History

History is the recording of events in time. Basically,history deals with the overall achievements, events, occurrences and happenings of an entire
population. It tends to be slanted somewhat depending on who has written it..."The victor writes the history"...an old adage that has more than a
grain of truth to it.
Literature, on the other hand, deals with the same events, etc, from a much more personal viewpoint.
For example, in history we are taught about the Great Depression, how it affected the country, the population, the government. In literature
from/about the same time, The Grapes of Wrath for example, you get a deep sense of the real concerns of the people, families that lived through
it...how it affected their daily lives and their plans for the future.yankeegirl A lot of literature uses history as a backdrop, such as a number of
Shakespear's plays, even if that history is wrong or reworked, such as in MacBeth. Literature also speaks to the period in which it was written.
Thus, by examining the symbols of the writers of the period, historians can learn a lot about what was going on. Veto r.

THEORIES
Archetypal/Myth CriticismArchetypes, according to Jung, are "primordial images"; the "psychic residue" of repeated types of
experience in the lives of very ancient ancestors which are inherited in the "collective unconscious" of the human race and are expressed in myths,
religion, dreams, and private fantasies, as well as in the works of literature (Abrams, p. 10, 112). Some common examples of archetypes include
water, sun, moon, colors, circles, the Great Mother, Wise Old Man, etc. In terms of archetypal criticism, the color white might be associated with
innocence or could signify death or the supernatural.
Psychoanalytic CriticismThe application of specific psychological principles (particularly those of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan [zhawk
lawk-KAWN]) to the study of literature. Psychoanalytic criticism may focus on the writer's psyche, the study of the creative process, the study of
psychological types and principles present within works of literature, or the effects of literature upon its readers (Wellek and Warren, p. 81).

MarxismA sociological approach to literature that viewed works of literature or art as the products of historical forces that can be analyzed by
looking at the material conditions in which they were formed. In Marxist ideology, what we often classify as a world view (such as the Victorian age)
is actually the articulations of the dominant class. Marxism generally focuses on the clash between the dominant and repressed classes in any
given age and also may encourage art to imitate what is often termed an "objective" real ity.

Genre CriticismStudy of different forms or types of literature. Genre studies often focus on the characteristics, structures, and conventions
attributed to different forms of literature, e.g., the novel, short story, poem, drama, film, etc. More recent inquiry in genre criticism centers on the
bias often inherent in genre criticism such as its latent (or overt) racism and sexism.

Travel TheoryInterest in travel and travel writing has emerged as the result of an intellectual climate that is interrogating imperialism, colonialism,
postcolonialism, ethnography, diaspora, multiculturalism, nationalism, identity, visual culture, and map theory. Travel theory's lexicon includes such
words as transculturation, metropolitan center, "imperial eyes," contact zones, border crossing, tourist/traveler, imperial frontier, hybridity, margin,
expatriation/repatriation, cosmopolitanism/localism, museology, displacement, home/abroad, arrival/return, road narrative, and diaspora, to name
just a few.

PSYCHOLOGY
Literature reviews survey research done in a particular area. Although they also evaluate methods and results,
their main emphasis is on knitting together theories and results from a number of studies to describe the "big
picture" of a field of research.
Research articles, on the other hand, are empirical articles, specifically describing one or a few related studies.
Research articles tend to focus on methods and results to document how a particular hypothesis was tested. The
Introduction of a research article is like a condensed literature review that gives the rationale for the study that
has been conducted.
Published literature reviews are called review articles. The emphasis in review articles is on interpretation By
surveying all of the key studies done in a certain research area, a review article interprets how each line of
research supports or fails to support a theory. Review articles are valuable, not only because they cite all the
important research in the area surveyed, but also because they compare and evaluate all the key theories in a
particular area of research. Again, notice the companion goals of a literature review: to describe and to evaluate.

SOCIO

sociology of literature, a branch of literary study that examines the relationships between literary works and their social contexts, including patterns
of literacy, kinds of audience, modes of publication and dramatic presentation, and the social class positions of authors and readers. Originating in
19th‐century France with works by Mme de Staël and Hippolyte Taine, the sociology of literature was revived in the English‐speaking world with the
appearance of such studies as Raymond Williams's The Long Revolution (1961), and is most often associated with Marxist approaches to cultural
analysis. Virtually all of the scholars who contributed to the collection of essays Die Philosophie der Literaturwissenschaft (The Philosophy of
Literary Studies) are in agreement that a “scientific” approach to the history of literature would lead nowhere. Not only do they believe — and rightly
so — that each literary work contains some nonrational elements, they also consider any rational approach inadequate with regard to the very
nature of the object under investigation. Consequently, the study of literature as it was founded in the nineteenth century is condemned and
rejected as “historical pragmatism,” as “historicizing psychologism,” and as “positivistic method.” Certainly, Hermann Hettner’s or Wilhelm Scherer’s
works lack absolute validity; indeed, they would never have claimed it. But all attempts to deal with literature which profess to a scholarly character
have to draw critically on the scientific methods of the nineteenth century.

PHILO

Philosophy and literature is the literary treatment of philosophers and philosophical themes, and the philosophical treatment of issues raised by
literature. In everyday situations, we tell ourselves and others stories about our aspirations, actions and predicaments. These narratives are our
fundamental means of communicating how we make sense of, and give meaning to, our involvements. In literature, artists create complex
narratives — often improbable or fantastic, but sometimes realistic — about make-believe characters and their worlds. Some philosophers and
literary theorists believe that philosophy and literature converge in a number of places. Great literature is often deeply philosophical, and great
philosophy is often great literature, sometimes in the form of fictional narrative.