Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
EDITORIAL ................................................................................................................ 4
From the Desk of Hennie Heymans ........................................................................ 4
ETHIOPIA (ABYSSINIA) OR THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF
ETHIOPIA ................................................................................................................ 11
Prehistory .................................................................................................... 12
Antiquity ...................................................................................................... 13
References .................................................................................................. 22
Prisons ........................................................................................................ 26
References .................................................................................................. 27
Further reading............................................................................................ 27
MI6 spies close in on prime suspect in WPC Yvonne Fletcher murder - 30 years
after her death - in 3million covert operation from British embassy in Libya ....... 61
Counter-Revolutionaries Continue the Destruction of Libya ................................. 67
SUDAN..................................................................................................................... 70
Ramaphosa returns from South Sudan ................................................................ 70
SOUTH AFRICA ...................................................................................................... 70
Intelligence a tool for Luthuli House - Kasrils ........................................................ 70
Cops targeting drug 'demons' - Mthethwa ............................................................ 72
Zama-Zama Miners .............................................................................................. 72
Khayelitsha police allocation unfair - researcher .................................................. 76
Selebi 'infected the police' .................................................................................... 77
LETTERS ................................................................................................................. 79
Nyasaland Police Ray Ellis (Australia) .................................................................. 79
Some Nyasaland & Malawi Police devices (HBH) ................................................ 79
IN CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 81
Open Invitation to Share Knowledge .................................................................... 81
CONTACT DETAILS ................................................................................................ 81
NEXT ISSUE DUE ................................................................................................... 81
EDITORIAL
From the Desk of Hennie Heymans
The main focus of this magazine is the South Africa connection with Ethiopia. Indeed
a strange historical and somewhat ironical - road was traversed upon ...
In African politics Addis Ababa is to Africa just what Brussels is to Europe.
Some of us are Christians and were brought up with the Bible. Reading from it, or
hearing the Bible or reading adventure books and history we have all heard of the
land of Kush, Ethiopia and Egypt, here in Africa on our continent. As an example the
works on Maj Gen Orde Wingate and his exploits in Sudan and Ethiopia not to
mention Burma and his Chindits are very interesting.
We read in the Bible about Moses was married to a lady from Kush1 and King
Solomon met the famous Queen of Sheba2 it is alleged that both famous women
1
Num 12:1
The Queen of Sheba (Hebrew: , Malka in Biblical Hebrew; Malkat Sh'va in Modern Hebrew; ..
/... / ..) was a monarch of the ancient kingdom of Sheba and is referred to in Yemenite and Ethiopian history,
2
were from Kush or Ethiopia. In the New Testament we also read about the Ethiopian
sitting on his coach reading the Bible. I have always been interested in Africa and in
those places mentioned in the Bible. We had the pleasure to visit various places on
our continent, but not Ethiopia.
We all know that Ethiopia and Liberia took South Africa to the World Court in The
Hague for e.g. see: Summary of the Summary of the Judgment of 21
December 1962
SOUTH-WEST AFRICA CASES
(PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS)
Judgment of 21 December 19623
We also know that former Pres Nelson Mandela received training at the Kolfe Police
Barracks in Ethiopia during 1962.
One day my friend, Mr JW de Castro Lopo, from the Mozambique Police, SNASP,
told me that he was in Ethiopia and that the country had beautiful women. Then a
friend from the Royal Swaziland Police attended a conference in Addis Ababa. As a
souvenir he brought me, a beautiful Ethiopian Cross.
My late friend, Brig SJP Steve du Toit, flew overseas and went via Addis Ababa.
He told me all about Addis Ababa.
One day I visited Van Reenen and a friend, Maureen Blignaut, the daughter of the
late Mickey Dillon, gave me some photographs of her father serving in Ethiopia
during the 2nd World War. I poured over maps of Africa and I looked intently at the
photographs Maureen gave me of my elder colleagues serving in Ethiopia then
called Abyssinia.
Last winter a friend, Lt-Col Eric Samuels invited me to a video show on railways in
Eritrea and Ethiopia and I always had a nagging feeling that I wanted to visit
Ethiopia. I sat through the video wishing I could visit the places the makers of the
DVD had visited its always nice to soak up the African sun at various places and
to take in the different smells of this great and interesting continent. My chance came
out of the blue!
Late last year before Christmas I had the honour and privilege to visit Addis Ababa
and environs. From a national security point of view this was one of the most
interesting trips I had ever undertaken. It was hard work, but it was worthwhile.
Ethiopia is an interesting country and I had the honour to visit the country and to
meet the police, officials from various ministries and other people.
Ethiopia has a number of firsts or records
the Bible, the Qur'an, Yoruba customary tradition, and Josephus. She is widely assumed to have been a queen
regnant, but, since there is no historical proof of this, she may have been a queen consort. The location of her
kingdom is uncertain. Wallis Budge believes it to be Ethiopia while Islamic tradition says Yemen. More modern
scholarship suggests it was the South Arabian kingdom of Saba. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba
3
http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=286&code=lsa&p1=3&p2=3&case=47&k=f2&p3=5
There is so much more to Ethiopia and yes, the people are very friendly, the women
are beautiful and their coffee and bread are superb!
Africa in general and Ethiopia in particular has a problem. Actually two problems:
national borders & water. The Ethiopians want to build a dam in the Nile because
they are one of the most populous countries in Africa and they practice intensive
agriculture methods. They are near European markets especially as far as fruit,
vegetables and flowers are concerned. If they build a dam in the Nile, it would impact
negatively on Egypt. Egypts farmers expect the Nile to annually flood their land with
rich compost and soil deposits. The dam would prevent the rich fertile deposits and
the flooding. Many years ago the boundaries of countries were decided upon quite in
an arbitrary fashion by the Colonial powers.
When reading about police history in Africa we tend to read the police history in
English, we thus focus on the British Empire because sadly we do not read Arabic,
French, Italian, German or Spanish! What are we left with, when we have read the
history is: The great influence of British Culture as manifested in British Justice and
the British Police System in the English speaking world of Africa. The Colonial Police
of the Empire comprised of various races, cultures and in various stages of
development. There was a colourful array of uniforms and headdress. In Africa it was
the system to have two types of police those under the government for duty
anywhere in the colony and those whom we called tribal police or native police
employed locally. Last mentioned were semi-trained or well trained depending on the
local circumstances. They served as court messengers and as liaison between the
district commissioner and the chiefs.
Although uniforms differed one knew it was a policeman, askari or a soldier. From all
accounts they were good policemen and soldiers! They wore tarbooshes, berets,
and caps in more sophisticated areas; they usually wore a dark blue jersey, khaki
shorts, and blue puttees. Boots was originally seen as a form of rank, today all
troopers and constables wear boots and / or shoes. Spears and sticks are replaced
by fire arms and batons. Tribal police sometimes only wore a badge and headdress.
But the police in the colonies performed various extraneous duties; as inspectors of
hut tax, dog tax, personal tax, census duties, prison warders, guards, postal agents
and assisting the Colonial powers.
Then in the 1960 came independence and when one looks back one can see the
great influence our Colonial Masters exerted over us.
Our Continent has various police problems and believe it or not, many are mutual
and affect more than one country for e.g. drugs, piracy, religious intolerance, terror,
poaching...... From a general policing perspective we will look at terror, kidnapping,
piracy,
10
ETHIOPIA (ABYSSINIA)
REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
OR
THE
FEDERAL
DEMOCRATIC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia
Ethiopia also has a different time; i.e. 09:00 is 03:00 - HBH
11
Commerce and Industry, the UNECA, African Aviation Training HQ, the African
Standby Force and much of global NGOs focused on Africa. Despite being the main
source of the Nile, the longest river on earth, Ethiopia underwent a series of famines
in the 1980s, exacerbated by civil wars and adverse geopolitics. The country has
begun to recover recently, and it now has the largest economy by GDP in East Africa
and Central Africa.[27][28][29]
Prehistory
12
Antiquity
Coins of the Axumite king Endybis, 227235 AD, at the British Museum. The
inscriptions in Ancient Greek read "AWMITW BACIEYC" ("King of Axum") and
"C CC" ("King Endybis").
Around the 8th century BC, a kingdom known as Dmt was established in northern
Ethiopia and Eritrea. Its capital was around the current town of Yeha, situated in
northern Ethiopia. Most modern historians consider this civilization to be a native
African one, although Sabaean-influenced because of the latter's hegemony of the
Red Sea.[15]
Others view Dmt as the result of a mixture of Sabaeans of southern Arabia and
indigenous peoples. However, Ge'ez, the ancient Semitic language of Ethiopia, is
thought to have developed independently from Sabaean (also South Semitic). As
early as 2000 BC, other Semitic speakers were living in Ethiopia and Eritrea, where
Ge'ez developed.[41][42] Sabaean influence is now thought to have been minor, limited
to a few localities, and disappearing after a few decades or a century. It may have
been a trading or military colony in alliance with the Ethiopian civilization of Dmt or
some other proto-Aksumite state.[43]
After the fall of Dmt in the 4th century BC, the plateau came to be dominated by
smaller successor kingdoms. In the first century AD the Aksumite Empire emerged in
what is now northern Ethiopia and Eritrea, at times extending its rule into Yemen on
the other side of the Red Sea.[44] The Persian religious figure Mani listed Aksum with
Rome, Persia, and China as one of the four great powers of his time in the 3rd
century.[45]
In about 316 AD, Frumentius and his brother Edesius from Tyre accompanied their
uncle on a voyage to Ethiopia. When the vessel stopped at a Red Sea port, the
natives killed all the travellers except the two brothers, who were taken to the court
as slaves. They were given positions of trust by the monarch, and converted
members of the royal court to Christianity. Frumentius became the first bishop of
Aksum.[46] A coin dated to 324 shows that Ethiopia was the second country to
13
officially adopt Christianity (after Armenia), although the religion may have been at
first confined to court circles; it was the first major power to do so.
Middle Ages
Emperor Fasilides, Susenyos's son, declared the state religion again to be Ethiopian
Orthodox Christianity. He expelled the Jesuit missionaries and other
Europeans.[52][53]
Aussa Sultanate
The Aussa Sultanate or Afar Sultanate succeeded the earlier Imamate of Aussa. The
latter polity had come into existence in 1577, when Muhammed Jasa moved his
capital from Harar to Aussa with the split of the Adal Sultanate into Aussa and
the Sultanate of Harar. At some point after 1672, Aussa declined and temporarily
came to an end in conjunction with Imam Umar Din bin Adam's recorded ascension
to the throne.[54]
The Sultanate was subsequently re-established by Kedafu around the year 1734,
and was thereafter ruled by his Mudaito Dynasty.[55] The primary symbol of the
Sultan was a silver baton, which was considered to have magical properties.[56]
15
Emperor Tewodros II
Ethiopia in its roughly current form began under the reign of Menelik II, who was
Emperor from 1889 until his death in 1913. From his base in the central province
of Shoa, Menelik set out to annex territories to the south, east and west, [60] areas
inhabited by the Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta and other groups.[61] He did this
with the help of Ras Gobena's Shewan Oromo militia, occupying lands that had not
been held since Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmed Gragn)'s Conquest of
Abyssinia (Futuh al-Habash), as well as other areas that had never been under
Abyssinian suzerainty.[62] Menelik's martial campaign against the Oromo was largely
in retaliation for centuries of Oromo expansionism and the Zemene Mesafint ("Era of
the Princes"), a period during which a succession of Oromo feudal rulers dominated
the highlanders.[63] Chief among these was the Yejju dynasty, which included Aligaz
of Yejju and his brother Ali I of Yejju. Ali I founded the town of Debre Tabor in
the Amhara Region, which became the dynasty's capital.[64]
During his reign, Menelik II made advances in road construction, electricity
and education; the development of a central taxation system; and the
foundation and building of the city of Addis Ababa which became Ras,
capital of Shoa province in 1881. After he ascended to the throne in 1889, it
was renamed as Addis Ababa, the new capital of Abyssinia.
Menelik had signed the Treaty of Wichale with Italy in May 1889 in which Italy would
recognize Ethiopia's sovereignty so long as Italy could control an area north of
Ethiopia (part of modern Eritrea). In return Italy was to provide Menelik with arms
and support him as emperor. The Italians used the time between the signing of the
16
treaty and its ratification by the Italian government to expand their territorial claims.
This conflict erupted in the battle of Adwa on 1 March 1896 in which Italy's colonial
forces were defeated by the Ethiopians.[61][65]
About a third of the population died in the Great Ethiopian Famine (1888 to
1892).[66][67]
Above left: Haile Selassie was crowned Emperor on 2 November 1930 with the titles "King
of Kings", "Lord of Lords", "Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah", "Elect of God." He took as his regal name - Haile Selassie I which translates to "Power of the Trinity". He is seen by
Rastafari as Jah incarnate. Above right: The 1897 Ethiopian flag with the Lion of Judah.
The early 20th century was marked by the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie I, who
came to power after Iyasu V was deposed. He undertook the modernization of
Ethiopia from 1916, when he was made a Ras and Regent (Inderase) for Zewditu
I and became the de facto ruler of the Ethiopian Empire. Following Zewditu's death,
he was made Emperor on 2 November 1930.
Haile Selassie I was born from parents of three Ethiopian ethnicities:
the Oromo and Amhara, the country's two main ethnic groups, as well as
the Gurage.
The independence of Ethiopia was interrupted by
War and Italian occupation (19361941).[68] During
appealed to the League of Nations in 1935, delivering
worldwide figure, and the 1935 Time magazine Man
period, 1937, was the Italian massacre of Yekatit 12.
Following the entry of Italy into World War II, British Empire forces, together with
patriot Ethiopian fighters, officially liberated Ethiopia in the course of the East African
Campaign in 1941. An Italian guerrilla campaign continued until 1943. This was
followed by British recognition of Ethiopia's full sovereignty, (i.e. without any special
British privileges), with the signing of the Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement in December
1944.[70] On 26 August 1942 Haile Selassie I issued a proclamation
17
abolishing slavery.[71][72] Ethiopia had between two and four million slaves in the early
20th century, out of a total population of about eleven million.[73]
In 1952, Haile Selassie orchestrated the federation with Eritrea.
He dissolved this in 1962 and annexed Eritrea, which resisted and finally won
its Eritrean War of Independence.
Haile Selassie played a leading role in the formation of the Organisation of
African Unity (OAU) in 1963.
Opinion within Ethiopia turned against Haile Selassie I owing to the worldwide oil
crisis of 1973, which caused a sharp increase in gasoline prices starting on February
13, 1974;[74] food shortages; uncertainty regarding the succession; border wars, and
discontent in the middle class created through modernization. [75]
The high gasoline prices caused the taxi drivers and teachers to go on strike on
February 18, 1974.[76] Students and workers in Addis Ababa began demonstrating
against the government on February 20, 1974.[77]
The feudal oligarchial cabinet of Akilou Habte Wolde was toppled. [78] A new
government was formed with Endelkachew Makonnen serving as Prime Minister.[79]
Haile Selassie's reign came to an end on September 12, 1974, when a Sovietbacked Marxist-Leninist military junta, the "Derg" led by Mengistu Haile Mariam,
deposed him.[80] The new Provisional Military Administrative Council established a
one-party communist state which was called People's Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia.
The ensuing regime suffered several coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and a
huge refugee problem. In 1977, the Ogaden War resulted in Somalia capturing part
of the Ogaden region. Ethiopia recovered it after receiving massive military aid from
the USSR, Cuba, South Yemen, East Germany[81] and North Korea. This included
around 15,000 Cuban combat troops.
Logo of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary
Party (EPRP).
18
Up to 500,000 were killed as a result of the Red Terror,[82] from forced deportations,
or from the use of hunger as a weapon under Mengistu's rule. [75] The Red Terror was
carried out in response to what the government termed "White Terror", supposedly a
chain of violent events, assassinations and killings carried out by the opposition.[82]
In 2006, after a trial that lasted 12 years, Ethiopia's Federal High Court in Addis
Ababa found Mengistu guilty in absentia of genocide.[83] Numerous other top leaders
of his were also found guilty of war crimes. He and others who had fled the country
were tried and sentenced in absentia. Numerous former officials received the death
sentence and tens of others spent the next 20 years in jail, before being pardoned
from life sentences.
In the beginning of the 1980s, a series of famines hit Ethiopia that affected around 8
million people, resulting in 1 million dead. Insurrections against Communist rule
sprang up, particularly in the northern regions of Tigray and Eritrea. In 1989,
the Tigrayan Peoples' Liberation Front (TPLF) merged with other ethnically based
opposition movements to form the coalition known as the Ethiopian Peoples'
Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF).
Concurrently the Soviet Union began to retreat from building world communism
under Mikhail Gorbachev's glasnost and perestroika policies, marking a dramatic
reduction in aid to Ethiopia from Socialist Bloc countries. This resulted in more
economic hardship and the collapse of the military in the face of determined
onslaughts by guerrilla forces in the north.
The collapse of communism in general, and in Eastern Europe during
the Revolutions of 1989, coincided with the Soviet Union stopping aid to Ethiopia
altogether in 1990. The strategic outlook for Mengistu quickly deteriorated.
In May 1991, EPRDF forces advanced on Addis Ababa and the Soviet Union did not
intervene to save the government side.
Mengistu fled the country to asylum in Zimbabwe, where he still resides. The
Transitional Government of Ethiopia, composed of an 87-member Council of
Representatives and guided by a national charter that functioned as a transitional
constitution, was set up. In June 1992, the Oromo Liberation Front withdrew from the
government; in March 1993, members of the Southern Ethiopia Peoples' Democratic
Coalition also left the government.
In 1994, a new constitution was written that formed a bicameral legislature and a
judicial system.
The first formally multi-party election took place in May 1995, in which Meles
Zenawi was elected the Prime Minister and Negasso Gidada was elected President.
19
In 1994, a constitution was adopted that led to Ethiopia's first multiparty election the
following year. In May 1998, a border dispute with Eritrea led to the Eritrean
Ethiopian War, which lasted until June 2000 and cost both countries an
estimated $1 million a day.[84] This hurt Ethiopia's economy, but strengthened the
ruling coalition.
On 15 May 2005, Ethiopia held a third multiparty election, which was highly disputed,
with some opposition groups claiming fraud. Though the Carter Center approved the
pre-election conditions, it expressed its dissatisfaction with post-election
matters. European Union election observers continued to accuse the ruling party of
vote rigging. The opposition parties gained more than 200 parliamentary seats,
compared with just 12 in the 2000 elections. Despite most opposition representatives
joining the parliament, certain leaders of the CUD party, some of whom refused to
take up their parliamentary seats, were accused of inciting the post-election violence
that ensued and were imprisoned. Amnesty International considered them "prisoners
of conscience" and they were subsequently released.
A coalition of opposition parties and some individuals was established in 2009 to
oust the regime of the EPRDF in legislative elections of 2010. Meles Zenawi's party
that has been in power since 1991, published its 65-page manifesto in Addis Ababa
on 10 October 2009. The opposition won most votes in Addis Ababa, but the EPRDF
halted counting of votes for several days. After it ensued, it claimed the election,
amidst charges of fraud and intimidation.
Some of the eight member parties of this Ethiopian Forum for Democratic
Dialogue (FDD
or Medrek in
Amharic)
include
the Oromo
Federalist
Congress (organized by the Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement and the Oromo
People's Congress), the Arena Tigray (organized by former members of the ruling
party TPLF), the Unity for Democracy and Justice (UDJ, whose leader is
imprisoned), and the Coalition of Somali Democratic Forces.
In mid-2011, two consecutive missed rainy seasons precipitated the worst drought in
East Africa seen in 60 years. Full recovery from the drought's effects are not
expected until 2012[needs update], with long-term strategies by the national government
in conjunction with development agencies believed to offer the most sustainable
results.[85]
20
Prime Minister Meles Zenawi died on 20 August 2012 in Brussels, where he was
being treated for an unspecified illness. Deputy Prime Minister Hailemariam
Desalegn was appointed as a new prime minister.[86] Hailemariam will remain in the
position until new elections in 2015.[87] In 2013, the mass deportation from Saudi
Arabia of Ethiopian migrant workers has caused tensions.[88]
The
politics
of
Ethiopia
takes
place
in
a
framework
of
a federal parliamentary republic, whereby the Prime Minister is the head of
government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Federal legislative
power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament. On the
basis of Article 78 of the 1994 Ethiopian Constitution, the Judiciary is completely
independent of the executive and the legislature.[89] The current realities of this
provision are questioned in a report prepared by Freedom House.[citation needed]
According to the Democracy Index published by the United Kingdombased Economist Intelligence Unit in late 2010, Ethiopia is an "authoritarian regime",
ranking 118th out of 167 countries (with the larger number being less
democratic).[90] Ethiopia has dropped 12 places on the list since 2006, and the latest
report attributes the drop to the regime's crackdown on opposition activities, media
and civil society before the 2010 parliamentary election, which the report argues has
made Ethiopia a de facto one-party state.
Admin regions
21
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22
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90. The Economist Intelligence Unit's Index of Democracy 2010. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2012-03-03.
Law enforcement in Ethiopia has been since reorganization in October 2000, the
responsibility of the national police which is overseen by the Federal Police
Commission. This commission reports to the Ministry of Federal Affairs, which in turn
is responsible to the parliament; however, this subordination is loose in practice. In
6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ethiopia
23
previous years, the police reported to the Security, Immigration, and Refugees
Affairs Authority, a unit of the Ethiopian Ministry of Justice.[1]
However, local militias also provide local security largely independent of the police
and the Ethiopian military. Corruption is a perennial problem, particularly among
traffic police who solicited bribes.[2]
The U.S. Department of State states that its contacts within the Ethiopian
government report that the findings of investigations into abuses by local security
forces, such as arbitrary detentions and beatings of civilians, are rarely made public.
However, the Ethiopian government continued its efforts to train police and army
recruits in human rights. During 2008 the government is seeking assistance from
the International Committee of the Red Cross, the local non-governmental
organization Prison Fellowship Ethiopia (JFA-PFE), and the Ethiopian Human Rights
Commission to improve and professionalize its human rights training and curriculum.
The JFA-PFE provided human rights training for police commissioners and members
of the militia in 2008.[2]
In 1956 the imperial government amalgamated the separate city police forces with
the national police force. Initially administered as a department of the Ministry of
Interior, the national police had evolved, by the early 1970s, into an independent
agency commanded by a police commissioner responsible to the emperor.[4]
Local control over police was minimal, despite imperial proclamations that granted
police authority to governors general of the provinces. Assistant police
commissioners in each of the fourteen provinces worked in conjunction with the
governors general, but for the most part Addis Ababa directed administration.
The Territorial Army's provincial units, commanded by the governor general and
consisting of an unpaid civilian auxiliary, assisted the national police force in areas
where police were scarce. Police posts were found in all cities and larger towns and
at strategic points along the main roads in the countryside. The police usually
recruited local men who were familiar with the social values of the areas in which
they served; however, the populace rarely looked upon such individuals with
affection. Police operations generally emphasized punishment rather than
prevention.[4]
By 1974 the national police numbered approximately:
The Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) supplied the paramilitary police
with weapons and vehicles and installed a nationwide teleprinter system, while
Israeli counterinsurgency specialists trained commandos and frontier guards.
About 5,000 constabulary police, mostly recruited locally, served in Eritrea, as did
2,500 commandos.[4]
After the 1974 Ethiopian revolution, the Derg severely circumscribed the authority of
the national police, which had been identified with the old regime and regional
interests. The authorities accused constables of protecting landowners against
peasants in the countryside, of arresting supporters of the military regime in Addis
Ababa, and of being members of the "rightist opposition."
In Eritrea, however, the army already had taken over police functions in January
1975 from local police units suspected of being sympathetic to the secessionists.
The Asmera police voluntarily stayed at their posts for some time after their dismissal
to protect civilians from attack by unruly soldiers.[4]
In 1977 the national police were re-organized, and a politically reliable commissioner
put in command. A security committee formulated policy, which then was
implemented by the Ministry of Interior.
Army vs Constabulary
The army assumed a larger role in criminal investigation and in maintaining public
order. People's Protection Brigades took over local law enforcement duties
previously assigned to the constabulary. As a result of these changes, by 1982 the
strength of the national police had declined to about 17,000. Mengistu also created
the army's new Eighth Division from police commando units. Other special units
25
The Addis Ababa police, by contrast, were organized into uniformed, detective, and
traffic units; a riot squad, or "flying column"; and a police laboratory - organizational
refinements not found in regional police units. A small number of women served in
police units in large cities. Generally, they were employed in administrative positions
or as guards for female prisoners. National police officers were paid according to the
same standardized wage scale that applied to members of the armed forces.[4]
As a rule, police in constabulary units were armed only with batons. Small arms
usually were kept in designated armouries and were issued for specific duties.
Materiel used by paramilitary units included heavy machine guns, submachine guns,
automatic rifles, side arms, mortars, grenades, tear gas, light armoured vehicles, and
other equipment adaptable to riot control and counterinsurgency operations.
Larger police units, such as the one in Addis Ababa, were also equipped with
modern military vehicles, which were used as patrol cars and police vans. In many
rural areas, however, horses and mules were often the sole means of transportation
for constables.[4]
Prisons
Ethiopia's prison system consists of three federal prisons, 117 regional prisons, and
many unofficial prisons. Prison and pre-trial detention centre conditions remained
harsh and life threatening. Severe overcrowding was a problem.
26
In September 2007 it was reported that there were 52,000 persons in prison. Earlier
that year, prison populations decreased by 10,000 due to pardons but reportedly
again increased due to increases in ethnic conflict and economic crimes.[2]
Prison conditions have been reported as unsanitary and there was no budget for
prison maintenance. Medical care was unreliable in federal prisons and almost
nonexistent in regional prisons. The daily meal budget was approximately 5 Birr (50
cents) per prisoner, and many prisoners supplemented this with daily food deliveries
from their family or by purchasing food from local vendors. Prisoners often had less
than 22 square feet (2.0 m2) of sleeping space in a room that could contain up to 200
persons; sleeping in rotations was not uncommon in regional prisons.[2]
Secret Police Organizations
Central Revolutionary Investigation Department (CRID)
References
"Ethiopia: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices", Bureau of Democracy,
Human Rights, and Labor, US State Department (accessed 9 July 2009)
1. "2008 Human Rights Reports: Ethiopia", Bureau of Democracy, Human
Rights, and Labor, US State Department (accessed 8 July 2009)
2. Perham, The Government of Ethiopia, second edition (London: Faber and
Faber, 1969), pp. 143f
3. "Public Order and Internal Security: The National Police", Library of Congress
Country Studies: Ethiopia (Data as of 1991; accessed 26 April 2011)
4. Perham, Government of Ethiopia, p. 140
5. Perham, Government of Ethiopia, p. 196f
6. Perham, Government of Ethiopia, p. 156
7. Perham, Government of Ethiopia, second edition, p. 415
Further reading
Dilip K. Das and Michael Palmiotto (eds.), World Police Encyclopedia, Taylor &
Francis, 2004.
External links
Ethiopian Federal Police Proclamation No. 207/2000
policing standards;
High level training and operational support to regional police commissions.
28
Photo: 781004981 [Comment HBH: - Looking at the landscape this photo could have
been taken in Zonderwater. We know Capt Jenkins was in charge.]
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Capt RD Jenkins
Head-Constable WB Joyner
37
38
39
40
41
Lt-Col Marshall sent us this photograph which is much more clearer than the
photostat Ms Blignaut gave me at Van Reenen.
Knight Sgt, Fustenburg Sgt, Matthee Sgt, Folscher Sgt, Louw Sgt, Basely Capt,
Jenkins Maj, Jackson Lt, Joyner CSM, Van Wyk Sgt, Spicer Pvte,Wallace Pvte,
Ethel Pvte, Smith Pvte, Moffet S/Sgt, Hutton Cpl, McGregor L/Cpl, Slabbert L/Cpl,
Vercuil Pvte, Du Toit Cpl, Durrant Cpl, Pienaaar Pvte, Joubert Pvte, Skinner Cpl,
Allingham Pvte, Oosthuizen Cpl, Stewart Pvte, Botes Pvte, Jacobs Pvte, Besaans
Sgt, Slabber Pvte, Schietekat Pvte, Visser Pvte, Correira Pvte, Van der Walt Pvte,
Roux L/Cpl, Joubert Pvte, Gilbert Pvte, Maartens Cpl, Hendrie Cpl, Spear Pvte,
Jackson Pvte, Pretorius Pvte, Warmold Pvte, Beaumont Pvte, Harrison L/Cpl,Brown
Pvte, Gresse Pvte, Van der Merwe L/Cpl, Botha Pvte, Van Rensburg L/Cpl, Dely,
Karstens, Surridge Cpl, Ashburner Pvte, Cox L/Cpl,Van Niekerk L/Cpl, Magnuson J,
Mullholland Pvte, Van der Heever L/Cpl, Sparks L/Cpl, Du Randt Pvte, MacCormack
Pvte, Holtzhausen Pvte, Van Niekerk Pvte,Fourie Pvte, Lambrechts Pvte, Leeuwen
L/Cpl, Lubbe Pvte, Kirk Pvte, Strydom Pvte, Coetzer L/Cpl,Human Pvte, Kukard
Pvte, Griesel Pvte, Wolff Pvte, Dooly Pvte, De Ridder Pvte, Evans Pvte, Jefferies
Pvte, Jone Pvte, Boddy Pvte, Calitz L/Cpl, Van Blerk Cpl, Van Rensburg Pvte,
Hiscock Pvte, Kietzman Pvte, Nel Pvte, Cullen Cpl, Van Tonder Cpl, Mong Pvte,
Davidson Pvte
halves for patrol purposes, one half under Lt F Jackson and the other under Lt R
Harvey.
Italian Guzzi motorcycles were refurbished and utilized by the coy as additional
rides, Italian armoured cars and sedans were also co-opted. Types of incidents
encountered were curfew breakers, smugglers, escaped POWs, murder, illegal
arms and inebriated soldiery.
Headdress: Ethiopian Police Force
The coy received letters of appreciation for their sterling work and the Ethiopian
Police Force honoured them by choosing their headdress as their own.
The coy left Addis on 27 Aug 1941 en route to Asmara.
43
Police where he stayed until 1944 to take up office as Commissioner of the Kenya
Police.7 He retired during 1947 from the Kenya Police8.
1941: Name list alphabetically of some Acting Mobile Police members from
South Africa serving in Addis Ababa
Allingham Pvte,
Kirk Pvte,
Ashburner Pvte,
Knight Sgt,
Basely Capt,
Kukard Pvte,
Beaumont Pvte,
Lambrechts Pvte,
Besaans Sgt,
Leeuwen L/Cpl,
Boddy Pvte,
Louw Sgt,
Botes Pvte,
Lubbe Pvte,
Botha Pvte,
Maartens Cpl,
Brown Pvte,
MacCormack Pvte,
Calitz L/Cpl,
Magnuson J,
Coetzer L/Cpl,
Matthee Sgt,
Correira Pvte,
McGregor L/Cpl,
Cox L/Cpl,
Moffet S/Sgt,
Cullen Cpl,
Mong Pvte,
Davidson Pvte
Mullholland Pvte,
De Ridder Pvte,
Nel Pvte,
Dely,
Oosthuizen Cpl,
Dillon, (Const) MJ9
Pienaaar Pvte,
Dooly Pvte,
Pretorius Pvte,
Du Randt Pvte,
Roux L/Cpl,
Du Toit Cpl,
Schietekat Pvte,
Durrant Cpl,
Skinner Cpl,
Ethel Pvte,
Slabber Pvte,
Evans Pvte,
Slabbert L/Cpl,
10
Flscher Sgt JCEP Johan (MM) ,
Smith Pvte,
Fourie Pvte,
Sparks L/Cpl,
Fustenburg Sgt,
Spear Pvte,
Gilbert Pvte,
Spicer Pvte,
Gresse Pvte,
Stewart Pvte,
Griesel Pvte,
Strydom Pvte,
Harrison L/Cpl,
Surridge Cpl,
11
Harvey, Lt R
Van Blerk Cpl,
Hendrie Cpl,
Van der Heever L/Cpl,
Hiscock Pvte,
Van der Merwe L/Cpl,
Holtzhausen Pvte,
Van der Walt Pvte,
Human Pvte,
Van Niekerk L/Cpl,
Hutton Cpl,
Van Niekerk Pvte,
Jackson Lt F,
Van Rensburg L/Cpl,
Jackson Pvte,
Van Rensburg Pvte,
Jacobs Pvte,
Van Tonder Cpl,
7
Foran 107
Foran 231
9
Not on Group photo - HBH
10
Co-author with J Huisamen: VLUG NA VRYHEID about his war exploits - HBH
11
Not on Group photo - HBH
8
44
Jefferies Pvte,
Jenkins Maj RD (DSO),
Jones Pvte,
Joubert Pvte,
Joubert Pvte,
Joyner Coy Sgt Maj WB Bill,
Karstens, Ovte
Kietzman Pvte,
45
46
Kolfe Police Barracks The new and the old Ethiopian Police uniforms
Bibliography
Foran, W Robert: THE KENYA POLICE 1887 1960, Robert Hale, London, 1962.
Jeffries, Sir Charles: THE COLONIAL POLICE, Max Parrish, London, 1952.
Various personal interviews
47
VARIOUS ASPECTS
CONTINENT
AFFECTING
LAW
&
ORDER
ON
THE
We still face terror, factional wars, rioting, piracy, drugs, witchcraft, poaching right
down even to the Kruger National Park.
EGYPT
Egypt's tourism revenue drops by nearly HALF as holidaymakers avoid
coast
There has been a 30 per cent drop in visitors so far this year
Tourism revenue is down by a huge 43 per cent
A terror attack on Korean tourists in February has hit the industry hard
A British security team was sent to Sharm el Sheikh to assess the situation
By Sarah Gordon
Published: 09:35 GMT, 16 April 2014 | updated: 14:07 GMT, 16 April 2014
Egypt's tourism revenues have dropped a massive 43 per cent so far this year due to
ongoing unrest keeping holidaymakers away.
The troubled country confirmed that tourism revenues had almost halved for the first
three months of this year - traditionally when travellers flock to its beaches for some
winter sun.
Adela Ragab, economic adviser to Egypt's Minister of Tourism, said the country
earnt 700million from tourism in the first quarter of 2014, which is significantly less
compared to other years.
+3
Empty sands: There has been a 30 per cent drop in the number of tourists visiting
Egypt so far this year
48
The country has been unstable since President Hosni Mubarak was deposed in
2011, but the tourism sector had managed to remain relatively bouyant - partiuclarly
in the well-protected Red Sea Resorts.
However, in February a coach carrying Korean tourists was bombed by Islamist
extremists, which caused countries around the world to impose sever restrictions
even on tourists hoping to visit the popular resort towns of Sharm el Sheikh and
Hurghada.
Ragab said around 15 countries issued travel warnings against Egypt after the
incident, which contributed to a 30 per cent drop in the number of tourists in the first
quarter to two million people.
The sector saw a 41 percent drop in revenue last year to 3.5billion compared to the
previous year after hundreds were killed in the violence that followed the army's
overthrow of Islamist President Mohamed Mursi in July.
+3
Counting the cost: Tourism revenue is also down 43 per cent with even the normallystable Red Sea Riviera hit
While some countries have banned all travel to Egypt, the Foreign and
Commonwealth Office (FCO) has reiterated that Britons can still holiday in Sharm el
Sheikh.
However, it has advised against all but essential travel to the South Sinai area with
the exception of the Sharm el Sheikh perimeter barrier, which includes the airport
and the areas of Sharm el Maya, Hadaba, Naama Bay, Sharks Bay and Nabq.
However tourist attractions, such as the ancient St Catherine's Monastery - a popular
day trip from Sharm el Sheikh - are now off-limits.
The FCO warns: 'We believe that terrorists continue to plan attacks. Attacks could be
indiscriminate and could occur without prior warning.'
49
+3
Heritage site: St Catherine s Monastery is normally a popular day excursion from the
Red Sea Resorts but is currently off-limits
While most attacks are aimed at security forces and government buildings, the FCO
warns: 'Attacks targeting foreigners cant be ruled out.'
Earlier this month a British security team was sent to the popular Egyptian resort to
assess the terror threat ahead of the tourist season.
So far its advice to travellers is unchanged and the FCO explains on its website that:
'Enhanced security measures are in place to protect the Sharm el Sheikh resort
areas.'
It adds: 'Egyptian military are situated in Sharm el Sheikh international airport, at
check points around the perimeter of Sharm el Sheikh and throughout the South
Sinai Governorate. Routine security checks are being performed on entry into the
airport and the police are carrying out vehicle checks in Sharm el-Sheikh.'
Read
more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/article-2605863/Egypts-tourismrevenue-drop-nearly-50-holidaymakers-avoid-troubled-coast.html#ixzz2z7dnun1K
Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook
NIGERIA
Nigeria preparing to receive ex-US Coast Guard cutter Gallatin
Written by defenceWeb, Friday, 04 April 2014
50
The Navy Times said Gallatin has had a busy career, covering such missions as
maritime law enforcement, humanitarian relief, search and rescue and
ambassadorial duties. Last year the cutter seized several tons of cocaine being
smuggled from Latin America and the Caribbean. Apart from drug missions, Gallatin
was involved in dealing with the mass migration of 27 000 Cubans in 1994; the
search for the crew of the HMS Bounty during Hurricane Sandy in 2012 and in
responding to the St Vincent volcano eruption of 1979.
The 3 250 ton vessel is the last high endurance cutter on the East Coast to be
commissioned, although there are seven still in service on Americas West Coast.
Gallatin will be replaced by a more modern cutter, the USCGC Hamilton, which
requires only 120 crew compared to the 170 needed for the elderly Gallatin.
The 115 metre long 3 250 ton Gallatin is a member of the Hamilton class the
Nigerian Navy has already taken delivery of the Hamilton class cutter Chase (now
NNS Thunder), which was commissioned in January 2012. Other vessels received
from the United States include the NNS Obula, Nwamba, Kyanwa and Ologbo.
Although an elderly vessel, NNS Thunder was the only African naval ship to
participate in the Royal Australian Navy Centenary International Fleet Review, sailing
to Australia in August 2013 and returning in December.
Gallatin, introduced into Coast Guard service in 1968, is equipped with a helicopter
flight deck, retractable hangar and a fast boat. The High Endurance Cutter has four
main engines and can be driven by either twin diesel engines or twin gas turbines via
two controllable-pitch propellers.
Last year Chief of Naval Staff, Vice Admiral Dele Ezeoba, said Gallatin, as well as
the US Navy Survey Ship John McDonnell also destined for the Nigerian Navy,
would be inspected between May and August 2014.
51
The USNS John McDonnell was deactivated on August 25, 2010, as the US Navy
streamlined survey operations. The 63 metre, 2 054 ton oceanographic survey
vessel can launch two 34 foot launches.
The Nigerian Navy has also sent personnel to China to take delivery of the first of
two P-18N corvettes built by the China Shipbuilding and Offshore International
Company (CSOC). The first vessel was launched in January and the hull of the
second vessel will arrive in Nigeria later this year where it will be completed by the
Nigerian Naval Shipyard in Port Harcourt. 50-70% of the second ship will be
constructed in Nigeria to enhance local capability.
Delivery of the first vessel, F91, is expected in the middle of this year and the second
vessel (F92) is expected to be completed either late this year or early 2015.
Nigeria ordered the two Chinese vessels in April 2012 and construction began that
October. The vessels are based on the Type 056 corvette in service with the
Peoples Liberation Army Navy. The vessels are 95 metres long, with a draft of 3.5
metres. They are powered by two MTU 20V 4000M diesel engines, giving a speed of
21 knots, and are armed with one 76 mm and two 30 mm guns. Crew complement
will be 70 sailors and endurance 20 days. They will be able to carry and support a
helicopter off a rear deck.
http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3426
3:nigeria-preparing-to-receive-ex-us-coast-guard-cuttergallatin&catid=51:Sea&Itemid=106
52
The kidnappings have generated an outpouring of concern from the United States,
with Obamas wife, Michelle, speaking out about the crisis. The president himself has
resisted some calls from Republicans in Congress to send special forces into Nigeria
to search for the girls.
State Department and FBI involvement
US surveillance aircraft have been flying over remote areas of north-east Nigeria for
two weeks, and the Pentagon struck an agreement last weekend to allow it to share
intelligence directly with the Nigerian government.
The US government has also sent officials from the State Department and the FBI to
Nigeria to help in the search.
Two US officials, speaking on condition of anonymity, said the forces were
positioned in Chad to allow the surveillance aircraft more time above the search
areas before refuelling.
One of the officials said the flights were being carried out by a Predator drone and
that the US forces would be responsible for launch and recovery of the aircraft, as
well as force protection.
Global Hawk drones
The Predator flights were in addition to unmanned surveillance flights already being
carried out by Global Hawk aircraft, the official said.
It was not immediately clear how many Global Hawk drones the US military was
using to carry out the search.
The composition of Americas surveillance aircraft searching for the girls has
changed over time and previously included manned aircraft as well. The Pentagon
said on Tuesday the manned surveillance aircraft required maintenance and there
were no manned flights at the moment. Reuters
http://mg.co.za/article/2014-05-22-us-deploys-military-to-help-search-for-kidnappednigerian-girls
KENYA
Former national assembly deputy speaker Farah Maalim summoned by
anti-terrorism police unit
By Geoffrey Mosoku
Former national assembly deputy speaker Farah Maalim has been summoned by
police to record a statement over his remarks on the ongoing security swoops.
Maalim was summoned by anti-terrorism police unit (ATPU) over public statements
he has been making criticizing the police and linking terror activities to the state.
I have been called by police to appear at the ATPU headquarters tomorrow
(Thursday) at 11 am and will dutifully honour that, he said. The outspoken former
Lagdera MP told the Standard that he will be appearing before sleuths in the
presence of his lawyers and says everything he has been articulating. He received
53
the calls after appearing at a local TV station yesterday morning and earlier interview
that he had given to a Mombasa based radio station.
They told me that I had been interviewed by Radio Salaam and also appeared on
Citizen TV; the contents of which they want more clarification, he added. Last
evening a defiant Maalim said he will take his campaign to the public court and
dismissed the security swoops as akin to profiling members of the Somali
community. I will tell the public that what police are doing is not fighting terror but
targeting one community and that police are not interested in cracking down terror
groups, he added. Maalim reiterated his early claims that police were complacent in
the fight against radicalization of youths and anti-terror campaign.
The police are behind all these terror incidents and I will tell the public that, we have
evidence that police are given information which they dont act upon for reasons
known to them, the ex-MP added. He faulted the killing of Muslim clerics saying
the unresolved murders were testimony that those behind them were hell bent to
conceal the truth since the police failed to arrest them and charge them in a court of
law.
Last week, Maalim told a press conference at Orange House that the anti-terror
swoop in Eastleigh was a government gimmick to mend the relationship between
Nairobi and the west which have thaw. And yesterday, he repeated the same saying
everything that he has said six in the public domain and warned that threw mass
deportation of Somalis from Kenya was jeopardizing the security of Kenyans working
in Somali. We already received information that over 25,000 Kenyans who are in
Somali may be repatriated as a result of what we have done to refugees. The
summoning of Maalim came even as President Uhuru Kenyatta played host to MPs
from the Somali community who petitioned him at State House. The morning
meeting was led by leader of Majority Aden Duale and discussed the ongoing
operation which has threatened to create divisions even within the ruling coalition.
Although, the details of the meeting were scanty, sources said that President Uhuru
assured the leaders that the government was not discriminating against any
community and will protect innocent Kenyans while rooting out criminals.
Read more
at: http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000109563&story_title=formernational-assembly-deputy-speaker-farah-maalim-summoned-by-anti-terrorismpolice-unit&pageNo=2
But they are still at risk from poachers who kill them with spears and poisoned
arrows for their ivory tusks
The David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust (DSWT) runs daily aerial and ground
patrols to ward off poachers
Published: 18:06 GMT, 16 April 2014 | Updated: 20:57 GMT, 16 April 2014
These heartbreaking images show the carcasses of 11 elephants discarded in a
Kenyan wildlife reserve after poachers killed them for their ivory tusks.The
distressing photos highlight how poaching is still rife across the Tsavo Conservation
Area which is one of Kenya's oldest strongholds for elephants. The aerial images
were taken in January by members of the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust (DSWT)
who patrol the area daily to try and protect the habitat and the animals living there.
Distressing: This heartbreaking image shows four of the 11 elephants hunted down
and killed by poachers in the Tsavo Conservation Area in Kenya in January
Reserve: Elephant herds are pictured making their way through dense vegetation in
Nairobi National Park
Tsavo National Park is home to Kenya's largest population of elephants which now
number some 12,000. The population was decimated by poachers during the 1970's
and 1980's but their numbers have been steadily increasingly following the
introduction of the DSWT's elephant Reintegration Centre. The pioneering project
offers orphaned elephants a second chance at life in the wild once they have
graduated from the DSWT's infant elephant orphanage in Nairobi National Park. In
Tsavo, orphaned elephants aged three and older mix with wild herds, learning how
to become wild elephants and independent of the Keepers that accompany them.
But the DSWT says the region is now once again 'under increasing threat from the
global appetite for ivory.'
Second chance: Elephant orphans with their keepers from the David Sheldrick
Wildlife Trust who look after them until they are old enough to mix with the wild herds
56
Back on the rise: The Tsavo Conservation Area is home to Kenya's largest
population of elephants with 12,000 now living in the region
Poachers are still targeting elephants in the reserve, using spears and poisoned
arrows to kill their targets in a bid to avoid detection by the authorities. The DSWT
runs daily patrols in the air and on the ground to keep the poachers out of the
park. Rob Brandford, Director of the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust, said: 'Tsavo is a
magical place, but one that needs our continued protection to prevent its
elephants and wildlife being decimated by poachers and human greed. Our teams
work tirelessly in the air and the ground to keep this stronghold safe
forever for elephants.' DSWT's Aerial Surveillance Unit patrols the area, roughly the
size of Wales, every day. They are on the lookout for elephant poachers but also
charcoal logging and illegal livestock grazing.
On patrol: David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust has daily aerial patrols over the region
57
Grazing: David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust also patrols the area for illegal livestock
grazing on Tsavo land (pictured)
Mr Brandford continued: 'From tyre tracks indicating human activity to shooting
blinds and platforms, well-armed Somali poachers to those poachers armed with
silent poisoned arrows and spears, all pose a threat to the elephants that live
here. 'Many poachers enter the Park to spend several days in the bush cooking fires
along with cooking utensils, which if the pilots are lucky will reflect the sun's light
toward the aircraft.' In addition to DSWT's eyes in the sky, the DSWT also has eight
Anti-Poaching Teams patrolling the area on the ground, and last year the Teams
arrested over 400 poachers. Mr Brandford continued: 'On the ground, it is akin to a
war. Poachers are armed and many rangers have died, demonstrating just how
much the wildlife is under threat and needs our help.'
Stunning views: The David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust works to protect the habitat of the
Tsavo region
58
Large area: The David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust also patrols the Amu Ranch in Kenya.
The Tsavo Conservation Area is approximately 20,000km - around the same size as
Wales
In the wild: The Tsavo Conservation Area is home to a large variety of wildlife including giraffes.
Read more:
The David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust: A Haven for Elephants and Rhinos
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59
Adding to the security concerns is the reach of al-Shabab Somalia's al-Qaidalinked insurgent group. Last September, it launched an attack on a mall in the inland
capital, Nairobi, that killed at least 67 people. The Islamic extremist group said it was
in reprisal for Kenya's military presence in Somalia. Kenya sent troops into
neighboring Somalia in 2011 to fight al-Shabab after its members had carried out
some kidnappings in Kenya, including along the coast.
Shortly after Britain's terror warning, two bombs exploded in a Nairobi market, killing
at least 10 people and wounding 70. The U.S. Embassy has increased security
around the embassy grounds in the capital.
Even before the latest travel warnings, tourism was taking a hit. Tourist arrivals had
grown from 1.2 million in 2008 to 1.8 million in 2011, but then dropped to 1.7 million
in 2012 and fell even further to about 1.5 million last year.
Tourism entrepreneurs are urging President Uhuru Kenyatta's government to spend
more on sprucing up Kenya's image. They want an aggressive marketing campaign
and tax breaks in the aftermath of tourists fleeing the country.
Kampa, the hotelier, said he believes his losses will reach $740,000 through
October.
"Our biggest fear is that this will drag on until the next season," he said.
http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/kenya-tourism-turmoil-amid-terrorwarnings-23793237
LIBYA
MI6 spies close in on prime suspect in WPC Yvonne Fletcher murder - 30
years after her death - in 3million covert operation from British
embassy in Libya
MI6 officers have been talking to officials in Tripoli about the suspect
He is believed to be in his late 50s and may be hiding in Egypt
WPC Fletcher was shot dead outside the Libyan Embassy in 1984
No-one has ever been brought to justice for the killing
By Leon Watson
Published: 02:24 GMT, 17 April 2014 | Updated: 02:43 GMT, 17 April 2014
61
Poignant: Police helmets and a glove outside the Libyan embassy in 1984 after
Yvonne Fletcher was shot dead.
Diplomatic immunity: Even as WPC Fletcher was laid to rest, those at the embassy
were leaving Britain.
63
Chilling: The regime of Muammar Gaddafi, pictured in 1985, ordered its embassy in
Britain to 'cover the streets of London with blood!'. The message was intercepted but allegedly went unread by GCHQ.
The police officer's mother Queenie, 80, told the Mirror that 'things are happening'.
'The Government knows the names of the people involved. I worry about them
getting proof and that the proof will still be there.
'I have waited a long time. We shall see if they get it. I want justice.'
Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Bernard Hogan-Howe will attend a memorial
service today to mark the 30-year anniversary of the murder.
Members of WPc Fletcher's family will join her friends and colleagues in
remembering the officer, who was shot dead outside Libya's London embassy on
April 17, 1984.
They are expected to lay floral tributes to the 25-year-old at the spot where she was
gunned down in St James's Square.
A memorial to Ms Fletcher was unveiled there by the then prime minister Margaret
Thatcher in 1985.
THIRTY YEARS SINCE EMBASSY SHOOTING
No one has ever been brought to justice for the murder of policewoman Yvonne
Fletcher, who was shot dead outside Libya's London embassy on April 17, 1984.
Here is a timeline of events following her death:
April 17, 1984
Wpc Yvonne Fletcher, 25, is shot by a sniper while policing a protest outside the
Libyan embassy in St James's Square, London, and 11 students are wounded.
She is pronounced dead shortly afterwards at Westminster Hospital. Her killer is
thought to have been smuggled out of the country and back to Libya after the
shooting. Her death leads to an 11-day siege of the building and the severing of
diplomatic links between the UK and Libya.
1999
The Libyan government accepts 'general responsibility' for the killing and agrees to
pay compensation to Wpc Fletcher's family. British detectives also fly to Libya
around that time to interview suspects but reportedly got little help.
2004
Efforts to investigate the killing are stepped up when then Prime Minister Tony Blair
meets Colonel Gaddafi after he agrees to dismantle his country's weapons of mass
destruction.
April 2007
A report into Wpc Fletcher's death names the man who fired the fatal shot but
concludes there is not enough evidence to bring a murder charge.
June 2007
British detectives are able to interview the chief suspect for the first time following the
normalisation of political ties with Libya. Detectives spend seven weeks in Libya
interviewing witnesses and suspects.
September 2009
It emerges that the Foreign Office has conceded that any trial for the shooting will
take place in Tripoli. It is reported that the agreement was struck three years
65
previously, when trade deals worth hundreds of millions of pounds were being
negotiated. Campaigners for Wpc Fletcher's family brand the matter 'an absolute
disgrace'.
February 2011
Major political protests begin in Libya against Gaddafi's government and civil war
breaks out.
August 2011
The Libyan National Transitional Council (NTC) says that Abdulqadir alBaghdadi,
one of the suspects for Wpc Fletcher's murder, has been shot in the head. Junior
diplomat Abdulmagid Salah Ameri, who was suspected of firing the fatal shots, is
also thought to have died. The last named suspect in the killing believed to be still
alive is Matouk Mohammed Matouk.
October 20, 2011
Gaddafi dies after being captured by rebel troops, leading to scenes of wild jubilation
in the country he formerly ruled as well as across the world. His death leads to new
hope that Wpc Fletcher's killer will be brought to justice.
November 2011
A senior British diplomat says he is confident that Scotland Yard detectives will soon
be allowed to visit Libya.
May 24, 2012
Prime Minister David Cameron announces that a Metropolitan Police team is to fly to
Libya to continue the investigation after discussing the matter with the country's
interim Prime Minister Abdurrahim ElKeib during a visit to Downing Street. Mr ElKeib
promises Libya will "work very closely' with the UK.
May 25, 2012
Mr ElKeib visits the spot where Wpc Fletcher died and leaves a wreath of white
roses and carnations.
May 26, 2012
Mr ElKeib tells the Guardian Abdullah alSenussi, one of Gaddafi's most senior
henchmen who is wanted by the International Criminal Court for crimes against
humanity, is the "black box" who knows who carried out the killing. 'I guarantee he
was almost directly or indirectly involved in most if not all of the crimes (of the
Gaddafi regime),' he tells the paper. 'That doesn't mean others weren't involved. But
he definitely knows who they were.'
June 14, 2012
Scotland Yard says two detectives from its counterterrorism team have visited Tripoli
where they met Libyan officials for 'preliminary discussions' about how the
investigation can be taken forward.
July 17, 2012
Detectives from Scotland Yard's counterterrorism team pay a further visit to continue
discussions with officials after authorities in the country asked them to return to Libya
as soon as possible.
April 17, 2014
A memorial service is held in St James's Square to mark the 30th anniversary of
Wpc Fletcher's murder.
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refused. Drawing government pay but answering to their own commanders, the
militias in effect control oil fields and hospitals, ports and prisons and even
Tripolis international airport, the main gateway to the outside world.
A powerful militia from Zintan recently commandeered a planeload of weapons
intended for Libyas military, a government official said, an account confirmed by
several others with knowledge of the incident. The Zintanis, they said, brought trucks
onto the tarmac of the Tripoli airport, offloaded the arms and drove away.
They do whatever they please, and their guns speak for them, said the middleaged bureaucrat whose government job at the airport forces him to work alongside
members of the militia from Zintan, a major town in Libyas western mountains.
Whatever they want, they will get.
Like several others interviewed, the official asked that his name not be published for
safety reasons.
Although the militias claim they are securing the airport on behalf of the Interior
Ministry, their ready access to the lucrative aviation-based smuggling trade invites
challenges from rivals as well as stifling legitimate commercial activity.
International carriers, including British Airways and Lufthansa, suspended flights to
Tripoli for several days last month after a bomb detonated overnight on one of the
runways. It hasnt been determined who was responsible.
Corruption, by all accounts, is a driving force in the everyday dealings of militias. An
official with the Transport Ministry, whose position gave him decision-making
authority on a major airport contract, told of being personally coerced by Zintan
fighters threats into backing the bidder they favored.
Libyas turmoil boils down to a struggle for control of resources, chief among them its
vast oil wealth. The government has been engaged in tortuous negotiations with an
eastern militia leader, Ibrahim Jathran, in an effort to regain access to key oil ports
that his men have blockaded for nearly nine months.
On Monday, the state news agency reported that a deal had been struck, although
transfer of the ports could take up to a month. Since then, more unrest has been
reported around the ports. Jathran, whose action helped reduce Libyas crude output
to a trickle, has demanded greater regional autonomy and a far larger share of oil
revenue.
Even if an accord proves durable, the dispute led to the countrys West-friendly
prime minister, Ali Zidan, being sacked by lawmakers and fleeing the country for
Europe.
The final straw came when Zidan ordered Libyas military forces to prevent the North
Korean-flagged tanker Morning Glory from departing a rebel-controlled port with its
cargo of crude, a task they were unable or unwilling to carry out. That set the stage
for the SEALs intervention, and laid bare the governments powerlessness.
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Really, there is no army, Zidan was quoted by the Reuters news agency as saying
afterward from his newfound refuge in Germany. I thought there was one, but then I
realized there really isnt.
Western governments, including the United States, recognize the need to rebuild
Libyas barely functioning military and make it answerable to a central neo-colonial
authority. The Obama administration plans to assist in the training of Libyan troops,
but analysts say it would be a matter of years before army strength and capability
can begin to rival that of battle-hardened militias.
Some of the counter-revolutionary thugs say they would be eager to join a
government security force, except that the taint associated with police abuses under
the now-dead dictator is too difficult to overcome. So for now they prefer their
unofficial status.
We cant wear those uniforms, said Mohammed Abdulsalam Jedeed, who leads a
militia contingent that has taken control of the Tripoli Medical Center, one of the
capitals main hospitals. The people would hate us.
But many people already do, or at least accept their presence only as an element of
some Faustian bargain. In the meantime, discontent simmers.
Heading toward the scorching summer, Tripoli is already paralyzed by rolling power
blackouts. The countrys foreign reserves are steadily shrinking, drained by a bloated
public payroll that contrasts greatly from the Kadafi era and unsustainable subsidies.
Yet in a country awash in oil, periodic gasoline shortages leave motorists stuck in
hours-long queues.
For young people like the former rebel from the gloomy English industrial city of
Manchester, the lack of opportunity yawns like a chasm. He would like to leave
militia life behind, he said, but he has been unable to find another job.
No militia does anything for Libya anymore. Everyone is just looking for war booty,
he said, eyeing the currency traders a few feet from his cafe table, scurrying past
with rollaway suitcases said to be stuffed with cash. I want a normal life, I want to
get married. But how?
At the University of Tripoli, two female engineering students said that after Kadafis
fall, they now felt that safety was deteriorating daily. Both hoped their families would
not deem it too dangerous for them to attend classes and continue their studies.
Nothing can change for the better until the weapons are gone, said Anwar Elsayeh,
19 and anxious-eyed. But there is no one who has the power to make that happen.
http://www.globalresearch.ca/counter-revolutionaries-continue-the-destruction-oflibya/5377883
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SUDAN
Ramaphosa returns from South Sudan
2014-04-17 07:23
Pretoria - Special Envoy to South Sudan, Cyril Ramaphosa, has concluded his visit
to the country, the department of international relations said on Wednesday.
"Mr Cyril Ramaphosa has concluded his second visit to South Sudan where he held
discussions with President Salva Kiir and other stakeholders on the process to
resolve the ongoing conflict," department spokesperson Clayson Monyela said.
Ramaphosa, as special envoy, would travel to Addis Ababa in Ethiopia on Monday.
Monyela said this would be to "to facilitate intra-party discussions involving the
various sections of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement".
The Special Envoy would facilitate the discussion jointly with the Ethiopian People's
Revolutionary Democratic Front, he said.
"South Africa is committed to assisting the people of South Sudan to address the
current conflict as well as the humanitarian needs," said Monyela.
- SAPA
http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/Ramaphosa-returns-from-South-Sudan20140416
SOUTH AFRICA
Intelligence a tool for Luthuli House - Kasrils
2014-04-15 22:21
"They say we messed up in our jobs and we're responsible for where the country is
today," he told reporters at Wits University in Johannesburg.
"I blew the whistle and I figured out that there were [intelligence] agents, that there
were officers who were not working for the state but were doing... [work] for Luthuli
House."
This was happening more and more now, said Kasrils.
He was responding to ANC secretary general Gwede Mantashe's comments that
the Thabo Mbeki administration had not done its job.
Kasrils and other ANC veterans have been criticised by the ANC for their "Sidikiwe!
Vukani! Vote Campaign".
The group said it was not a "no vote" campaign - they were calling on people to go to
the polls on 7 May and not to vote for the ANC.
Former deputy health minister Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge, who was part of the
campaign, said citizens could send a strong message by either voting for a minority
party, which would take away from the dominant political parties, or people could
spoil their ballots.
Kasrils said when he was speaking on a radio station on Monday, Mantashe called in
and said the shooting of mineworkers at Marikana was an intelligence failure and
that Kasrils had messed up when he was minister.
"When I became minister of the intelligence I very quickly discovered, this was in
2005, the rape case and then the hoax e-mails which were being written by people
within the intelligence service generated as though it was coming from Phumzile
[Mlambo-Ngcuka] the deputy president and Bulelani her husband and indeed myself
and others, designed to show that there was a conspiracy against Jacob Zuma."
They were not decisions of greed
Kasrils said he had ordered a review of the country's intelligence and a report was
tabled at the end of his last term in government, which the current government had
not taken forward.
"They don't want to know anything about that report because they want the
intelligence service to be a tool of Luthuli house and of the president.
"That is where on the one hand you get Mantashe saying we did a terrible job and
they going to expose us. Let them. I will gladly... go out into public court and we can
have it out in terms of our record," he said.
"We never took decisions for our private aims."
Kasrils admitted that he was quiet during Aids denialism under Mbeki and he
apologised for that.
However, there was a difference between the Mbeki administration and that of
former presidentNelson Mandela compared to now.
"There were no decisions that they took that were about their own wealth. They were
not decisions of greed," he said.
- SAPA
http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/Ramaphosa-returns-from-South-Sudan20140416 SHARE THIS
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Zama-Zama Miners
Relatively new phenomena in the South African mining scene are the Zama Zamas;
translated means we are trying or those prepared to have a go even if it means by
any means. The Zama-Zamas are miners who operate outside the formal and
regulated mining system and do so independently and sometimes illegally. We also
have underground copper and metal thieves. At Thabong (Welkom Free State) D
Hostel is notorious for those who obtain gold dust and illegally smelt it.
Below is a picture essay of zama-zamas stripping a mine while the miners are on
strike. Such action affects everybody.
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In comparison, stations like Camps Bay and Sea Point, in privileged areas, were
better resourced. Redpath suggested resources be taken from these stations and
distributed to less-resourced stations.
"The fact that Harare [settlement] has 111 [police officers] per 100 000 people and
Camps Bay has 959. Is it fair? No, it's not," Redpath said.
"It's something urgent that needs to be addressed."
Redpath was testifying in phase two of the commission, set up to investigate alleged
police inefficiency in Khayelitsha. The commission, chaired by Justice Kate O'Regan,
started sitting in January.
The commission was set up by Western Cape premier Helen Zille after NGO the
Social Justice Coalition complained that police inefficiency was the reason for mob
killings becoming more prevalent in the area.
- SAPA
http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Khayelitsha-police-allocation-unfairresearcher-20140512
The dishonesty of Selebi has filtered down to cause demoralisation right through the
ranks." File photo. Image by: GALLO IMAGES
The dishonesty of former national police chief Jackie Selebi had "filtered down"
through the ranks, leading to demoralisation in the police service.
Testifying yesterday at the Khayelitsha commission of inquiry into policing in the
Cape Town Township, forensic scientist David Klatzow said that under-manning,
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LETTERS
Nyasaland Police Ray Ellis (Australia)
Here is an extract from his letter:
Amongst all this I have been trying to complete my book on the railways of Malawi,
following my visit there. It had been some time since I had actually searched the
railway on Internet, and have had a glorious time today downloading from sites that
just werent there last time I ventured in there, and I have still got much to do in this
regard!! Ho hum
In my Nyasaland search, came across this item on the Nyasaland Police, which may
be of interest. Some of these guys may be known to you too:
http://www.nypol.com. There are LOTS of photos that will interest you I am sure!!
I hope you find it of interest.
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IN CONCLUSION
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to submit an article for publishing. Note, we are not interested in religious or political
matters but only policing, police history and an exchange of ideas.
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