n C = nB n2
f
f

n
2
n

l
x n

nis{

r 1=n
nis ] nB [
f

: }

l
=
x n

n
2
n

T = )0 ,x ( u

r 1=n
e nB [ =
f

B .4

l
x n

n is ]

t2nr

n
2
n

nis ) t( nT = ) t ,x ( u
1=n

l
x n

t2n

e nB +

n
2
n

= ) t( nT

e nB = 2n ) t( nT
t2n
f
:

] 2n ) t( nT[ 2n =
f

td

] 2n ) t( nT[ d
f
n

n
n n + ) t( nT
f
)
t
(
T
=

l
l
soc t nis A =
soc ) t( n f
x
x n

= ) t ,x ( f

l
soc ) t( nT
x n
}

l
soc{) t ,x (
x n
}

)3(

0=n

= ) t ,x ( u

1=n

f ,) t ,x ( u )2(

l
soc{
x n

)1(

0 = )0 ,x ( tu ,0 = )0 ,x ( u

0 = ) t , l( x u ,0 = ) t ,0( x u

l
xx
tt
soc A = u2 a u

0 > t , l < x < 0 , t n is

n
e] n )1( 1[ 0 +
T2

.21.1.11

l
x n

t 2)

l
(
a n

l
x n
l
x n

n is ]

nis }

l
(
a n

) l + n( a n 1=n
{ =
e 1[ 2 2 2 2 2
] l e n )1 ( 1[ 2 lA 2
n is ]

t2nr

t 2)

t2nr

e nC + )

t2nr

nr 1=n
e 1( n2 [ =
f

nr
nr 1=n
e) nC n2 ( n2 [ =)t,x(u
f
f

1
1= n
2 2w
n
n
n
n
0
0
) t nis b + t soc a( +
b + t a=)t,x(u
l

soc tw nis A
x

:)t,x(u)3( ,)2( ,)1(

)1 > n ( t n nis nb + t n soc na = ) t( nT3
1 w
2
2
t1 nis 1b + t1 soc 1a = ) t( 1T
t w n is A
1
2 r 2w
= c
A
1
tw nis A = tw nis c r + tw nis wc
2
2
c

l
l
1
1
1
tw nis c +
n is b +
soc a = ) t( T 2
ta
ta
0
0
0
b + t a = ) t( T 1
n n
n
0 = ) t( T r + ) t( T ,1 > n )3(
2
1 1
1
tw nis A = ) t( T r + ) t( T ,1 = n )2 (
2
0
0 = ) t( T ,0 = n )1(

l
soc tw nis A
x

l
a n

l
soc ]) t( nT
x n

n
, }

l
soc{
x n

0=n
l
2
+ ) t(nT[
a 2 2 n

.31.1.11

l
) ( 2w a
2
l
l
l
a

soc ] tw nis

n is w [
=
x
a ta
lA
1
1
1
w
) w( 1
l
2
2
2
2
+ l
= ) t ,x ( u
soc t1r nis
x
wA
soc tw nis A
x
)1 n (0 = nb )1 n ( ,0 = nr nb
1
1
) w( 1
w
2
2
2
2
= 1b ,
= 1r1b
wA
wA

0 = 0a

l
soc{
x n

1
1= n
w 0
l
2
2
n
n
a=)0,x( t u=0
soc b + l
x n

soc wA
x
2

1
1= n
w
l
2
2
0
n
n
soc t nis b + l
t a=)t,x(u
x n

soc tw nis A
x
1

0=)0,x(u

0=)t, l(u,0=)t,0(u

b = uf + xx ua tu

s c s c
c
u

+ xx u
= tu 4
Lh r 2 I
k
tdvd c

tdxdLuh tdxdr 2 I + tdvd xx uk = udvd c

.udvd c = Qd , udvd
42.01

( tdxdr 2 I = tdR 2 I

( tdxdr 2 I 42.0 = tdR 2 I 42.0

tdxdLnh = tdxdL ) s| u 1u(h

td xds 3

tds ) 1u s| u(h = Qd

tdSxd )

)2(
tdvd xx uk =
x x
x
x
k tdS xd + x|
k
( k = td S x |
u
u
u
tdS

n
k = Qd1
u

l
x n

nis ) t( nb =
1=n

l
x n

nis}) t( nT] f

l
x n

l
+
[ + ) t( nT{
x n
2

nis{

1
1=n

.2

0
l
s oc
|]
l x n

n
l

l
[
b2

l
= xd
x n

l
x n

n
] )1 ( 1[
n
b2

0 l
n i s b = nb
2

n i s ) t ( nb = b
l

l
x n

l
x n

1=n

n i s ) t ( nT = ) t , x ( u

1=n

n i s { b ) t , x ( u . 1

0 l
n
|]
soc
l
x n
l

l
[
b2

n
] )1 ( 1[
n
b2

l
= xd
x n

l
x n

0 l
nis b = nb
2

nis ) t( nb = b
l

l
x n

l
x n

1=n

nis ) t( nT =)t,x(u

1=n

nis{b) t ,x ( u.1

s c
l
2
+
]
[)1 + k 2 (
0 = k c
l
Lh 2 2 a 2 )1 + k2 (

nis
=
x )1 + k2 (
e 1
r2 I4

t]

.41.1.11

l
s c
2
[
+
Lh 2 2 a 2 )1+ k 2 (

l
2
f+
l
a )1 + k2 ( 0 = k
2 2 2
= ) t ,x ( u
e 1{
nisi}
l
2
)1 + k2 (
x )1 + k2 (
t] f +
[

a )1+ k 2 (
2 2 2
b4
l
f + 2)
(

an
n
n = nb = A
] n )1 ( 1[
b2
l
nis{
}
x n
l
1= n
nis ) nA + ( =)0,x(u=0
nb
x n

l
ni s )
x n

nb

enA +
t

A ) 2(

1= n

enA +

) t( n T[ =

) t ( n b = ) t ( n T ] f + 2

= )t,x( u
= ) t( n T
td

) t( nT[ d

nb

[ + ) t ( n T

l
x n


l
a2
a2
0 = )0 ,x ( tv ,x ) + 2 ( x 2 = )0 ,x (v
2
B lA
A

0 = ) t , l( u ,0 = ) t ,0(v
xx
tt
u2 a u
0=

:)t,x(v.2

l
a2
a2
x ) + 2 ( + 2 x 2 = ) t , x (w
B lA
A

l
a2
+ 2 = clc + lb = ) t , l(w = B
2
B lA

xc + 2 xb = w d = ) t ,0(w = 0
a2
2

=
b

,
A
=
ab2
2
A
, d + sc + 2 xb = ) t ,x (w
) t ,x (v + ) t ,x (w = ) t ,x ( u.1:

0 = )0 ,x ( tu ,0 = )0 ,x ( u

B = ) t , l( u ,0 = ) t ,0( u

xx
tt
u2 a u

0 > t , l < x < 0 ,A =

)1 + x (01 = )x (w
3
01 =
=ab+a3=)t,3(w=04
b-04
01=bb=)t,0(w=01

b + xa = ) x (w = ) t ,x (w
) t ,x (v + ) t ,x (w = ) t ,x ( u.1:

52 = )0 , x ( u

04 = ) t ,3( u ,01 = ) t ,0( u

xx
t

u2 u
0=

1= n
l
a2
a2
l
l
( + 2 = ) t ,x ( u
nis
soc nA + x ) + 2
x n
ta n
B lA

2 xA
a2
a2
l
l
l
xd
nis ] x ) + 2 ( 2 [ 0l = nA
B lA
2
x n
2 xA
.51.1.11

1= n
l
l
2a2
2a2
nis nA = )0 , x ( v = x ) +
(
)3(
x n
B
lA

2 xA
1= n
l
l
n is
soc nA

ta n
x n

= ) t ,x ( v

0 = nB)0 ,x ( tv = 0)2(

1= n
l
l
l
n
n
(nis ]
n is B +
soc A[ = ) t , x ( u
x n
ta n
ta n

: )1(

n
k2 = n ,
06 =

1 + k2 = n ,0
n
] n )1( + 1[
=
03
n
n
)1(3
=
+ ] )1 ( 1[
n
03
02 n
n
n
3
0 3
0
] d
soc |
soc x [
+ ] )1 ( 1[
=
x
x n
02 n
03
3 x n
3
n 3
3
0 3
0 n 3
soc dx
+ |
soc 51 =
x n
3 02 3 x n
3
2
3
3
0 3
xd
nis )x 01 51( = nA
x n
3 2
1= n
3
nis nA = )0 ,x (v = x01 51)2(
x n

1= n
3
n is
e nA = ) t ,x (v
9
x n
t 2 ) n (

: )1(

x 01 51 = )1 + x (01 52 = )0 ,x (v

0 = ) t ,3(v ,01 = ) t ,0(v

xx
t

v2 v
0=

) t ,x (v.2

b
a
nis
nis = mnv
y m
x n
b
a
,2 ,1 = n ,m ,) 2 + 2 ( = mn
m 2n

. )3 (
0 = ) b ( y = )0 ( y

0 = ) a ( X = )0 ( X
2

0=y + y

:
0=X + X

)y(y )x(X=)y,x(v. ) 2 (

0=)b,x(v=)0,x(v=)y,a(v=)y,0(v
:

0 = T + T
:
0 = v + yy v + x x v

) t( T) y ,x ( v = ) t , y ,x ( u. )1( :

) y ,x ( = )0 ,y ,x ( u ,) y ,x ( = )0 ,y ,x ( u
0 = ) t ,b ,x ( u = ) t ,o ,x ( u = ) t ,y ,a( u = ) t , y ,0( u

yy
xx
tt
u u u
0 > t ,b < y < 0 ,a < x < 0 ,0 =

3
)1 + x ( 01 +
nis
x n2

n2 1= n
e
= ) t ,x ( u
1 06

.61.1.11

t2 2 n 8

.71.1.11

b
1= m , n
b
a
a
a

nis
nis 2 + 2 t nis m, nB + 2 + 2 t soc m, nA = ) t ,y ,x ( u
y m
x n 2 m 2 n

2m 2n

yd x d

n b+ m a
b
a
0 0 2 2
2 2
=
nis
nis ) y ,x (
y m
x n
4
b a

mn

1= m , n
b
a
b
a
nis
nis 2 + 2 mnB = )0 , y ,x ( tu = ) y ,x (
y m
x n
m 2n

ydxd

b
a
0 0 ba
nis
nis ) y ,x (
= mnA
4
y m
x n
b a

1= m , n
b
a
nis
nis mnA = )0 , y ,x (u = ) y ,x (
y m
x n

b
a
]) 2 + 2
m
n
2
2

. ) 6 (
b
a
ni s
ni si
y m
x n

b
a
t ni s mn B + 2 + 2
m 2n

) t ( m n T) t , y , x ( m n v
b
a
) 2 + 2
m 2n
2

1= m, n

t ( s o c

= ) t , y , x ( mn u

mn

A[

1= m, n

=)t,y,x(u

1= m, n

. ) 5(
b
a
t ni s mn B + 2 + 2
t ( s o c m nA = ) t ( m n T
m 2n

) t ( T i) 4 (

1= n
a
a
h s nA 2 =
nis
y n
x n

a
nis ) a e
x n

y n

a
y n

e ( nA = ) y ,x ( v
1= n

a
n
n
B
A

=
}
nis{
x n
1= n
a
nis ) nB + nA ( =)0,x(v=0
x n

.)4 (
1= n
a
nis ) a e nB + a e nA ( = ) y ,x ( v
x n

y n
y n

x.)3(
1u 2u = ) b , x ( v ,0 = )0 , x ( v

) y , a ( v ,0 = ) y ,0( v

0 = y y v + xx v

u + ) y , x ( v = ) y , x ( u

x)2(

2u = )b ,x ( u , 1u = )0 ,x ( u

1u = ) y ,a ( u , 1u = ) y ,0( u

yy
xx

u+ u
0=

a
h s 1 + k2 0= k

)
1
2
(
b
+
k

nis
+ 1u =
a
x )1 + k2(
1 ) 1u 2u(
hs
y )1 + k2(

) y ,x (v + 1u = ) y ,x ( u
a
h s n
x n
1+ k 2, n
=

1u 2u
a
nis n
x n
] n )1 ( 1[ 1 2
=
u u
a
hsa
a
n
0

x
n
|]
soc [
=
a 1u 2u
a x n
a
hsa
a
0 x n
xd
nis 1 2 = nA
x n
u u
a
a
a
a
0
xd
h s nA 2
nis ) 1u 2u( =
x n
x n
a 2
1= n
a
a
h s nA 2 = )b ,x ( v = 1u 2u
nis
x n
b n

a
a
n is = ) x ( n X , 2 ) ( = n
2 ,1 = n ,
n
x n
0 = ) a ( X ,0 = )0( X

0 = X + X

. 4
0 = Y) ( + Y

0 = X + X
X
Y
( =
Y
X

= ) +

) t( Y)x ( X = ) y ,x ( U
. 3
0 = u + yy u + xx u

0 = T 2 v + T
u
Tv
=
=
yy u + xx u
T
) t( T) y ,x ( u = ) t ,y ,x ( u2

0 = ) t ,a ,x ( u ,0 = ) t ,0 ,x ( u
0 = ) t ,y ,a ( u ,0 = ) t , y ,0( u

0 = ) yy u + xx u( 2 v ttu

)1(

a < y < 0 , a < x < 0 ,0 = ) yy u +

xx

u ( 2 v tt u

a . 8 1. 1. 1 1

) ) (u(
u
) (
) (
) u ( J 4 ) u ( J = d ) ( u

n
0

)0 (

n
0

)0(

n
0

0
d )0n( u j 4 b = d n 0j 3 = I
u

)
0(
b
=

0
u

n
b
2 )0(
u
nu 1j
0j 0 = I
1 )0( = d

4
b
)0n( u 3 b

) (
)0 (

) (

1.2.11

a2
2
=
=
n + 2 m v mnw
2.11

mn

a
a
nis mnB +
soc mnA = ) t( mnT
t 2n + 2m v
t 2n + 2m v
a
0 = ) t( T ) 2
( v + ) t( T
n + 2m 2
2

) t( T
. 5
a
a
)
( + 2 ) ( = mv + n = nm
2 m
n
a
a
,2 ,1 = m ,
nis = ) y ( my , 2)
(=v
y m
m
0 = ) a( Y ,0 = )0( Y

0 = Yv + Y

0u = )0 , ( u

0 = ) t ,b( u

0 = u 2 2 a tu

.1
) t , ( u

) , ( u

0u b 3.2.11

a
0 a
nis ) ( f
d
2

n is

= nC

nC = ) ( n) ( nR = ) , ( nu

)0(R
0
)
a
(
)
0
(

=
=

0 = R R + R 2 0 = +
) ,0(u )0, (u .1
) ( ) (R = ) , (u

) ,0( u)4(

0 = )a , ( u = )0 , ( u)3(

) ( f = ) , 0 ( u)2(

a < < 0
= u2 )1(
)
(0 = 2 2 + ) (
1
u2 1
u

< <0

2.2.11

) n( 0 J t n a e nC = ) t , ( u
2 2

0= n

= n

.7

n
)0(

n) 0n( .6
2 ,1 = n ,) n( 0 J
e = ) t , ( nu
t2n 2 a

:
) b ( 0 J=0=)b(R
0=)b(R) t( T)b( R = ) t ,b( u = 0
.5

) ( 0 J = ) ( R
0= ,) ( R.4
d d
(
b 0 ,0 = R + )
2
:
1
R
d
d

0 > t ,0 = T2 2 a + T

TR a
d d R T a
2
= 2 :
= )
(

2
Rd
d 1
1
T
d d
a-TR:
(
Rd
d T2
0=)

) t( T) ( R = ) t , ( u
.3

uzu

.2

) z (Z

.2

) z ,0( u ,0 = ) z ,a( u
; ) (f = )h , ( u ,0 = )0 , ( u

;h < z < 0 ,b < ,0 = u2

.1

) ( f h b .4.2.11
1
n
1
=
n
)0(
0
b

) ( J
n
)0(

n
)0(

( 0 J

t )
2

na
)0(

e u2 = ) t , ( u

)b n( 1J b
) n ( 1J n )b n( 1Jb n
)0(
)0(
2 2
=
=
= nC
0u2
0u2
n
)b n( 1J 0u2
b
n
n
n
xd
0
0

2
)x ( 1Jx 2 = xd])x ( 1Jx [
)bn( 1J =
=
1
d bn 1
bn

xdx )x ( 0 J

bn

n
2

= d ) n( 0 J

) n( J b

u2 =

0
b

1
2 2

d ) n( 0 J

0 0

) n( 0 J nC = )0 , ( u = 0u
0=n

.8

b
1 = )0( 0J = ) n ( 0 J
00 = )x ( 1J) 00(

)0(
b
0 = )x ( 1J) n ( 0 J0 = )x ( 0 J ,)x ( 1J = ) x ( 0 J

)0(
b
b
b
0
0
d ) ( f 2 = d ) n ( 0 J) ( f 2 = h 0B + 0A
2
2

b
)0(

0 = nB + nA ,0 = 0 A

1=n
b
) n ( 0J) b enB + b enA( + h0B + 0A = )h ,(u = )( f

h
h

n
n

)0(

)0 (
)0 (

1=n
b

,2 ,1 = n ,)

.6

n
)0(

( 0J) nB + nA( + 0A = )0,(u = 0

)0(

e0B +

)0(

,2 ,1 = n ,

2 ,1,0 = n ,

b
n
)0(

enA ( + z 0B + 0A = )z , (u
1=n

)0(

e 0B +

= n ,)

e nA = ) z ( n Z

.5
n

)0(

z 0B + 0A = ) z ( 0 Z
) z ( Z . 4
b

n
)0(

( 0 J = ) ( nR

0 = ) z ( Z 2 ) z ( Z
)0( R ,0 = )b(R

0 = R 2 2 + R + R 2

.3

0 J
,2 ,1 = n )x ( 0J00 0
b
b
n
)0 (

,2 ,1 = n ,

n
)0(

= n ,)

n
)0(

.4

( 0 J = ) ( nR

0 = ) z ( Z 2 -)z(Z

)0( R,0= )b( R

0 = 2 R 2 2 + R + R 2

.3

) z ,0( u ,0 = ) z ,b( u

k
k
z
z
q = )h , ( u , q = )0 , ( u

h < z < 0 ,b < ,0 = u2

)z(Z :.2

) z , ( u = u
:.1

., ,
F q h b .5.2.11

b
)h n (hs 1=n
) n
b
b

( 0J

0
2
)0(

( 0 J) ( f ) 0 (
+
d)
n
b
b
2

b
0
)0(

)
(
J
)
( hs
n
n

)0(
)0(
0 2 bh
= )z , (u
z2

d ) ( f

.7

b
h n hs 2
0
n

b
(
J
b

0 )
d ) n ( 0 J) ( f ) 0 ( 2 2 ) 0 (
= nB = nA
2
1

b
)0(
b
0 h 2 b
= 0B0 = 0A
2

d)

( 0 J) ( f

n( 0 J b
b

0 )
( 0 J) ( f ) 0 ( 2 2 =
d)
2
n
)0(

n
)0(

)0(

e nB +

)0(

e nA

b
n
)0(

( 1J ]

)h

b
n
)0(

n
)0(

3.11

e)

n
)0(

e 1( +

n
)0(

(hs ) ) 0n( ( 1J 2 ) 0n( 1= n

1
)h

)h

b
n
)0(

b
n
)0(

e)

n
)0(

e 1([i

k
= )z , (u
qb

(hs ) ) 0n( ( 1J 2 ) 0n( k

h

n
)0(

e 1(bq

(hs ) ) 0n( ( 1J 2 ) 0n( k

e 1(bq

= nB

= nA:

) )0n((1J )0n(k

n
n
=
e
B

e
A
b
b

bq2
h
h

n
n

)0 (
)0 (

) n(1J nk
b
) n( 1J nk2
0
)0(
)0(
= d)
( 0J )0( 2 )0(
= nB nA
n
bq2
q2

b
)0(
})x ( 0 J{
1= n
b
k
) n ( 0 J) b e nB b e nA ( = ) k , ( z u =
q

z
z

n
n

)0(

)0(
)0(

b
b 1=n

n
)0(

n
)0(

( 0 J) nB nA (

b
n
)0(

( 0 J)

)0(

n
)0(

= )0 , ( zu =

e nB +

k
q

e nA ( = ) z , ( u
1= n

.5

)0(

 3.3.11

xd ) x ( lP) x (

xd ) x ( |m| lP) x ( | m|' lP

|m|

'

1
1

'

| ' m|

1
1

'

nm

mi ' mi

'

mm

ll =
'

2 mlC m lC =

'

ml

'

C 'm' lC = d nis ) , ( * Y

91 2.3.11

)1+ l (

rB + l rA = ) r ( lR

eB + leA = ) ( l
)1+ l (
2
2
)1 + l(
=
=
= k
)1 + l2( 1 )1 + l( l4 + 1 1
l

0 = )1 + l( l k + 2 k

: e = ) (.2
0 = ) ()1 + l( l ) ( + ) (
0 = ) ()1 + l( l ) (2 + ) ( ) (

d 2 2 d 2

=
Rd 1 R 2 d 1

d d d d d d
d
) (
(
+) (
=)
= 2
Rd 1 d
Rd d 1
Rd 1 d R 2 d

d d d d
=

=
Rd 1 d Rd Rd
) ( = ) r ( R .r nl = .1

rB + l rA = ) r( R
1 l
0 = ) ( R )1 + l( l ) r(Rr2 + ) (R 2 .1.3.11

xd
xd
1
1
]xd )1 x ( l x 6
)1 x ( l ) 2 x3 1([A =
2
d
d
1 l
1
l

xd
xd
1
1
]xd )1 x ( 1+ l ) x3 1(
)1 x ( 1+ l ) 3x x ([A =
2
d 2
d
1 l
1
1+ l
l

1+ l

] )1 x ( 1+ l

xd
!)2 + l( ! l 2
1

1+ l
[ d ) 3x x (
=
d
1 !)2 l( 1 + l2

xd ! l 2
!)2 + l( 2
1

l
xd )1 x ( 2+ l
x
=
d ) 2 x 1( 1 !)2 l( 1 + l2
l

1+ l

2
1 !)2 + l(
xd)x ( lpx
= lc
2
1 !)2 l( 1 + l2
1 + l2 !)2 l(
1
kl
= xd)x ( kp )x ( lp
2
2
2 !)2 + l(
1
2

2+ l

)x ( lp lc = x
2= l

2 = l)x ( 2lp ,)x ( lpl m

})x(2LP{ soc ,2 = mmlY i2 e)1( :

m

e soc = ) , ( f )2(
2 i
3
3
+ 11Y
=

1 ,1

8
3
8
3
e n is

+ ie nis

=
i
3 2
3 2
2
2
e nis + ie nis = ) , ( f :
1
1
i

soc nis = ) , ( f )1(


1 + k2 = l,0

!)2 + l( ! l 1+ l2 = lc

!)2 l( 1 + l2

k2 = l,! l 2 + l2

1
xd
xd

1 l

0 = ]xd )1 x ( 1 l
6
)
1
(
x
x 6[A =
2
2
l
l
d 1
d
1 l
1 l

)1 x ( 1 l
2

xd 1
x 6 A
d
1

1 l

] )1( + 1[! l 2)2(A =

l

1
1

1
1

)1 x ( l

1 + k2 = l,0
=
k2 = l,! l 2+ l2A

xd
) x3 1(A
d 2

] l)1( + 1[! l l2 =

)(! l l)1 1( llc +! l l)1 + 1( 0lc =

} l)1 x ( ) l(] l)1 + x ([ llc + + ) l(] l)1 x ([ l)1 + x ( 0lc{ =

xd 1
xd
1
] )1 x ( )1 + x ([ l =
)1 x ( l
2
d 1 l
d
l
1

4
2
1 ) 2 i e + 2 ie( 2 nis + ) 2 soc 1( =
1
1
2
nis = 1 2 soc 2 nis = ) , ( f )3(
1
2 soc + 1 2
k)1 + k()1 k2()1 + k2 ( 1= k
Y

2, k 2

)1 + k4(

2 , k 2Y 4

2 = ) , ( f

)1 + k4 (
=
k )1 + k()1 k2()1 + k2(4

1 + 4 !)2 k2 (
2, k 2
Y
=
4 !)2 + k2(

mi

2 i

e) soc( k22p

4 !) m + l(
e) soc( lp
= ) , ( mlY
1 + l2 !) m l(
m

2 i

k )1 + k()1 k2 ()1 + k2 (2 1= k

e) soc( p
=
)1 + k4(

k2
2

e soc = ) , ( f
2 i
)1 k2 ( k2 )1 + k2()2 + k2( 1= k

)x ( p
=
)1 + k4 (

k2
2

1 k
)1 k2 ( k2)1 + k2()2 + k2(
)x ( p 2
)1 + k4 ( =
1

k2
2

1= k
2= l
! )2 + k 2 (
)x ( p 2
)1 + k4( = )x ( lp lc = x
2
! )2 k 2 (

k2
2

) soc( lp lA = 2soc:)3()2(
0= l

) soc( lp r lA = ) , r ( 1u ,0 = lB)1()1(
l

0= l

0= l
r

l ) 1+ l + r lc( = )0 , r ( 2 u :
) soc( P

l
l
D

0= l

1+ l
l
l
1

+
r
A
=

) soc( P
)
(
)
,
r
(
u
:

lB
l

.3

2soc=) ,1(u:

0,) ,( 2 u

) ,0( 1u :

1 > r ,0 = 2 u 2 ,1 < r ,0 = 1u 2 :

.2

soc = ) ,1( u
2
51
54
9

2 , 2Y

51

.1

2 , 2Y

23 1
2 i

+ 22Y

51

+ 22Y

51

23 1

4
e 2 nis +
1

2 i

+ 02Y

+ 02Y

61 1

00Y

61

00Y 4

4.3.11

3
=
2

4
6 3
e 2 nis + )1 2 soc 3( =
1
1 2

 3
r
3
)
+ ( =
1 2 soc 3 1 1
2
2 r3 r3
) 2 soc ( 3 + =
1
3 2
1
r3 r3
) soc( 2p 3 + = 2u
2
1
3
3
)2 ,0 l(0 = lD , = 2D , = 0D
2
1
: }) soc( lp {

0= l
3
3
) soc( 0p + ) soc( lp = soc = ) soc( lp lD
2
1
2

:)3()4(
r 0= l
) soc( lp 1+ l = 2u ,0 = lC)3(
lp

3
3
3 3
r) 2 soc( + = ) soc( 2p 2 r + = 1u
2
1
1
2 1
3
3
)2 ,0 l(0 = lA , = 2 A , = 0 A
2
1

:}) soc( lp {
0= l
3
3
) soc( 0p + ) soc( 2p = ) soc( lp l A
1
2

3
3
) soc( 0p + ) soc( 2p = 2soc
1
2
2
2
2
2soc = )1 2soc3( = ) soc( lp
1
3
1

) soc( 0p

0= l
r
) soc( lp )
+ r lA ( = ) , r ( u
B l

1+ l
l

.5

0 = ) ,0 ( u

< , 0 u

r
u

)
,
(
=
2

; 0,0u

2
0 , 0r < r ,0 = u 2

.4

2
0 = )
,r( u

0
0

u
)
,
r
(
u
=

2
0 , 0r < r , 0 = u 2

.3
.2

: .1
:

u 5.3.11

0r
!!)2 + n2(

1 + n2 = l ,
)1( 0 1+n 2
!!)1 n2 ( n
u)3 + n4(
= 1+ n 2A

0r 2
1 = l, 0
u3

0 = L A0 = l
xd )x ( lp ] l)1( 1[ 0

xd)x ( lp

)1( = xd)x ( lp

0r 2
l
= lA
u)1 + l2(

= xd)x ( lp

xd !l 2
l
)x( lp )1( = )1 x( l
= )x( lpxx
d 1
l

]xd)x( lp

0r2
0
l
l 1
+
)
(

[
=
x
d
x
p
0u)1+ l2(

0
2
2
r
0
l
] d nis) soc( lp 0u + d nis) soc( lp 0u 2 [ l = A
1+ l2
1

d nis ) soc( lp ) , 0r( u

0
0 l r2
= lA
1 + l2

) soc( lp 0r lA = ) , 0r ( u
0= l

) soc( lp r lA = ) , r ( u
: )1()2(
0= l

0 = lB) ,0( u)1(

)0( u
0
0

u
r
u
)
(
=

0
r
<
=

r
u
,
0
2

.4

.3

F .2

2
0 = ) , r( u

0
0

u
)
,
r
(
u

2
0 , 0r < r ,0 = u2

:.1

0r
)!n()1 + n ( 2 0=n
1+n
1+ n 2p

) ( 0u 2
= ) 1r( u
) soc( 1+ n 2 r
!)n2()3 + n4 ( n )1 (
0
r
)
!
n
(
)
1
+
n
(
2
1+ n 2
2
1+n
=
0
!
)
n
2
(
)
3
+
n
4
(
)1 (
u
n

:
.6.3.11

0r
! n 2 ! )1 + n ( 2
n
1+n
1+ n 2
=
0 u ) 3 + n 4 ( )1 (
!)n2(
n

0r
! ! ) n 2 (!! ) 2 + n 2 (
1+ n 2
=
!! ) n 2 (!! )1 n 2 ( 0 u ) 3 + n 4 ( n )1 (

0r
!!)2 + n2(
)1 ( 0 1+n 2
= 1+n 2A
!!)1 n2( n
u)3 + n4 (
0r 2
= 1A
u3
0

 ) ,( 1u u ) , ,( 1u

)1(

nis 0u 0R 8.3.11
2
0

soc nis

= ) , ,R ( U

) soc( p R)m nis mlF + m soc mlE( = ), , 0R(u

l
m

0
l

0=m 0= l

F = lcmB , mlE = lcmA ,0 = lD), ,0(u)1(

ml

0=m 0= l
R
) soc( p )
+ R lc()m nis mB + m soc mA ( = ), ,R(u
D l

.3

l
m

1+ l
l

) , ,0( u

soc nis = ) , , 0R ( u

.2

0 = u2

.1

soc nis = ) , , 0R ( u R 7.3.11

, , r0u ) , , r( u
0

A = ) 0r( u = 0u

0u = ) 0r( u)2(

A = ) r( u

0 = B)0( u)1(

r
+ A = ) r( u
B

.5

)1( :

. ,2u , 1u , 0u , soc 2u + 1u , soc 0u

2

,,b ,a 9.3.11

R>R

) 2 ,0 l ( 0 =

1+ l

)21(

) soc ( 2P R R 0u 3 = ) ,R ( 2u
R 0R 2

3
0
3

3
, 20R 0u = 2B
2

) x ( lP
R

1+ l

, 0u 0R

3
= 0B
2

)01(
)9(

0= l

,)11(

) x ( lP

B = ) x ( 2P ) x ( 0P 0u

) soc ( lP

)11(

3
2

, ) , 0R ( 2u ,)3(

B = ) ,R ( 2u

0= l

0 = ) , ( 2u

3
) soc ( 2P ) soc ( 0P 0u = nis 0u = ) , 0R ( 2u
2

0 = 2u
R>R

)8(

)2(

. ) ,( 2u u ) , ,( 2u )(

0
) soc ( 2P 0u 2 R 1 0u 3 = ) ,r ( 1u
R 2

)1(

R<R

) 2 ,0 l ( 0 =

)6 (

0= l

,)4(

R3
= 2A
u2

0
2
0

) x ( p R lA = ) x ( P ) x ( P

)5(

l 0
l

, 0u

3
= 0A
2

) x ( lP

3
2

) , 0R ( 1u ,)3(

) soc ( lp l R lA = ) ,R ( 1u
0= l

)4(

) ,0 ( 1u

3
1
(2 )
( 0 0
) 0 ( 1
)

=
=
s
o
c
P
s
o
c
P
u
n
i
s
u
,
R
u
2
2

0 = 1u 2

)3(
)2 (

)2(

R<R

)1(

0 = )x ( y + )x ( y

)x (
)x (
)x (
) x ( 'y
+ ) x ( "y
)x ( Q
)x ( k
)x ( k
'

0 = ) x ( y ) x ( + ) x ( y ) x ( Q + ) x ( y ) x ( k + ) x ( y ) x ( k
'

b<x<a

)1(

b<x<a

)2(

'

"

xd
xd
) x ( k
,0 = ) x ( y ) x ( + ) x ( y ) x ( Q
) x ( y

-
)2(

,0 = ) x ( y + ) x ( y ) x ( c + ) x ( ' y ) x ( b + ) x ( " y ) x ( a
1.4.11

. , ) ,R ( u 0 = lB = lA
b
1+ l
b
l
1
0=
a
a
l
1
l

lB lA
)3 l(0 = lB = lA
) b 5 a (3
2u 5
= 2A
b2
3
b a
, 0u 3 3 = 1A
a
2
3
b a
= 0A
, 2 + 1u
u
b

) b 5 a (3
5
2
= 2B
u
b a2
3 5
b 3a
0u 3
= 1B
b a
3 2

3 + 1u b a = 0B
2u
ba

b
b
b
b
3
3
)3 l ( 0 = 1+l l + lb lA , 23 + 2 b2A = 2 ,0 = 12 + b1A , 2 + 1u = 0 + 0A
B
u2
B
u
B
B
R
l
3
3
, ) soc ( lP 1+l l + l R lA = ) soc ( 2P 2 + 2 + 1u

u2
u
B
R
a
a
) 2 l ( 0 = 1+ l + R lA ,0u = 2 + 1aA 0 = + 0A
1B
lB
0B
l

R
l
, ) soc ( lP 1+l l + l R lA = ) ,a ( u = ) soc ( 1P 0u
B

R
l
) soc ( lP 1+l l + l R lA = ) ,R ( u
B

.)3(

3
3
) soc ( 2P + + 1u = soc 2u + 1u = ) ,b ( u
2u2
2u
2

) soc ( 1P 0u = soc 0u = ) ,a ( u

0 = u 2

)2(

b<R<a

-
,- ,
. F ) x ( , F

) x ( = ) x ( F

.-
. x

, ) x ( ) x ( . F

xd ) x ( F ) x ( = xd ) x ( F ) x ( *

F ,

.., 3.4.11

.,, ]b , a [
.)63( ,0 = ) b ( k = ) a ( k )4(
) b ( ny ,0 ) a ( ny ,0 > h ,0 > ) x ( k
.)63( ,0

n
n
n
n
n
n
2 ) b ( y ) b ( k + 2 ) a ( y ) a ( k h = ) b ( yh ) b ( * y ) b ( k ) a ( yh ) a ( * y ) a ( k
2

)63( , ) b ( nyh = ) b ( ny , ) a ( nyh = ) a ( ny )3(

.)63( ,0 = ) b ( y ,0 = ) a ( y )2(
'

'

n
'

n
'

0 = ) b ( *ny ,0 = ) a ( *ny ,0 = ) b ( ny ,0 = ) a ( ny )1(

.)63(

0 ) a ( n' y ) a ( *ny ) a ( k + ) b ( n' y ) b ( *ny ) b ( k

2.4.11
.-)1()2(

)x ( a
) x ( k = ) x ( Q
)x ( c

) x (a
) x (b

)x ( a )x ( k
=
.
)x (c )x ( Q

e = )x ( k

)x ( a )x ( k
, x ,
.
=
)x ( b )x ( k
'
)x (
)x (
, )x ( a =
)x ( k
)x ( k
xd

)x ( c =

)x (

)x ( Q

,)x ( b =

'

,)1(

.,, L

a
a
xd ) x ( L ) x ( = xd ) x ( L ) x ( *
b
b

)x( y = )x( y L

xd ) x (
) x ( xd
+ ) x ( k
=L
1
)x ( Q d

) x ( xd
xd ) x (
+ ) x ( k

d
1

) x ( y = ) x ( y

)x ( Q

 0>k 0<k

xd

= xd

x + a
xki

0>a

td

xki

e) x ( f

= ) k(c

x + 2a
= ) x ( f 3.1.21
1

) i + ( + ) 0 2 (

t + ) 0 2 ( i

td ti et 0 2 nis t e

) ( f

t ) 0 2 ( i
0

= td) t( f

{ i12 =

ti

d t ie) ( c

= ) ( f

2 = ) t( f

0
= ) t( f
t0 2 nis t e

0< t
0> t

.2.1.21

0 2
+ 0 2
+
=
T) 0 2(nis T) + 0 2(nis

td] t) 2(soc + t) + 2(soc[ 2 =

td ) t nis i t soc( t 2 soc =
= ) (c
0

td t i e) t( f

. ) ( c

d t ie) ( c

T+

2 = ) t( f

0
= ) t( f 1.1.21
t0 2 soc

T t
T< t

] 2 x nis[ Fi + ] 2 x soc[ F = ] 2 x nis i + 2 x soc[ F = ]

x i

e[ F

x soc = ) x ( f .5.1.21
2

k <a0<k0>a>k ,0
2
0>k=a = ) k ( f

k >a0<k0>k>a

2
b = b(0 < b ,

x 0
0 = b ,0 = xd
xb nis

2
0 > b,

xd

x
x
0
0

xd
+ xd
=
x ) k a (nis
x ) k + a (nis
x
x
0

2 = xd) xk nis i xk soc(

=
xk soc xa nis
xa nis
x d xki e

= xd xki e) x ( f
xa nis

= ) k( f

x
= ) x ( f .4.1.21
x a n is

a k

= ) k ( c

a
a
x + 2 a
=
e = e = )x ( d 2
ak
a k
e
xki
x + 2 a
x + 2 a
2
)x ( d 2
=
= ) k (c
x
d
e x x
e
xki

0 > k )2 (

xki

a k

ai = z

a ai2
e =
i 2 =
e

ai k i

) ai( Fs eR i 2 = xd 2

z + 2a

x + 2 a
z ki

x ki

i 2 =

= ) k (c

0 < k)1(

4
i
k

2
k

kd}xk nis ] d k soc ) ( f

[ + xk soc ] d k soc ) ( f [{ = )x ( f

kdxk soc ) k ( cc

xdxk soc )x ( f
kdxk nis ) k ( sc

+x ( i

= ) k( c

2
0

= )x ( f

= ) k( c

= )x ( f

2
0

xdxk nis )x ( f

e+
i

4 4
)
( i
2k

4
i
k

2
2
e[
= *)

e
=
d

e(

4
2

4
i
k

e = d ie

4 4
)
(soc
=

k
2

2
2

e +
d e
e =
2 i 4 i 1
1
i

2
2
2
2
e + xd
e = xd xki x i e + xd xki x ie =
4
2
1
2
2
1
1
i 2 )
x ( i 1
2

i+ 2 )

.6

4 4
)
(i
2k

+ d e

xd

4
2

xd xki e 2 x soc

= ) k( f

4 4

)
(soc
= ] 4 4 e
[eR = ) k ( f
k

)
( i

i 2)

e2

4
2

x i

e
=
d ie 4 e =

= xd

xki

e
2

x i

=]

x i

e[ F

e ( F eR = ] 2 x soc[ F = ) k (c

x i

4 4
)
( i
2k

xd

4
2

a + 2k
=
a

a + ki a ki 2 0 ) a + ki( a ki 2
[ = ]

[ =

e x ) a ki ( e 1
1
1 1
x ) a + ki (

xd] x ) a + ki ( e x ) a ki ( e[
xdxk soc xa e
2

2 =

= ) k( c

a+ k
a 2 ) ki(
2
= 2
=
k
k

a + ki a ki i2 0 ) a + ki( a ki i2

[ = ]

[ =
1
1 1
e x ) a ki ( e 1
x ) a + ki (

xd] x ) a + ki( e x ) a ki (e[

xdxk nis xa e

i2 =

= ) k( c

sccc)x ( f
kd]xk nis ) k ( sc + xkoc) k ( cc[

= )x ( f

0>a

xa

e = ) x ( f 7

kdxk soc ) k( cc

=)k(A

= )x ( f

= ) k( c

2
0

xdxk soc )x ( f

) k ( cc

d k soc ) ( f

0 = ) k( sc

= ) k(A

)x(f 2

kdxk nis ) k( sc

= )x ( f

= ) k( c

2
0

xdxk nis )x ( f

0
d) ( k nis ) ( f = ) k(B

2
) k( sc =)k(B

0 = ) k (A
2

)x(f 1

d) x ( 2 f ) ( 1f

= )x ( f

1f
)x

1f 01.1.21
) x ( 1f * ) x ( 2 f = ) x ( 2 f * ) x

) 0k k ( f = xd x ) 0k + k ( i e ) x ( f = xd xki e ) x ( f x 0kie = ) x ( f x 0kie F

. ) 0k k ( f = ) x ( f

x
xi
xi 2
(
=

=
x a ni s
e x ai e 1
x ai

x 0 ki

0
) x ( 2f

2
0

e F 9.1.21

xi 2
2
= kd xkie
=
1
e 1

a xki

k d x ki e ) k ( f
)x(f

k d ) k ( s 2 f ) k ( s 1f

k d k d x k nis ) k ( s 1f

2 = ) x ( f
1

a > k ,0
= ) k ( f 8.1.21
,1

a< k

= x d ) x ( 2 f ) x ( 1f

) k ( c2f ) k ( s2f, ) x ( 1f ) k ( c1f ) k ( s1f

k d ) k ( c 2 f ) k ( c1f

kd ) k ( s 2 f ) k ( s 1f

= x d ) x ( 2 f ) x ( 1f

= x d ) x ( 2 f ) x ( 1f

.7.1.21
.

e , k e = ) k ( C f

xdxk soc ) x ( c f = ) k ( C f
2

x +1
= ) x ( Cf
2
1
2
x + 1 0
6.1.21
1
0

. 0 > k , k e

= xdxk soc

> k
k 0

0
= ) k ( s f
k nis

kdxk nis ) k( s f = ) x ( f

0
s
=
)
k
(
f

xdxk nis ) x ( f

> k
k 0

0
= xdxk nis ) x ( y 0 .21.1.21
k nis

] )a b( + 2 x [ b
2
= )x (y
1
b
)a b( + x
b
2
]2
[F
=
e = ]) x ( y [ F
1
a b a ) ab ( k a
a + 2x
a
[F
e =]2
ak
1
b + 2x
b
e =]2
[ F
bk
1
a + 2x
[ F]) x ( y [ F = ]) x ( [ F]) x ( y [ F =
1
]2

]) x ( * ) x ( y [ F = ] 2

a + ) x(
b + 2x

[F = ] 2
[F
1
d) ( y

a + 2x
= ) x) x ( y
1

1 < a < 0 ,

b+ x
a + ) x (
2
11.1.21
= 2
1
d) ( y
)x ( 1f *)x ( 2 f = yd ) y x ( 1f ) y ( 2 f

) yd () y ( 2 f ) y x ( 1f

= )x ( 2 f *)x ( 1f

d) x ( 1f ) ( 2 f

= )x ( f

x = y

)x ( 2 f

0= k

] t ka nis[ F ] t ka soc[ F
2

] t2 ka nis[1 F * ]) k( [1 F ] t2 ka soc[1 F * ]) k( [1 F =

] t2 ka nis ) k( [1 F ] t2 ka soc ) k( [1 F = ) t ,x ( u
.3

t2 ka nis ) k( t2 ka soc ) k( = ) t , k( u

) k( 2 ka = )0 , k( tu ,) k( = )0 , k( u
td
2

) t , k( u2 d
0 = ) t , k( u 4 k 2 a +

.1

)x ( a = )0 ,x ( tu
0 > t , < x <

? = ) t ,x ( u

) x ( = )0 ,x ( u

u2 a + ttu

0=

xxxx

1.2.21

2. 2 1

x 1
2
=
x nis
1+ x
1 x 2
1+ x
1 x
2

[ =]

[ =
x nis x nis 1
)1 + x ( nis )1 x ( nis 1

1 x
2
1+ x
0 2

[ = kd])1 + x ( k soc )1 x ( k soc[ =

)1 + x ( k nis )1 x ( k nis 1
1
kdxk nis k nis

= kdxk nis ) k( s f

= )x (y

ud

2 ui

*2

e = xd e

ta 4

2 ui

i 2)

ta 2
x

e[

2x

ta
ud
k d ta 4
2x

e eR

ta 4
2x

+ k ta ( i

kd ) kx + t
kd
]

t 2 k ai

2 ka ( i

xki t2 kai

e
e

xi

ta 2
1

2
=
1

e eR

eR

2
=
1

eR

2
=
1

2
eR =
1

F eR = ] t ka soc[

ta 2 2
ta 4
ta 4
ta 2 2

]
nis+
soc[
) (
1
) x (
) x (
1

ta 2 2
ta 4
ta 4
ta 2 2
=
]
nis+
soc[
) (
) x (
) x (
1
1

2
2

ta 2 2
ta 2 2
ta 4
ta 4
ta 4
ta 4
)
nis+
soc(
*) x ( )
nis+
soc(
*) x ( = ) t, x ( u
x
x
x
x
1
1
2
2
2
2

ta 2 2
ta 4
ta 4
=] t2 ka nis[ 1 F
)
nis
soc(
x
x
1
2
2

ta 2 2
ta 4
ta 4
= ] t ka soc[ F
)
nis +
soc(
2
1
x
x
1
2
2

t2 a 4

) x (
2

e) (

t2 a 4

z + 2 y + 2x

e3

) t a2 (

) t a2 (
1

* ) x ( =

] t k a e[1 F * ]) t , k ( [1 F =
2 2

]
e) t , k ( [ F = ]) t , k ( u[ F = ) t , x ( u
t k a

1
1
2

2 2

t2 k2a

e) k ( = ) t , k (u

) k ( = )0 , k (u

td

0 = ) t , k (u k a +
) t , k (u d
2 2

) z , y , x ( =) 0, z , y , x ( u

0=) zz u+ yy u+ xx u ( 2 a tu

0> t
< z , y , x <

2.2.21

ta 2 2
ta 4
ta 4
)
nis
soc(
=] t2 ka nis[ 1 F
1
x
x
2
2
ta 2 2
ta 4
ta 4
)
nis+
soc(
=
1
x
x
2
2
2
2 ta 2
ta 4
ta 4
)
nis
soc
(
+
=
1 2x
1
1
x
2
ta 2
ta 4 4
)
(soc
=
x
1
2
ta 2
4

ta 4
2x

e eR

=] t2 ka soc[ 1 F

0=

) y , k(w
)3(

y ) y , k(w
,) k( g = )0 , k(w

yd
2
0 = ) y , k(w
) ki( +
) y , k(w
2d
2

x .2
)y,x(w

) y ,x ( y
u y0 = ) y ,x ( u , x

0 = x ) y ,x ( xw ,0 = x ) y ,x (w

) y ,x ( y u = y ) y ,x (w

)x ( g = )0 ,x ( y u = )0 ,x (w

y
= yyw + xxw

0 = ) yy u + xx u(

= ) y , x ( u

a, d ) , x ( w

0= x )y,x(x
u 0= x ) y , x ( u
y

) y , x ( y u,) x ( y =) 0, x ( y u

0= yy u+ xx u

a
y

) y , x ( yu= ) y , x ( w 1

3) 2 ( =

3.2.21
t2 a 4

) t a2(
1

1=

3) 2 ( = j kd
2 z + 2 y + 2x

j kd

t2 a 4
t 4
2)
j kt a (
j
jx2
2 x

1=

t a4
2

j
2 x

j x j ki t j k a
2 2

1=

3) 2 ( =
3

3) 2 (
=] t k a e [1 F
k d e
e
3 xki t2 k2 a 1
2 2

k d)x

) x ( + a
2

2
d 2

n
l
)
(
g
=
] 2 ) x ( + 2 y [ d
1

4.2.21

) x ( + 2 a
2
2

)
(
g
d
=
] 2 ) x ( + 2 [ d y
1

d] d

)x ( + 2 y
d 2
) ( g
( ki y k

) x ( + 2 - a
2
[ =
y
) ( g

d) ,x w

=)y,x(u

a
y

= )y ,x (w

)y,x(u )y,x(w .)5(

+ k d ) x ( ki y k e

) x ( +
y 2

= x d)x

kd
e
d
)
(
g

) x ( ki y k
1

d x ki + y k e ] ki e) ( g
[
1

k d x k i e y k e ) y , k ( g
1

= )y ,x(
1
0

k d x ki e) y , k ( w

( ki y k

=
=
=
w

e) k( g = ) y , k(w
,B = )0 , k(w
= ) k( g
,.)4(

y k

y k

eB = ) y , k(w
0 = A y ) y , k( u
y k

eB +

yk

eA =

y 2k

eB + y

eA = ) y , k(w

ak
+ t a k s o c ) k (s = ) t k ( s u
t a k n i s ) k ( s
1
) t k ( s u ) 2 (
0= t
td

) k( s =
,) k( s = )0 , k( su
) t , k( su d

td
2
0 = ) t , k( su k a +
) t , k ( su2 d
2

)1(

xdxk nis ) k ( sf

) k ( sf = xdxk nis )x ( f

x =0 ,x ( tu

= )x ( f

= ) k( c

2
0

)x ( = )0 ,x ( u
0 = ) t ,0( u

0 = xx u2 a ttu

0=

) t ,x ( u

0 > t , < x < 0

_)1(
.

, ) t ( q ) 0 = x ( ,,

ta + x

5.2.21

a2
x ta

=
) ( d ) (
1
ta + x
0
x t a a 2
+
=
] d ) (
)
(
d
)
(
[

1
ta + x
0
0
x t a a 2
=
1

d ) (

d ) (

ta + x

+ ) ( d ) (

a2
a2
ta x
ta x

+ d ) ( [
= d ) (
1
1
0
ta + x
ta<x
0

) x

2
0 > x , t a < x , ] ) x t a ( ) t a + x [ =
1
2

0
] k d ) x t a k n i s ) k ( s
) t a + x [
2
1

2
1
] ) t a x ( + ) t a + x [

] k d ) t a x k n i s ) k ( s

+ k d ) t a + x k n i s [ ) k ( s

k d ] ) t a x ( k n i s + ) t a + x k n i s [ ) k ( s

k d x k n i s t a k n i s ) k ( s

2
0
[ =
2 1

ak
1

k d x k n i s t a k s o c ) k ( s
=
2

ak
[ s F + ] t a k s o c ) k ( s [ 1 s F =
1 1

] t a k n i s ) k ( s

] ) t k ( s u [ 1 s F = ) t , x ( u
. ) 3 (

) p ( f

= td t) p ( e) t ( f

= td e) t ( f

tp

? = ] t e n t[L
t

= ) t ( f

2.3.21

e L

> ) p ( e R , ) p ( f = ] t e ) t ( f [ L

1.3.21

d ) t (

k a

2 2

) ( q

3. 2 1

a=

e) ( q kd

k a

2 2

k a

2 2

e d) ( q

k a / 2x

2 2

dxk soc ) t(

dxk soc ) t(
d ) t(

) t( q

0
t

e ) ( q 2 a = ) t , k ( cu

a = ) t ,x ( u
,)4(

, ) t , k ( cu )3(

0 = ) 0 , k ( cu

a = ) t , k ( cu k a +
2

) t , k ( cu d
td

) t ( q ) t , k ( cu 2 k = ) t ,0 ( x u ) t , k ( cu 2 k = ) t ,x ( xx u cF

) t ,x ( tu cF

) t , k ( cu d =
td

0 = ) 0 ,x ( u

, ) t ( q = ) t ,0 ( x u

0 = xx u2 a tu

,)2(

0 = ) t , ( x u

0 > t , < x < 0

u
? = ] ud
u ni s

p
p p
nl +
m il =
p
p

0
t

[L

5.3.21

0 = 1 nl

p
nl =
p

p
nl =
p

p
p p
t

=]
(
[L
pd)
e te
1
1

t
t
p
]
[ L = p d ) p ( F
) t( f

)p ( F =

p
p

= ] t e
1
1

e[L

t
? = ]) t e t e( [L 4.3.21
1
)1 + 2 p ( 1 + 2 p pd
2
=
= ] t nis t [L
1 d
p 2
pd

]) t( f ) t([L = ) p ( F
n

)p ( F =

1+ 2p
=]tnis[L
1

? = ] t nis t[L 3.3.21

) -p(
1+n
= ] t e n t[L
!n
p
1+n
=] nt[L
!n

) p ( F = ] t e)t(f[L
)p(F=])t(f[L

p d
] ) t ( y [ L d
) 0 ( y

p d
) p ( y
] ) 0 ( y

) p ( y

] ) t ( y ) t ( [ L

) 0 ( y p

p
1

= ] 1[ L

) p ( y
p [

p d
d

= ]

= ] u d

u
p
[ L
u ni s
1

0
t

=
=

= ] ) t ( y [

) 1 (

2 = )0(y ,1 = )0( y

1 = ) t( y + ) t(yt ) t(y

p
1

= ]t d)t( f

= ] ) t ( y t [ L

) p ( y

) p ( y

p
n at cr a
1
p
])t( f [ L
1
p
n at cr
1

u
u ni s

0
t

6.3.21

[L

L . 3

a = p n at c cr a = p n at cr a

p
1 + 2 p
n at cr a = p d
1
1

p d ) p ( F

u
= ]
[ L
u ni s
t
[ L
)t( f

= ]

. 2
1 +

) p ( F

= ] t n i s [ L .
1

) 0 > t ( 0 =
)t( f

k)t-(
= ) t ( f = ] ) p ( F [ 1L = ] k p [ 1L
t(k

) t ( = ]) p ( F

pd
k
[ L = ]kp
d 1
k

)1 =

0=t
tp-

e = t dtp- e t (

pd
[ L = t (! k
d 1

=] t([L

t ( k = ] 1 [1 - L k = ] k p

pd
k
[ L
d 1

) 0 > t ( 0 = ] k p [ 1 L , 2 , 1 , 0 = k ) 1 (
)

8
2
p
p
+
(c + 2 ) + c( +
=
p
1
2
1

p
p
8
2
2
+
+)
+
1( 2 p c = ) p ( y
2
1
p
p
4
2

. ) 3 (
p
p
2
+
+
2
1

e 2 p c = ) p ( y
2

p nl 2

p
p
+
2
1

ec =

pd)

p
+p (
2

e 2 p c =

ec = ) p ( y

)p (y .)2(
2

p
p
p
pd
+
+ 1 = ) p ( y
+ p( +

1
2
2
)p (y d
p
pd
= )p (y +
p +
1
)p (y d

)p (y + 2 p )p (y

 , =

2 ,1bp , ) p ( f p

) t ( f , 2

2p (
1

= ) p ( f 7.3.21

cL
)
( + 2p
cL
cL
2
cL
1
nis 0 = ]
[1LcL 0 =
cL
t
q
q
1
]

cL
+ p
1 2
1

[1L

cL
= ])p(I[1-L
q
0

.2

cL
pc
2
+ p
+c
1 2 cL
1
=
= )p(I
0q
p c
1
2
1 0q
p c
pc
p
2
= ) 2 + L()p(I :
1 0q
1
1
p c
p c
+})0(I-)p(Ip{L
=
1 0 q )p(I 1
.1

0 = )0(I
c
td
0 c
= td) t (I +
L
q
t 1 ) t(Id

.7.3.21
p
p
t)2 + c( + 1 = ] 2 )2 + c( + [1L
1
1

p
p
y
] 2 )2 + c( + [1L = ]) p ( y [1L =t
1
1

p
t = ] 2 [1L
1
p
1 = ] [1L
1

0 = 2c

) w + 2 p(p
2
+
1

a
p

e2c +

a
x
p

) p , x (u ) 1(
e1c = ) p , x (u

) p , x (u .2

)p,x(u ,0 = )p,0(u
w + 2p 2 a
a
xd
2
2

=
2
p
1
)p,x(u 2p )p,x(u 2 d

w+ p
xd
2
2
2
a-)0,x( t u-)0,x(up=)p,x(u 2p
=
p
)p,x(u 2 d 2
t
.1
0=)0,xt u0 = )0 ,x (u

x )t,x(u ,0 = ) t ,0(u

u 2 a tt u
tw soc =

xx

1.4.21

4. 2 1

2
) ths thct( 3 =
1

) 2 p (
) 2 p (

2 2
2 2
,
s eR + ,
s eR i 2 = ) t ( f
e
e
tp
tp

.2.4.21

a
2
w
< t,
nis 2
x
tw 2
2
a
2
2
w = )t ,x( u
t, a
ni s
ni s[ 2
2
2
x
t
w
2

) -t( w

a
< t ,0
x

a
) w + p(p
2
2
w =] 2
t,
[ 1 L
2

x
e
n
i
s
a
a
2
2
x

p
t( w

x
)

<t 0
= ) t ( f = ]) p ( F e [ L
1
p
t ,) t ( f
) p ( F p e = ] ) t ( f [L p e = ] ) t ( f [ L

) 2 (
2
w
w
n i s 2 = ) t w s o c 1( 2 =

tw 2
1
w+ p p
w
) w + p(p
2
2
]2
[1-L 2 = ] 2
[ 1-L 1
p
1
1
1
) w + p(p
) w + p(p
2
2
[1-L- ] 2
[1-L = ]) p, x( u[ 1-L =) t, x u
e
1
2

a
x
p

.3

) w + p(p ) w + 2 p( p
2
2
= ) p , x (u
1
1
2

) w + 2 p(p
2
- = 1c
1
) w + 2 p(p
2
+ 1 c = ) p , 0 (u = 0
1
) 2 w + 2 p(p
+ a e 1 c = ) p , x (u
1
x
p

a
a
tb + ) t (H ) t (b =
x
x
a

< t,tb
x
= ) t ,x ( u
a
a

t , tb + ) t ( b

x
x
a

< t,0
p
x
= ] e 2 -[ L
a
a
x a - b 1
p
t ,) t (b

x
x

<t,0
= ) t ( f = ])p (F e[ L
p 1 t ,) t ( f

p
]2 +
b

a
x p

p
tb = ] 2 [1-L)1(
b
p
p
] 2 [1-L + ] a e 2 -[1-L =
b
b
x p

p
-[ L=])p,x( u [1-L=)t,x(u
b 1-

.3
p
p
2
+ e 2 -=)p,x( u
b x pa - b

p
p
-= 1c , 2 + 1c=)p,0( u = 02
b
b

p
2
+
b

0= 2 c0 =
p
+
b

a
x
p

e2c +

a
x p

a
x p

e1c=)p,x( u

)p,x( x u )1(

e1c=)p,x( u
)p,x( u.2

0=)p,x( u

x
0=
)p,x( x u ,0=)p,0( u

xd
a-)0,x( t u-)0,x(up-)p,x( u 2 p
d 2

t
.1
b=)0,x( t u,0=)0,x(u

0 = x )t,x( x u ,0=)t,0(u

0= xx u 2 a- tt u

d e
2

t a2
x

u2

th

d - e
2

t a2
x

1( th e 0 u = ) t ,x (u

) t ( f t e =]) p ( F [ 1L
]) t ( f e [L =] p [ F
t

d - e

t a2
x

h +p

u2

h +p

=]

h+ p
[ L
u 1
0

p
e 0 [ 1L
u

h+p
e0 u = ] 0 [ 1L
th
u
h+p
h+p
[ L ] 0 [ 1L = ) t ,x (u
u 1
u
0

.3
x

h +p

h+p h+p
0 = )p , x ( u
u
u
0

h+p
h+ p
= 1c , 0 + 1c = )p ,0(u = 0)2 (
0u
u
h+ p
+
e1c = )p ,x (u
u x h +ap
0

0= 2c0 =

h+p
+
u
0

a
h +p

e 2c +

h +p

)p ,x ( x u )1(

e1c = )p ,x ( u
)p ,x (u.2

0=
) p , x ( x
u 0 = )p ,0(u
a
a
xd
2
= )p , x ( u 2 )p , x ( u 2
0u
h+p
d
2
xd
2
a )0 , x ( u ) p , x ( u p
d 2

0 = )p , x ( u h + )p , x ( u

.1
t
0 u = )0 , x ( u

0 = x )t,x( x u ,0=)t,0(u

0>t,<x<0,0=uh+ xx u 2 a- t u

.3.4.21

t / ) x ( ) t + t ( mil
t / ) yd

0 t

t 2a 4 / 2x
) t+ t (

yd

)x (

2
3

t a2
x

0 t

e mil

( mil

) t + t (

e3

0 t

t a2
x

= yd

)x (

td
2 d

t a2
t
= ) x ( yd y e
x
2
2
t2a 4 / 2x

td

2 d

a2 / x

= yd

td
4.4.21
2 d

t a2 / x