CHEMICAL BONDING

RKBI Class
Fourth Semester
Created By:
I Dewa Ayu Eka Puspita Jayanti

1113031071

Dwi Harkita Ningrum

1130301080

I Kadek Irvan Adistha Putra

1113031088

CHEMISTRY DEPARTEMENT OF EDUCATION

MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENTIST FACULTY
GANESHA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
SINGARAJA
2013

Thompson Atomic Theory

Thompsons atomic theory is based on the cathode ray tube experiment. William Crookes
Cathode ray tube experiment was first performed William Crookes (1875). Thomson researching
more about cathode rays and it is certain that cathode rays are particles because they can rotate
the propeller are placed between the cathode and anode. From the results of this experiment,
Thomson stated that cathode rays are subatomic particles (subatomic particles) which are
negatively charged and later called electrons.
Thompson made a vacuum condition inside the tube also in low temperature, so the ray
will emit out inside the tube which has low temperature through a small hole on the anode.
Thompson wondered and want to know what is exactly that ray. Then Thompson proved it
through added a wheel inside the tube. The wheel was rotating. Thompson concludes that it was
not an electromagnetic wave and Thompson said thats rays are particles, because only a particle
can rotate a wheel. Thompson prove that a really particles by adding two different charges
besides the tube and the ray was bonded to the positive charge. It means the ray has negative
charge. And also Thompson did take a magnet field to proved more. Thompson did use several
metal such as copper, zinc, Iron, cobalt, etc (all metals emitted rays). Thompson concludes that x
Rays is one of element of atom because all of atom can emit these particles.

Figure 1. J.J Thomsons Experiment

Thomson can determine the charge to mass ratio (value of e/m) of the cathode ray
particles at 1.76 x 108 Coulomb / gram based on the amount of deviation of cathode rays in an
electric field.
In 1908 and 1917, R. A. Millikan was succeeded in measuring the charge of the electron
with great precision. His work proved that the charge on each electron was exactly the same. In

that experiment, Millikan examined the motion of single tiny drops of oil that picked up static
charge from ions in the air. Millikan was founded the charge of an electron -1.6022 x 10-19 C
Milikan and Thomson experimental results obtained electron charge is -1 and mass of
the electron is 0, so that the electrons can be denoted

Electrons Physical Data:

e/m = 1.76 x 108 Coulomb/grams
e = 1.602 x 10-19 Coulomb
So that the mass of electron = 9.11 x 10-28 grams
After the discovery of the electron, the theory Dalton said that atoms are indivisible
particles, is no longer acceptable. In 1900, J. J. Thomson considered that the structure of an atom
is something like a raisin bread, so that his atomic model is sometimes called the raisin bread
model. He assumed that the basic body of an atom is a spherical object containing N electrons
confined in homogeneous jellylike but relatively massive positive charge distribution whose total
charge cancels that of the N electrons. The schematic drawing of this model is shown in the
following figure. Thomson's model is sometimes dubbed a plum pudding model

Figure 2. J.J Thomsons Model

Excess Thomson atomic model:Proving the existence of other negatively charged particles in
atoms. Means, the atom is not the smallest part of an element.
Weakness Thomson atomic :Thomson's model cannot explain the arrangement of positive and
negative charges within the atomic sphere.

Rutherford Atomic Model

In 1910, Ernest Rutherford decided to use particles to probe the structure of atoms. Together
with his associate Hans Geiger and an undergraduate named Ernest Marsden, Rutherford
carried out a series of experiments using very thin foils of gold and other metals as targets for as
particles from a radioactive source. Rutherford used this alpha particle to investigate the
structure of the atom. Uranium is a radioactive element that gives off positive particles (alpha
particles). Rutherford used these positive particles to investigate the makeup of the atom.
Rutherford encased uranium in lead (which absorbs alpha particles). This produced a beam of
alpha particles traveling in a straight line. He fired these positive particles at a thin piece of gold
(dense metal). A screen around the gold to detect the alpha particles were traveling. Rutherford
shot alpha particles at a thin sheet of gold to observe what happened when the positive particles
passes through the gold atoms. If Thompsons model was correct the alpha particles should pass
through the diffused positive cloud with ease.
alpha-ray experiments using thin plates of gold, known as -ray scattering
experiments. These experiments showed that most of the rays passed and very little light
reflected.

Figure 3. Rutherfords Experiment

Rutherfords experimental was design for measuring the scattering of a particle by a piece of
gold foil. Most of the particles passed through the gold foil with little or no deflection. A few
were deflected at wide angles. Occasionally a particle was turned back. Magnified view of a
particles passing through and being deflected by nuclei. Most alpha particles went right through
the gold foil but to his amazement a few alpha particles rebounded almost directly backwards.
From his observations Rutherford concluded that the atom had a dense, positive central nucleus

composed of positive charged protons. He stated that the electrons orbited the nucleus - like
planets orbiting the Sun. In 1909 Rutherford proposed his Planetary Model of the Atom. His
model created positively charged protons located in the nucleus and placed electrons in orbit
around the nucleus like planets around the sun.
Based on facts obtained from these experiments, Rutherford proposed a model of the atom,
known as the Rutherford Atom Model states that Atomic nuclei are composed of very small and
positively charged, surrounded by negatively charged electrons. Rutherford assumed that the
particles contained in the nucleus of neutral particles bind to function positively in order not to
repel each other.

Figure 4. Rutherfords Atomic model

The weakness of Rutherford Atomic Model
Electrons are moving around the nucleus emits energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. As
a result, the electron eventually it will run out of energy and eventually attached to the nucleus.
Rutherford atomic model has not been able to explain where is the place of the electron and how
the rotation of the nucleus. Electrons emit energy when moving, so the energy of the atom
becomes unstable. Unable to explain the line spectrum of hydrogen atoms (H).

Bohr Atomic Model

In 1913, Danish physicist Neils Bohr called the failures, Rutherford atom through experiments
on the hydrogen atom spectrum. His experiment managed to give an overview on the state of the
electrons occupy the area around the atomic nucleus. Explanation of Bohr about the hydrogen
atom involves a combination of the classical theory of Rutherford and the quantum theory of
Planck, to say the four postulates,

1. The electron in the hydrogen atom travels around the nucleus in a circular orbit.
2. The energy of the electron in an orbit is proportional to the distance from the nucleus. The
further the electron is form the nucleus, the more energy it has.
3. Only a limited number of orbits with certain energies that allowed.
4. The only orbits that are allowed those for which the angular momentum of the electron is a
Plancks constant (h) divided by 2.
5. Light is absorbed when an electron jumps to a higher energy orbit and emitted when an
electron falls into a lower energy orbit.
6. The energy of the light emitted or absorbed is exactly equal to the difference between the
energy for the orbit ()
According to the Bohr model of the atom, the electrons around the nucleus in certain paths called
electron shells or energy levels. The lowest energy level is the electron shell which is located in,
getting out of her skin and the greater the number the higher the energy level.

Figure 5 . Bohr Atomic Model

Figure 6. spectra atom hydrogen

If a gas is placed in the tube and then an electric current is applied to the tube, the gas will
emit light. The light emitted by each gas is different and is a characteristic of the gas. Light
emitted in the form of a line spectrum and not a continuous spectrum.

The fact that the gas emits light in the form of spectral lines is believed to be closely
related to the structure of the atom. Thus, the atomic line spectrum can be used to test the validity
of a model of the atom.
Line spectrum is forming a series of colors with different wavelengths of light. Hydrogen
gas that is the simplest atom, the wavelength of the series proved to have certain patterns that can
be expressed in the form of mathematical equations.