Manifestation of

disease

Pathogen may be
confined to the
portal of entry

Pathogen may be
transported to
distant body
sites by the
circulating blood

Definitions
Incubation period
Time between the entry of the microorganism
into the body and the appearance of symptoms.
Prodromal period
The period when general infectious symptoms
manifest (nausea, fever, headache, muscle
aches, or malaise)

Definitions con.
Acme period
When specific symptoms occur
o High fever
o Change in skin color
o Swollen lymph glands
o Rash.
o Pain, tenderness, and redness may also be
present at sites of inflammation.

Laboratory findings
Laboratory findings include :
Elevation in leukocytes
Increase in immature neutrophils.
Acute phase response in which plasma proteins
may be produced in the liver
Indicate disease

Definitions con.
Decline Period
When fever begins to subside,sweating may
occur,
Skin color returns to normal
Convalescent period
Body systems return to normal.

Respiratory
Diseases

Upper respiratory
Infections

Lower respiratory
Infections

Tract nose,
tonsil & pharynx

Tract Alveoli,
Bronchi

Upper respiratory Infections

90 % caused by virus
1. Rhinoviruses
2. Parainfluenzae
3. Coronaviruses;
4. Adenoviruses common cold in humans and can
cause pharyngitis.

Common cold causes

and can cause pharyngitis.

Upper respiratory Infections con.

Transmission : Droplets
Symptoms: Headache, cough, sneezing, dry
scratchy throat.

Upper respiratory Infections con.

high fever, coughing, swollen lymph

nodes and tonsils, and a bright red
appearance of the pharyngeal
tissues

Tracheobronchitis

LRT

Pneumonia

Laryngitis

Lower respiratory Infections

50% caused by viral pathogens.
all of the viruses that causes URI can cause
tracheobronchitis and, less commonly,
pneumonia in adults.
Pneumonia
Inflammation of the bronchial tubes and lungs
Pneumonia Symptoms :
Chills, severe cough, fatigue, headache, high
fever,chest pain, back and leg pain, and a tight
chest

 Laryngitis parainfluenzae types 1, 2, and 3

croup parainfluenzae types 1, 2, and 3

Croup involves inflammation of the larynx,

trachea, and bronchi.

Nosocomial infection pathogens

Klebsiella pneumoniae,
Serratia marcescens,
Enterobacter species,
Proteus species,
Haemophilus influenzae type b,
Acinetobacter baumannii,
E. coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
S. aureus.

Atypical pneumonia
Atypical pneumonia "walking pneumonia." is a
term to describe a nonclassic bacterial lower
respiratory tract infection.
The bacterium often associated with
atypical pneumonia is Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Typical symptoms are a dry, hacking cough, sore
throat, headache, fever, and fatigue.
Other atypical pneumonia pathogens include
viruses, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Legionella
pneumophila

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Transmission: airborne droplets
Symptoms: coughing, sputum production,
chest pain, high fever, and rust-colored
sputum.
Spreading to other organs, including the
kidneys, liver, bone, and meninges, is a
complication of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Note:
Pneumococcus typically afflicts
immunocompromised individuals and is
associated with a high mortality in the elderly.

Primary

Skin
Infection

Secondary

Primary Skin infection

Affect normally healthy tissue
Involve a single pathogen
e.g.
1. Impetigo = S. aureus
2. Cellulitis = Strep. Pyogenus
3. Necrotizing fasciitis
4. Myonecrosis
5. Bacterial conjunctivitis "pink eye= Haemophilus
aegyptius

Secondary Skin infection

High no. of bacteria and includes both aerobic and
anaerobic bacteria.
Occur in areas of previously damaged skin.
e.g.
1. Diabetic foot ulcers
2. Penetrating traum
3. Burns
4. Violated skin can be infected with soil where
pathogens such as Clostridium tetani and C.
perfringens reside.
Clostridium tetani is responsible for tetanus.
C. perfringens is responsible for gas gangrene.

Fungal infections
Fungi can infect the skin, mouth, and nails.
Fungal infections involving only the skin are
referred to as cutaneous or superficial mycoses.
e.g.
Tinea pedis (athlete's foot), caused by fungi
called dermatophytes.
Oral candidiasis (thrush), caused by Candida
albicans.

Viral infections
Herpes simplex type 1 virus is responsible for cold
sores on the lips, gums, and mouth.
Varicella zoster is the virus responsible for
chicken pox as well as shingles

Transmission: droplets and direct contact

Genitourinary
Tract Infections
and
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases

Bladder rank Infections

Symptoms:
1. Pain on urination,
2. Urge to urinate frequently
Bacteria
Most common pathogens
1. Proteus mirabilis
related to bladder infections
2. Escherichia coli
Women are affected far more commonly than men
because of the much shorter urethra and the location
of the urethra relative to the vaginal canal and anus.
These anatomic differences allow bacteria to migrate
much more readily into the bladder.

Note
Infections of the kidneys are more uncommon
than bladder infections and are typically
caused by a broader array of bacteria
originating in the intestinal tract, including
Gram-positive organisms.
(Note : this is the way the book explained it
not the summary)

Gonorrhea

Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
Chlamydia

Syphilis

Gonorrhea
caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae G characterized by
1. Urethral discharge
2. Painful urination
Long-term complications in women include
sterility and spontaneous abortions.

Syphilis
Caused by the spiral bacterium Treponema
pallidum. ( no G+ or G- )
Bacteria penetrate the body through mucous
membranes during intercourse
Syphilis is a three-stage disease

Syphilis disease stages

Stage 1: chancres of external genitalia and
perianal area
Stage 2: bodily organs spread through the
lymphatic system and the circulating blood,
accompanied by flu-like symptoms
Stage 3: produce an inflammatory reaction in
virtually any organ of the body that can
involve the heart and cardiovascular system
and central nervous system

Chlamydia
Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
Manifests as purulent discharge from the
urethra or vagina

Non bacterial STD

1. Candidiasis Candida albicans
2. Trichomoniasis caused by the protozoan
Trichomonas vagina
3. HIV (types 1 and 2) and the potential of these
retroviruses to cause acquired immune
deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
AIDS Symptoms:
ever-weakening state, fever, diarrhea, rash, lymph
node swelling, night sweats, malaise, depression,
and muscle wasting.

Gastrointestinal Infections
Ingestion of contaminated food & water
Pathogen

Proliferation

Invasion of GI tract
Toxins are produced

Disease

Bacteria

Bacteria con.
Chlostridia difficle ----- G+ ------- cause severe
diarrhea and Pseudomembranous cloitis.

Viruses
Adenovirus
Astrovirus

CNS
Meningitis= Inflammation of the brain linings
Caused by bacteria that invade the respiratory
system:
Neisseria meningitidis (G-), Haemophilus
influenzae type b (G-), and pneumococcus.
Occues in people close to each other.
Is there a vaccination for it YES
Adenoviruses may also cause meningitis.

CNS con.
Encephalitis = Inflammation of the brain
tissue
Viruses = including those causing the diseases
mumps and polio
Is there a vaccination ??
Vaccines for these two conditions have
resulted in a dramatic decline in their
incidence. FROM THE BOOK

Intra-abdominal infections
1. Peritonitis various Gram-negative rods,
Gram-positive cocci, and anaerobic bacteria (e.g., Bacteroides
fragilis).
can be caused by spread of bacteria from the blood but
more commonly involves a perforation of the intestinal
tract.
2. Hepatitis (Inflammation of the liver)
Hepatitis A (RNA)
Transmitted by feces-contaminated food or water
Hepatitis B and C
Transmitted by direct or indirect contact (e.g., sexual
intercourse) with contaminated blood.
Vaccines currently exist for hepatitis A and B.

Intra-abdominal infections
3. Mononucleosis
Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus
Transmitted through contact with infected
saliva.
Symptoms typically include fever, sore throat,
enlargement of the lymph nodes and spleen,
and a high leukocyte count.