Lectures Heisenberg

The Geometry of the Heisenberg Group H3
Catherine Bartlett
Department of Mathematics (Pure and Applied)
Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140
Honours Presentation
29 October 2012
Catherine Bartlett (Rhodes)
The Geometry of H3
1 / 18
Outline
Introduction
The Heisenberg group
The Heisenberg Lie algebra
Properties
The Geometry of H3
2 / 18
Outline
Introduction
Properties
The Geometry of H3
3 / 18
Introduction
Lie theory
combination of calculus and linear algebra
formulated by Sophus Lie (18421899) in the nineteenth century
applications: mathematics, theoretical physics
The Geometry of H3
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Introduction: Lie groups
Lie groups
A smooth manifold G is a Lie group if it is a group and its group
operations:
1
multiplication: : G G G, (x, y ) 7 xy and
inversion: : G G, x 7 x 1
are smooth (i.e. differentiable).
Matrix Lie group

G is a matrix Lie group if G is a closed subgroup of GL(n, R)
The Geometry of H3
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Introduction: Lie algebras

Lie algebras
A Lie algebra g is a vector space equipped with a bilinear operation [, ]
(the Lie bracket) satisfying
[X , Y ] = [Y , X ]
(skew symmetry)
[X , [Y , Z ]] + [Y , [Z , X ] + [Z , [X , Y ]] = 0.
(Jacobi identity)
Lie algebra automorphism

A linear isomorphism : g g that preserves the Lie bracket.
That is, for any X , Y g and , R, we have:
1
(X + Y ) = (X ) + (Y )
([X , Y ]) = [(X ), (Y )].
The Geometry of H3
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Outline
Introduction
Properties
The Geometry of H3
7 / 18
Matrix representation
1 x z
H3 = 0 1 y | x, y , z R
0 0 1
Inverse
1 x z
If h = 0 1 y
0 0 1
then
h1
1 x
= 0 1
0 0
The Geometry of H3
z + xy
y
1
8 / 18
Outline
Introduction
Properties
The Geometry of H3
9 / 18

Matrix representation
0 x z
0 0 y | x, y , z R
h3 =
0 0 0
Standard basis
0 1 0
E1 = 0 0 0 ,
0 0 0
0 0 0
E2 = 0 0 1 ,
0 0 0
0 0 1
E3 = 0 0 0 .
0 0 0
Commutator relations
[E1 , E2 ] = E3 ,
[E1 , E3 ] = 0,
The Geometry of H3
[E2 , E3 ] = 0.
10 / 18
Outline
Introduction
Properties
The Geometry of H3
11 / 18
Nilpotency
Commutator
[h, k] = hk(kh)1
Nilpotent
Define the sequence of groups n (G) by
0 (G) = G,
n+1 (G) = [n (G), G]
G is nilpotent if
n (G) = {1}
for some n N.
The Geometry of H3
12 / 18
Nilpotency of H3
Proposition
H3 is nilpotent
Proof
Let
1 x1 x3
m(x1 , x2 , x3 ) = 0 1 x2
0 0 1
Consider X, Y H3 :
X = m(x1 , x2 , x3 ),
Y = m(y1 , y2 , y3 )
Then the commutator

[X , Y ] = XYX 1 Y 1 = m(0, 0, x1 y2 y1 x2 )
The Geometry of H3
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Nilpotency of H3
which gives us the commutator subgroup:
1 (H3 ) = [H3 , H3 ] = {m(0, 0, k) | k R}
Let
Z = m(0, 0, k).
Then
XZ = m(x1 , x2 , k + x3 ) = ZX .
Which means that
[X , Z ] = XZ (ZX )1 = 1.
We therefore have that the commutator subgroup
2 (H3 ) = [1 (H3 ), H3 ] = {1}
The Geometry of H3
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Properties
H3 is completely solvable
H3 is unimodular
H3 is diffeomorphic to R3
H3 is simply connected
Centres
1 0 z
0 0 z
Z (H3 ) = 0 1 0 | z R , Z (h3 ) = 0 0 0 | z R .
0 0 1
0 0 0
The Geometry of H3
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h3 and R3? are isomorphic

Lie algebra R3?
Let x, y R3 with x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) and y = (y1 , y2 , y3 ).

Define the operation ? : R3 R3 R3 by
x ? y = (0, 0, x1 y2 x2 y1 ).
Then ? forms a Lie bracket on R3 .
The isomorphism
0 x1 x3
: h3 R3? , 0 0 x2
7 (x1 , x2 , x3 )
0 0 0
The Geometry of H3
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Adjoint representation
Representation
A representation of a Lie group G is a pair (V , ) where
V is a vector space
is a Lie group homomorphism : G GL(V ).
Adjoint representation
The adjoint representation of a Lie group G is defined to be the map
Ad : G GL(g),
g 7 Adg .
Here Adg is the g-automorphism given by

Adg : g g,
X 7 gXg 1 .
The Geometry of H3
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Adjoint representation of H3
Matrix representation of Adh
1 x1 x3
h = 0 1 x2
0 0 1
1
0 0
1 0
Adh = 0
x2 x1 1
Adh Ei = hEi h1
hE1 h1
0 1 x2
0 0 x1
0 0 1
= 0 0 0 hE2 h1 = 0 0 1 hE3 h1 = 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
= E1 x2 E3
= E2 + x 1 E3
The Geometry of H3
= E3
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Automorphism group of h3
Consider any vector space isomorphism : R3? R3? .
is a linear map and can therefore be represented by a 3 3

invertible matrix A: (x) = Ax.
This map is a Lie algebra automorphism if it preserves the Lie bracket
on R3? , i.e. if
A(x ? y) = Ax ? Ay
for any x, y R3 .
Let x, y R3 with x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) and y = (y1 , y2 , y3 ) and let A = [aij ] be

an arbitrary invertible 3 3 real matrix.
The Geometry of H3
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a11 a12 a13

0
a13 (x1 y2 x2 y1 )
= a23 (x1 y2 x2 y1 ) .
0
A(x ? y) = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
x1 y2 x2 y1
a33 (x1 y2 x2 y1 )
y1
a11 a12 a13
x1
a11 a12 a13
Ax ? Ay = a21 a22 a23 x2 ? a21 a22 a23 y2
y3
a31 a32 a33
x3
a31 a32 a33
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3

a11 y1 + a12 y2 + a13 y3
= a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a23 x3 ? a21 y1 + a22 y2 + a23 y3
a31 x1 + a32 x2 + a33 x3
a31 y1 + a32 y2 + a33 y3
0
=
(a1 x)(a2 y) (a2 x)(a1 y)
The Geometry of H3
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Equating: A(x ? y) = Ax ? Ay
a13 (x1 y2 x2 y1 ) = 0
(1)
a23 (x1 y2 x2 y1 ) = 0
(2)
a33 (x1 y2 x2 y1 ) = (a1 x)(a2 y) (a2 x)(a1 y)
(3)
a13 = a23 = 0 and a31 and a32 are independent of the other elements.
Substituting a13 = a23 = 0 into 3

a33 (x1 y2 x2 y1 ) = (a11 x1 + a12 x2 )(a21 y1 + a22 y2 )
(a11 x1 + a12 x2 )(a21 y1 + a22 y2 )
a33 x1 y2 a33 x2 y1 = (a11 a22 a21 a12 )x1 y2 + (a12 a21 a22 a11 )x2 y1
a33 = a11 a22 a12 a21
The Geometry of H3
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Aut(h3 )
Setting a11 = h, a12 = i, a21 = j, a22 = k, a31 = l and a32 = m we have
that a33 = kh lj and that
0
h i
0 | h, i, j, k, l R , kh ij 6= 0}
Aut(h3 ) = j k
l m kh ij
The Geometry of H3
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Lectures Heisenberg

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The Geometry of the Heisenberg Group H3

Catherine Bartlett (Rhodes)

The Heisenberg group

The Heisenberg Lie algebra

Catherine Bartlett (Rhodes)

The Heisenberg group

The Heisenberg Lie algebra

Catherine Bartlett (Rhodes)

Catherine Bartlett (Rhodes)

Introduction: Lie groups

multiplication: : G G G, (x, y ) 7 xy and

are smooth (i.e. differentiable).

Matrix Lie group

Catherine Bartlett (Rhodes)

Introduction: Lie algebras

Lie algebra automorphism

([X , Y ]) = [(X ), (Y )].

Catherine Bartlett (Rhodes)

The Heisenberg group

The Heisenberg Lie algebra

Catherine Bartlett (Rhodes)

The Heisenberg group

Catherine Bartlett (Rhodes)

The Heisenberg group

The Heisenberg Lie algebra

Catherine Bartlett (Rhodes)

The Heisenberg Lie algebra

Catherine Bartlett (Rhodes)

The Heisenberg group

The Heisenberg Lie algebra

Catherine Bartlett (Rhodes)

n+1 (G) = [n (G), G]

Catherine Bartlett (Rhodes)

Then the commutator

Catherine Bartlett (Rhodes)

h3 and R3? are isomorphic

Let x, y R3 with x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) and y = (y1 , y2 , y3 ).

Catherine Bartlett (Rhodes)

Here Adg is the g-automorphism given by

Catherine Bartlett (Rhodes)

Catherine Bartlett (Rhodes)

Consider any vector space isomorphism : R3? R3? .

is a linear map and can therefore be represented by a 3 3

Let x, y R3 with x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) and y = (y1 , y2 , y3 ) and let A = [aij ] be

Catherine Bartlett (Rhodes)

a11 a12 a13

a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3

a33 (x1 y2 x2 y1 ) = (a1 x)(a2 y) (a2 x)(a1 y)

Substituting a13 = a23 = 0 into 3

Catherine Bartlett (Rhodes)

Catherine Bartlett (Rhodes)

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