Professional Documents
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415
420
425
medicine
astrology
See Endpapers
known / source
medicine, cure
druggists
medicines
to profit
414: Astronomy = astrology. Medieval medicine was less the practice of an applied science than of magic
natural (white magic) including astrology.
2
415-18: These four lines are hard to render except by paraphrase: he treated his patient by "white magic"
and he knew how to cast horoscopes and calculate astronomically the best hours to treat his patient.
3
423: "When the cause and root of his illness were diagnosed".
428: They were old colleagues.
2
And Dioscorides and eke Rusus,1
Old Hippocras, Hali and Galen
Serapion, Rasis and Avicen,
Averrois, Damascene and Constantine,
Bernard and Gatesden and Gilbertine.
430
also
440
moderate
excess
Introduction to
There is no particular reason why this strange tale should be told by the Doctor unless it is a clumsy
joke about surgery. A tale about the extremely drastic measures a father takes to preserve his
daughters honor, it could just as easily, and perhaps more appropriately, have been given to those
professional celibates the Second Nun or the Clerk, since it is, if anything, a tale in praise of virginity,
with even the major characters called Virginius and Virginia, like types in an allegory.
429-434: This list of classical, Arabic and other medieval authorities on medicine functions somewhat like
the list of the knight's battles, a deliberate exaggeration; here the result is mildly comic, intentionally.
2
438: Physicians were sometimes thought to tend towards atheism. Perhaps the original rime here was
meant to be comic; it could work in modern English if so regarded, with "digestible" pronounced exaggeratedly
to rime fully with "Bible."
3
443-4: A pun. Gold was used in some medications (physic); but physic is also the practice of medicine at
which much gold can be made, especially in time of plague (pestilence), and that is good for the heart (cordial).
3
For some reason, the tale, derived from the Roman historian Livy, was popular in the Middle ages,
having been told in one form or another in the Romance of the Rose, by Boccaccio, and by
Chaucers contemporary John Gower. This popularity is as inexplicable to us as that of the tale of
patient Griselda told by the Clerk or the tale of Constance as told by the Man of Law.
Impossibly virtuous women like these and like Virginia in this present tale belong, for our taste, in
a collection of saints lives like the Golden Legend or in an exemplum for a sermon about virginity.
Because of its thin plot, absence of characterization, and inappropriate or moralizing digressions from
the narrative, it is not surprising that some scholars think that the tale was not written for the
Canterbury Tales but rescued from something earlier and pressed into service without much-needed
revision which would not require lines like this:
.
(103-4
As Tatlock early remarked, it would fit well enough as a draft for part of the Legend of Good
Women, another of Chaucers unfinished works.
When the narrator finally gets to the gist of his tale (118 ff), it moves with some narrative speed, and
even attains some affecting pathos. But then the ending is too speedy, and we are summarily told
that everyone who was ?consentant to the crime was hanged, although we have never been told of
anyone ?consentant except the two perpetrators, providing the final moral confusion in a confused
and confusing story.
It is not surprising that the end of the tale, like much of the earlier part, is another dreary bit of
moralizing that does not even follow from the narrative.
Small wonder that Harry Bailly, perhaps standing in for Chaucers better judgement, finds the story,
though affecting in part, finally depressing. See his response at the end, leading to his invitation to
the Pardoner to tell some ?mirth or japes. Instead, the Pardoner tells a moral tale too, but in a class
totally above the Physicians, showing how an examplary tale could be told.
10
20
30
Roman historian
was called
wealth
every person
12 & 2, i.e. 14
5
Ere she was born, upon her limbs free,
Whereas, by right, such colours shoulden be;
And Phoebus dyd hath her tresses great,
Like to the streams of his burnd heat.
where
40
50
60
70
in spirit
restraint
discretion in conduct & dress
Her speech
No pretentious phrases
according to her rank (or age)
In accord with
Modest
sloth
B = god of wine
V = sexual desire
unforced
pretended to be sick
Because she wanted
where impropriety was likely
flirting
precocious & brazen
always
habit
brazenness / grown up to be
80
90
governesses
in your care
good reputation
old game of love
misbehavior
dont tire
left off
bad habit & old game
wicked
whoever does (so)
take heed
worst crime
a person corrupts
Advice to parents
100
eke = also
pay for
torn apart
in particular
no governess was needed for her
110
that belongs
so good
goodness > Fr. bont
success
misfortune
diagnosis (?)
Back to the story. A judge conceives a base passion for the girl.
120
130
secretly
despite any
the devil
by trickery
by no bribery
to succeed
well he knew
140
119: The mother never appears again, even to have some say in her daughters fate.
a low fellow
150
to promise
170
180
in his court
his judgements
came up suddenly
plea
bring charge against
to find out
right away
The substance
190
my slave
prove
if you please
whatever
Give me back
the substance / plea
200
he = Virginius
many a person
would not wait
I decree
keep her
my custody
Virginius goes home & tells his daughter the judges decree and his own terrible decision
210
10
220
230
240
250
in Gods n.
strike gently
240 : The Old Testament tells the story of Jephta who vows if he is victorious to sacrifice whatever first
comes out of his house on his return. The first to run out is his only daughter welcoming him home. (Judges:
11.32 ff). That Virginia in pagan Roman times should quote the Hebrew Old Testament is only one of the
confusions of this tale.
11
Her head off smote, and by the top it hent,
And to the judge he gan it to present,
As he sat yet in doom in consistry.
seized it
judging in court
The outcome
260
270
claim
they knew well
they go
Where he
was sentenced
A moral of sorts
280
reward
no one knows / strike
make one tremble
For a wicked / secret
knows
ignorant or learned
He knows not
I advise
before