PROCEDURES

General Start-up Procedures

1.

Both of the water source and the drain were checked before being connected,
then water supply is opened and the flow rate of cooling water was set to be at 1.0
LPM.

2.

Checked that the drain hose at the condensate collector is connected.

3.

The power supply is connected and switched on the main power follows by main
switch at the control panel.

4.

Then switched on the refrigerant compressor until the pressure and temperature
were in stabilizing condition.

General Shut-down Procedures

1.

Turned off the compressor, followed by main switch and power supply.

2.

Closed the water supply and make sure that there is no water left running.

Experiment 1: Determination of power input, heat output and coefficient of

performance
1. Set up the apparatus.
2. The flow rate of cooling water was adjusted to 40%.
3. The system was run for 15 minutes.
4. Recorded

all

the

data

into

the

experimental

data

sheet.

Experiment 2: Production of heat pump performance curves over a range of

source and delivery temperatures
1.

By continuing the steps in experiment 1, we adjusted the cooling water flow rate
to 60%.

2.

The data was recorded.

3.

The experiment was repeated with reducing water flowrate so that the cooling.
water outlet temperature increases by about 3C.

4.

Repeated similar steps until the compressor delivery pressure reaches around
14.0 bars.

5.

All the steps were repeated by different ambient temperature.

Experiment 3: Production of vapour compression cycle on p-h diagram and energy

balance study
1.

Followed the general start-up steps.

2.

The flow rate of cooling water is adjusted to 40% and let the system run for 15
minutes.

3.

Recorded all data in the experiment.

Experiment 4: Production of heat pump performance curves over a range of

evaporating and condensation temperatures
1.

The general start-up procedures are handled.

2.

Adjusted the cooling water flow rate to 60% and allowed the experiment for 15
minutes.

3.

All data are recorded.

4.

The experiment was repeated with increasing the compressor delivery pressure
about 0.6 bars with reducing the water flow rate. Maintained the evaporating
temperature (TT4) by covering part of the evaporator.

5.

Similar steps were repeated with a different water flow rate that must be more
than 20%. Make sure that the compressor delivery pressure does not exceed
14.0 bars.

6.

The experiment is repeated with another constant evaporating temperature

(TT4).

Experiment 5: Estimation of the effect of compressor pressure ratio on volumetric

efficiency
1.

Followed the general start-up steps.

2.

Adjusted the cooling water flow rate to 40% and let the system run for 15
minutes.

3.

All the data is recorded.

4.

Repeated the experiments by using different compressor delivery

pressure.

Result
Experiment 5 : Estimation of the effect of compressor pressure ratio on
volumetric efficiency

Refrigerant flow rate, FT2

40

Refrigerant flow rate, FT2

LPM

0.50

Refrigerant pressure (low), P1

Bar (abs)

1.90

Refrigerant pressure (high), P2

Bar (abs)

6.9

Refrigerant temperature, TT1

26.9

Calculation

Compressor pressure ratio

=

=
= 3.63

Refrigerant mass flow rate

=

= 0.00956

Volumetric flow rate of refrigerant at the compressor suction,V1

=Refrigerant mass flow rate x specific volume of refrigerant at compressor suction
= 0.00956

x 0.059

=0.000564
Compressor swept volume
= 2800

Volumetric Efficiency =

=
= 136.56%

x 100%

THEORY
Heat changes is involved the laws of thermodynamics. The second laws of
thermodynamic stated that Energy has quality as well as quantity, and actual processes
occur in the direction of decreasing quality of energy. Adding heat causes intermolecular
attractions to be broken. The energy change involved in breaking or forming intermolecular
attractions is primarily supplied or released in the form of heat. So we can concluded that
heat will move from hotter place (lot of heat) to a cooler place (less heat).
When a liquid,for example water or refrigerant absorbs enough heat to start
boiling, the increasing heat energy causes the vibration of the liquid's molecules to speed up
to the point where they move far apart from each other. When the molecules of liquid
move away from each other, the liquid changes into a vapor. This is called boiling,
evaporating, or vaporizing. A liquid absorbs some levels of heat as it changes state to a
vapor and air conditioning and refrigeration equipment is designed to use this point of
refrigeration theory by keeping a constant flow of refrigerant vaporizing and absorbing heat
in the evaporator.

From refrigeration theory,refrigeration equipment is designed to create a cold

area that will absorb heat inside refrigerator. The cooling effect in a refrigerator is achieved
by a cycle of condensation and vaporization of the nontoxic compound CCl 2F2. The heat is
then moved to other place.
The evaporator is the "heat sponge" area, and the refrigerant vaporizing inside of it is
absorbing the heat. When vapor cools and releases enough heat energy, it's molecules will
slow down and move closer together to the point where the vapor changes into a liquid.
This is called condensation, and it's also a change of state. To condense, a vapor must
release the same level of heat that it absorbed when it vaporized. Air conditioning and
refrigeration uses this point of refrigeration theory by causing refrigerant to cool and
condense in the condensing unit.
this called refrigerent cycle. The refrigerant repeats this cycle continuously, absorbing
heat in the evaporator and releasing it in the condenser.
The performance of heat pumps and refrigerators is expressed in the form of coefficient of
performance (COP).
COPR =

COPHP =

Introduction

Refrigeration cycle is a sequence of thermodynamic process whereby heat is withdrawn from

a cold body and move to hot body. So we can conclude, Refrigeration is a process of removing the
heat from the enclosed space, or from substances to lowering its temperature (reverse heat engine
cycle). A refrigerator uses the evaporation of liquid to absorb heat. Its the primary device that can
do the process of refrigeration. The liquid that is the refrigerant used the refrigerator evaporates at
low temperature creating cooling or freezing temperature inside the refrigerator.
The function of the refrigeration cycle is to remove unwanted heat from one place and
discharge it into another . During the simple refrigeration cycle two different pressures exist in the
cycle. The condenser (high pressure) in the high side while the evaporating(low pressure) in the low
side.Heat will travel from the warmer substance to the evaporator cooled by the evaporation of the
refrigerant within the system, causing the refrigerant to boil and evaporate, changing it to a vapor.
Now this low-pressure, low-temperature vapor is drawn to the compressor where it is compressed
into a high-temperature, high-pressure vapor.
The compressor discharges it to the condenser, so that it can give up the heat that it picked
up in the evaporator. The refrigerant vapor is at a higher temperature than the air passing across the
condenser or water passing through the condenser therefore that is transferred from the warmer
refrigerant vapor to the cooler air or water.
when heat is removed from the vapor, a changes of states takes place and the vapor is
condensed back into a liquid, at a high-pressure and high-temperature. Tubing make the system
complete so that the refrigerant will not released into the atmosphere. The suction line connects
cooling coil to the compressor,discharge line connects the compressor to the condenser, and the
liquid line is the connecting tubing between the condenser and the metering device that is the
thermal valve.

Reference
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics
http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~edudev/LabTutorials/Thermochem/Fridge.html