Typology of Victims

Legalistic, political, sociological, psychological, criminal law, civil law, administrative law
Consensus: existence of core values, law=collective will of people, law is equal, violators are unique
subgroup
Pluralist: Society=many diverse groups with own set of values, beliefs, and interests, usefulness of laws
as mechanism for dispute resolution, legal system value neutral and concerned with best interests of
society
Conflict: diverse groups with diff values, conflict unavoidable, group conflict rests on political power,
law tool for powerful, those in power interested in maintaining it
Social problems, social responsibility, background (contributions and inputs shape criminal event)
(outputs and interpretations)
Uniform crime reporting survey (UCR), Victimization survey, CCJS, correlates of crime, aboriginals
Militarization of the police
Violent crime: homicide, assault, sexual assault, robbery, hate crime
Property crime: b&e, theft, motor vehicle theft, crimes against public order
Primary-Individual
Secondary-Impersonal agency
Tertiary-Government (fines)
Mutual-Willing victim (hooker)
No victimization-youth (alcohol)
Lifestyle model: Likelihood of victimization dependant on lifestyle
Routine activities: Motivated offender, lack of guardian, suitable target
Opportunity model: Dependant on lifestyle and daily activities and absence of guardians
Victims of crime model: Stage of impact and disorganization, recoil (defense mechanism and emotions),
reorganizational stage (putting life back together
Kubler-Ross transitional process: Denial, anger, bargaining, acceptance
Secondary victimization: Interaction with CJS
Code of Hammurabi, Kings Peace
Punitive rights: Creation of new criminal laws, greater punishment, victims rights and legitimate crime
control
Non-punitive rights: Prevention and restoration is cycle, needs of victims rather than rights. Minimize
pain of victimization and punishment
Financial compensation: reluctance from lower SEC households
Police based services: In-house victim services
Crown based services: Victim assistance program (transport, childcare), impact statement
Corrections: Corrections and Conditional Release Act
System based: Central location for services
Mores (serious) folkways (traditional)
Mala in se (morally wrong) Mala prohibita
Demonic era, Hammurabi, Early Roman law, Common law, Magna Carta
Hobbes: Social contract
Locke: Blank slate, social contract
Rousseau: Humans are good, natural law (some laws are fundamental to human nature)
Paine: Natural rights (retained in face of government action and interests)
Classical school: Rational beings, free will results in crime, punishment effective if outweighing pleasure
Beccaria: Laws conditions for society, punishment deterrent, swifter is better, necessary severity, threats
to security of state, injuries to citizens and property, running contrary to social order

No torture, perfect and imperfect proof, criminals choose to be criminals

Bentham: Utilitarianism (hedonistic), Panopticon prison
Heritage of classical school: Rationality, hedonism, punishment, human rights, due process (innocent
until proven otherwise)
Rational choice, routine activities, situational, involvement decisions, event decisions
Situational crime prevention, just deserts, specific and general deterrence, recidivism
Biological theory: Brain is origin, genetics, race, interplay with biology and society
Aggression serves as evolutionary tool: Modern forms covert
Atavism: Criminals throwback to early stage of evolution, born criminal,
Somatotyping (body types): Endo (big), Ectomorph (skinny), Mesomorph (muscular)
Chemical: Nutrition, blood sugar levels, allergies, industrial pollutants, prenatal experience, birth
complications, serotonin low = more aggression, testosterone, dopamine low = sensation seeking, XYY,
family studies, twin studies, sociobiology, biosocial criminology, policy implications can be Orwellian
Forensic psych, individual is unit of analysis, conditioning, psychopathology, psychiatric: medical
sciences, Thanatos, neurosis, harsh superego, weak superego, deviant superego
Psychoticism: lack of empathy, creativeness, tough-mindedness, anti-sociability, hallucinations, delusions
Extroversion, Neuroticism
Aggression: Response to frustration, frustration leads to defence mechanisms, displacement, caused by
child-rearing practices
Psychosis, schizophrenics, paranoid schizophrenics, psychopath, anti-social personality disorder
Alloplastic adaption: form of adjustment resulting from changes in surrounding environment
Autoplastic adaptation: adjustment resulting from changes within individual
Modelling theory (violent porn study), behaviour theory (positive/negative rewards, positive/negative
punishments)
McNaughten rule: didnt know what they were doing, didnt know it was wrong
Not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder (NCRMD)
Selective incapacitation, psychological profiling